Communist International. Mbiri ya kayendedwe chikominisi: tsiku, atsogoleri

Anthu ambiri akudziwa kuti Communist Mayiko wotchedwa gulu lapadziko lonse, lomwe linali ndi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana a Party Communist mu 1919-1943, motero. Bungwe lomweli ena otchedwa la International Chachitatu, kapena Comintern.

mapangidwe Izi anakhazikitsidwa mu 1919, pa March 4, pa pempho la RCP (B) ndi mtsogoleri wake V. I. Lenina kwa kufalitsa ndi chitukuko cha maganizo a chosintha sosholisimu lonse, kuti poyerekezera ndi sosholisimu zisinthe Kwachiwiri Mayiko zinali ndendende chodabwitsa zosiyana. Kusiyana pakati pa coalitions awiri zinachitika chifukwa kusiyana udindo pa Dziko Lonse Yoyamba ndi October kuukira boma.

msonkhano wa Comintern

Congress wa Comintern sanawerengere kawirikawiri. Tiyeni tikambirane kuti:

• Origin (Constitutive). Ndi bungwe mu 1919 (March) mu Moscow. Iwo anali nawo nthumwi 52 magulu 35 a zipani ochokera m'mayiko 21.
• Chachiwiri Congress. Imachitika July mpaka 19 July mu St. Petersburg. Pa chochitika ichi, nambala ya zochita za machenjerero ndi njira za ntchito chikominisi, monga chitsanzo cha nawo dziko kumasulidwa gulu la Zisangalalo Communist, pa malamulo yolowera chipani mu 3 International, ndi Communist Mayiko hayala, ndi zina zotero. mphindi analengedwa ndi dipatimenti mgwirizano wa mayiko wa Comintern.
• The Congress Chachitatu. Unachitikira ku Moscow mu 1921, ku 22 June ndi July 12. chochitika anabwera nthumwi 605 kuchokera maphwando 103 ndi mabungwe.
• Chachinayi Congress. Izi zinachitikira ku November ndi December 1922. phunziro panafika nthumwi 408, amene anatumizidwa maphwando 66 ndi makampani ochokera m'mayiko 58. Congress anaganiza bungwe kampani mayiko kuthandiza omenyana wa zisinthe.
• Msonkhano wachisanu wa bungwe la International Communist unachitikira ku June kuti July 1924. gulu anaganiza kuwasandutsa dziko Communist Party Bolshevik: kusintha machenjerero yawo mu kuwala kwa kugonjetsedwa kwa kanthu chosintha mu Europe.
• The Congress chimodzi unachitikira ku July kuti September 1928. Pa msonkhano umenewu, ophunzira imawunikidwa mmene nkhani zandale m'dziko monga kusintha kwa gawo atsopano. Iwo anali yodziwika ndi mavuto azachuma, omwe Zafalikira dzikoli, ndi intensification ya kulimbana kalasi. Mamembala a Congress akhoza kukhazikitsa nkhani yolembedwa za Fascism chikhalidwe. Iwo chikalata mawu akuti Communist mgwirizano andale ndi onse lamanja ndi lamanzere phiko democrat chikhalidwe n'zosatheka. Komanso, hayala ndi Program wa bungwe la International Communist anatengedwa pa msonkhano.
• The Conference Seventh unachitikira mu 1935, ku July 25 August 20. Mutu zikuluzikulu za msonkhanowo unali lingaliro la kuphatikiza mphamvu komanso polimbana ndi kuwonjezeka kuopseza Nazi. The Kugwira Ogwirizana, umene unali thupi Kutsata ntchito za anthu ntchito zinthu zosiyanasiyana zandale za nthawi chinalengedwa.

nkhani

Nthawi zambiri, Communist Mayiko kuphunzira kwambiri. Choncho, amadziwika kuti Trotskyists naye woyamba anayi mbali anaikhazikitsa la kumanzere-chikominisi - yekha woyamba awiri. Motero, ntchito imene 1937-1938, zigawo ambiri Comintern anali inathetsedwa. Polish Chigawo cha Comintern potsiriza mwalamulo kusungunuka.

