Ndi NKVD ndi chiyani? Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti achidule. Mbiri ya chilengedwe, ntchito, ntchito

Mwa nyumba zina mphamvu, anasiya kufufuza mu mbiri ya dziko lathu, lofunika kwambiri ndi kwamuyaya okhala mu kukumbukira anthu a makalata NKVD. Decoding Soviet wa RSFSR, ndi ena ambiri ofanana, koma disused achidule sayambitsa vuto lina Komabe chidule mayina a ena mtchalitchi kufotokoza. Izi ndi zofunika makamaka achinyamata. Ndipo chofunika kwambiri kwa kuwauza zimene NKVD.

Kujambula latsopano thupi pagulu

Malinga ndi chigamulo cha CEC wa USSR kuchokera July 10, 1934, inakhalapo ulamuliro wa chapakati naweruzire nyumba zonse kulimbana upandu ndi kukhalabe kukhazikika. Iye zinaperekedwa ndi zilembo zinayi - ndi NKVD. Chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