Inde, zipani za m'ma 20 anakumana kwambiri kusintha. Repressions ndi olimbikitsa ufulu wa m'gululi chikominisi lonse, akuikidwa Soviet Union anthu kapena zifukwa zina, anakaonekera Germany ndi Soviet Union inachita sanali mokwiya ke mu 1939.

Marxism-Leninism watumikira kutchuka kwambiri pakati pa anthu. Kumayambiriro 1937, a German Communist Party Directorate G. Remmele, H. Eberlein, F. Schulte, G. Neumann, G. Kippenberger, atsogoleri a Yugoslavia Communist Party M. Filipovic, M. Gorkich anamangidwa. B. Chopich lamulo Spain khumi ndi dzina Lincoln Brigade, koma pamene iye anabwerera, iye anali atamangidwa.

Monga mukuonera, ndi Communist Mayiko walenga ambiri anthu. Pali akhala anazunzidwa wotchuka mu chikominisi gulu lonse la Hungary Bela Kun, atsogoleri ambiri a Polish Communist Party - Ya Pashin, E. Pruchniak, Koshutskaya M., Y. Lensky ndi ena ambiri. Mlembi wakale General wa Greek Communist Party A. Kaitas anagwidwa ndi mfuti. Tsoka chomwecho ndipo analandira imodzi ya Party atsogoleri Iran A. Sultan Zadeh: anali membala wa ECCI, nthumwi II, III, IV ndi VI Congress.

Tikumbukenso kuti zipani za zana la 20 ambiri ziwembu zosiyana. Stalin mlandu atsogoleri a Party Communist la Poland ndi odana Bolshevism, Trotskyism, odana Soviet maudindo. zisudzo wake zachititsa kuti matenda pa Jerzy Czeszejko-Sochacki ndi atsogoleri ena a ku Poland Achikominisi (1933). Ena kupondereza anamupeza mu 1937.

Marxism-Leninism zoona, chinali chiphunzitso chabwino. Koma mu 1938 Presidium m'Komiti ya Executive wa Comintern anaganiza kupasuka kwa Polish Communist Party. Mu funde la kupondereza anali ndiAmene wa Chihangare Communist Party ndi atsogoleri a Chihangare Republic Soviet - F. Bayaki, D. Bokan, Bela Kun, Rabinovich, Kelen J., Gavro, S. Szabados, F. Karikash. Chibugariya chikominisi amene anasamukira ku USSR, anazunzidwa: H. Rakowski, R. Abram B. Stomoniakov.

Romania Achikominisi anayamba kuwononga. Mu Finland, chitsutsocho wa omwe adayambitsa Communist Party Rovio G. ndi A. Shotman, General Mlembi K. Mmene woyamba ndipo ambiri a anzawo.

Amadziwika kuti Communist Mayiko anaonekera balamanthu. Chifukwa cha iwo, kuti wavutika oposa zana la Italy achikomyunizimu amene ankakhala Soviet Union mu 1930s ndi. Iwo onse anamangidwa ndipo umasamutsidwa ku msasa. Misa repressions si anadutsa atsogoleri a zipani chikominisi ndi kakatundu Lithuania, Latvia, Western Ukraine, Western Belarus ndi Estonia (pamaso kujowina iwo ku USSR).

Kapangidwe ka Comintern

Kotero, ife anayang'ana pa congresses wa Comintern, ndipo tsopano Kapangidwe ka gulu. Hayala ake anavomerezedwa mu August 1920. Mmenemo lidalembedwa: "Ndipotu mayiko Communist ayenera kwenikweni ndi ikhale lonse logwirizana chikominisi gulu bulanchi munthu amene ntchito iliyonse yapadera."

Amadziwika kuti utsogoleri wa Comintern zinachitikadi Komiti ya Executive (ECCI). Mpaka 1922 iyo sinali oimira anapatsa ndi Party Communist. Ndipo mu 1922 iye anasankhidwa Congress wa Comintern. Small Office ECCI anaonekera mu July 1919. Mu September 1921 izo anadzatchedwa ndi Presidium wa ECCI. Secretariat ECCI analengedwa mu 1919, iye anali nawo nkhani anthu ndi gulu. gulu analipo mpaka 1926. A Gulu Bureau (Kukonza Bureau) ECCI analengedwa mu 1921 ndipo analipo mpaka 1926.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti kuyambira mu 1919 mpaka 1926, wapampando wa ECCI anali Grigory Zinoviev. Mu 1926 anathetsa malo wapampando wa ECCI. M'malo mwake, zikuoneka Secretariat ya ndale za ECCI la naini. Mu August 1929, zikuchokera mapangidwe latsopanoli wakhala allocated bungwe Political wa Secretariat ya ndale za ECCI. Iye anali kulimbana ndi yokonza zosiyanasiyana za nkhani imene zina mungazipeze Secretariat ndi Political. Amaphatikiza Manuilsky D., O. Kuusinen, woimira Party Communist la Germany (adapangana ndi CC ya KKE) ndi A. Pyatnitsky (phungu).

Mu 1935, watsopano malo - Mlembi General wa ECCI. Iwo anatenga Dimitrov. Iwo anathetsa Commission Political ndi Secretariat ndi Political. Apanso Secretariat wa ECCI unapangidwa bungwe.

Control ntchito padziko lonse kukhala mu 1921. Iye kufufuzidwa ntchito ya ECCI zida, zigawo zosiyana (maphwando) ndipo chinkhoswe mu kafukufuku wa Finance.

Kodi mabungwe anali Communist mayiko?

• Profintern.
• Mezhrabpom.
• Sportintern.
• Communist Mayiko wachinyamata (CMM).
• Krestintern.
• Secretariat Mayiko akazi.
• Yonseyi owonetsera breakaway (padziko lonse).
• Yonseyi olemba breakaway (padziko lonse).
• Mayiko ufulu proletarians.
• Komiti World Soviet comrades.
• anyantchoche International.
• "Red Mtima 'mabungwe chithandizo lonse lotchedwa boma kapena DENR.
• Anti-Imperialist League.

disbanding ndi Comintern

Pamene panali yanyumba ya International Communist? Tsiku la liquidation nduna ya gulu wotchuka uyu imagwera pa May 15, 1943. Pa kuvunda kwa Comintern, Stalin anati iye anafuna kusangalatsa ogwirizana Western, wotsimikizika iwo kuti pulani ya kukhazikitsidwa kwa chikominisi ndi ankhanza ovomereza-Soviet m'mayiko a ku Ulaya anakomoka. Amadziwika kuti mbiri ya 3 Mayiko kuti chiyambi cha 1940 wabwino kwambiri. Komanso, ku Ulaya, Anazi kuletsedwa ndi kuwononga pafupifupi onse maselo.

Kuyambira cha m'ma 1920s, Stalin panokha ndi wa CPSU (b) adafunafuna kulamulira mayiko Chachitatu. nuance Izi zinathandiza kwambiri ndi zochitika za nthawi imeneyo. Anakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongedwa kwa pafupifupi nthambi zonse za Comintern (kupatula Committee Youth ndi Executive Mayiko) mu zaka za Stalinist kupondereza (a 1930s m'ma). Komabe, 3 Mayiko akhoza kusunga Committee Executive kuti: yekha anadzatchedwa Dipatimenti ya CPSU (b) World.

Mu June 1947, izo anatenga Conference Paris pa Marshall chithandizo. Ndipo mu September 1947 Stalin ku maphwando zokomera analenga Cominform - ndi Information Communist Bureau. M'malo a Comintern. Ndipotu, anali maukonde anapanga ku zipani chikominisi cha Bulgaria, Albania, Hungary, France, Italy, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Soviet Union, Romania ndi Yugoslavia (chifukwa Tito ndi Stalin kusagwirizana ake zichotsedwa pa mndandanda mu 1948).

Cominform anali lithe mu 1956, pambuyo Makumi awiri Party Congress. Bungweli lili ndi m'malo ofunda anali Komabe, chinali Warsaw pangano ndi Comecon, ndi misonkhano friendliest antchito Soviet ndi maphwando chikominisi mokhazikika.

Archive wa bungwe la International Chachitatu

Archive wa Comintern mukusungira State Archives wa Political ndi History Social mu Moscow. Pali zolembedwa mu zinenero 90: zofunika chinenero ntchito ndi German. Mukhozanso pali malipoti a zipani oposa 80.

sukulu

Chachitatu Mayiko anali:

1. antchito Communist China yunivesite (codend) - 17 September 1928 ankatchedwa University antchito dzina lake Sun Yat-sen ku China (UGC).
2. antchito Communist East University (TAS).
3. University Communist wa ing'onoing'ono National wa West (KUNMZ).
4. Lenin School International (MLSH) (1925-1938).

mabungwe

Chachitatu Mayiko kuwataya:

1. Statistical ndi Information Institute wa ECCI (Bureau Varga) (1921-1928).
2. anayambitsa mayiko zaulimi (1925-1940).

mabuku a mbiri yakale

Creation wa bungwe la International Communist anali limodzi ndi zosiyanasiyana zochitika chidwi. Choncho, mu 1928, iye, Hans Eisler analemba nyimbo zopambana mu German. Chirasha izo anawamasulira I. L. Frenkel mu 1929. The nyimboyi ntchito mobwerezabwereza atamva: "chiphiphiritso athu - World Soviet Union"

Nthawi zambiri, pamene bungwe la International Communist linakhazikitsidwa, ife tikudziwa kale - inali nthawi lolimba. Amadziwika kuti lamulo la Red Army, pamodzi ndi Propaganda wa Chachitatu Mayiko Bureau anakonza anatulutsa buku "kugalukira zida". Mu 1928, ntchito ino anasindikizidwa mu German, ndipo mu 1931 - mu French. ntchito linalembedwa mu mawonekedwe a maphunziro ndi m'bukhu pa chiphunzitso cha gulu la zipolowe zida.

Buku lisanalengedwe pansi pa pseudonym A. Neuberg, Mlembi wake weniweni ndi otchuka kayendedwe chosintha lonse.

Marxism-Leninism

Marxism-Leninism ndi chiyani? Izi ndi akatswiri umoyo ndale chiphunzitso cha lamulo la kulimbana chiyembekezo chakuti a dongosolo capitalist ndi kumanga chikominisi. Kutacha V. I. Lenin, amene anayambitsa chiphunzitso cha Marx ndi ntchito mu ntchito. Zikamera wa Marxism-Leninism watsimikizira tanthauzo la chopereka Lenin kuti Marxism.

V. I. Lenin analenga kwambiri chiphunzitso chachikulu kuti mayiko zokomera, chasandulika nduna "ntchito kalasi mfundo." mfundo sanali malo amodzi, izo modifies ndi kusintha zosowa za anthu osankhika a. Mu izo, ndi njira, wakhala m'gulu ndi ziphunzitso za atsogoleri dera Communist amene anatsogolera kufunika kwake kwa limati zokomera.

Mu mawonedwe Soviet chiphunzitso cha V. I. Lenina ndiye Mulungu yekha woona dongosolo sayansi maganizo chuma, nzeru zaumunthu, ndipo chikhalidwe ndi maulamuliro. Marxist-Leninist chiphunzitso amatha cigawo maganizo cilamulo ndi ulemu kufufuza ndi kusintha chosintha danga lapansi. Limavumbula malamulo a chitukuko cha anthu, maganizo a anthu ndi chikhalidwe, limafotokoza kalasi kulimbana ndi mitundu ya kusintha kwa sosholisimu (kuphatikizapo kuwonongedwa kwa bizinesi), analankhula za ntchito yolenga ya ogwira ntchito yomanga ndi chikominisi ndi chitaganya zokomera.

Nambala yaikulu ya chipani cha dziko imatengedwa kuti ndi Party Communist la China. Ziyenera kukhala pa zochita zawo ziphunzitso V. I. Lenina. Mu hayala ake lili mawu otsatirawa: "Marxism-Leninism anapeza malamulo a kusanduka mbiri ya anthu. udindo wake zofunika nthawizonse olondola ndipo ndi amphamvu mphamvu ya moyo. "

choyamba mayiko

Amadziwika kuti Communist mayiko anachita ntchito zochuluka nkhondo ya anthu ntchito ndi moyo wabwino. The International Association antchito anali mwalamulo dzina loyamba International. Izi woyamba wa mayiko mapangidwe a m'kalasi ntchito, womwe unakhazikitsidwa September 28, 1864 mu London.

Bungweli anawachotsa pambuyo kugawanika zimene zinachitika mu 1872.

2 mayiko

2 International (Ntchito kapena Socialist) ndi bungwe lonse la zipani ogwira zokomera, unakhazikitsidwa mu 1889. Anatengera mwambo wa kuloŵedwa m'malo, koma matabwa ake anali si n'ngopandukira mu 1893. Yolankhulana mosalekeza pakati pa zipani chiwalo cha Socialist Mayiko Bureau chilili Brussels izo m'kaundula mu 1900. Mayiko anapanga chisankho cha zipani ake constituent sanali kuvomerezedwa.

chachinayi mayiko

The International Chachinayi, ndi chikominisi gulu lonse, njira kuti Stalinism. Bukuli lili pa cholowa ongolankhula Lva Trotskogo. Zolinga za mapangidwe ili ndi kukwanilitsidwa kwa kusintha dziko, chigonjetso cha kalasi antchito ndi chilengedwe lamadyerero.

Mayiko chinakhazikitsidwa mu 1938, Trotsky ndi anzake mu France. Anthu amenewa anakhulupirira kuti Comintern mu kulamulira Stalinists kuti sangathe kuphunzitsa kalasiyo ntchito padziko lonse amalize kugonjetsa mphamvu za ndale. N'chifukwa chake, monga kuyenera Adalenga awo "Chachinayi Mayiko", amene mamembala pamene akuchita NKVD wothandizira. Komanso, anali kunenedwa mbali ya USSR ndi mochedwa Maoism mu upathengo, izo wosweka ndi bourgeoisie (France ndi USA).

Gulu loyamba kugunda ndi kugawanika mu 1940, komanso wamphamvu kwambiri magawano mu 1953. Mu 1963 panali tsankho kukumananso, koma magulu ambiri amati ali preemstvennikami ndale "Chachinayi Mayiko".

chachisanu mayiko

ndi "Chachisanu mayiko" ndi chiyani? Ndi mawu omwe amatanthauza la Kumanzere kwakukulu ofuna kulenga latsopano ntchito mabungwe mayiko zochokera malingaliro a Marxist-Leninism ndi Trotskyism. Mamembala a gulu amadziona olambila la International Choyamba, Communist Chachitatu, Trotskyist Chachinayi ndi Chachiwiri.

chikominisi

Ndipo pamapeto ife adzazindikira chimene Russian Communist Party? Bukuli lili pa chikominisi. Marxism ndi - ndi chuma ndiponso umoyo dongosolo Wonenedwa, ozikidwa kufanana chikhalidwe anaika, katundu anthu analengedwa kuchokera njira ya ulimi.

Mmodzi wa anthu otchuka kwambiri ndi internationalist chikominisi mawu kuti: "Proletarians a m'mayiko onse kugwirizanitsa". Amene ananena mawu otchuka choyamba - tikudziwa pang'ono. Koma ife kutsegula chinsinsi: koyamba mawu akuti anali anafuulira mwa Fridrihom Engelsom ndi Karlom Marksom mu "Manifesto Communist."

Pambuyo m'ma XIX, mawu akuti "chikominisi" kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kunena kuti umoyo ndi zachuma mapangidwe, amene angalosere Marxists ntchito yawo ongolankhula. Zinali zochokera umwini onse, anakhazikitsa njira ya ulimi. Nthawi zambiri, zapamwamba za Marxism ndikukhulupirira kuti chikominisi zipangizo mfundo ya "Aliyense - mphamvu, aliyense - malinga ndi zosowa."

Tikukhulupirira kuti owerenga sadzatha kuthandiza longosola nkhaniyi mu bungwe la International Communist.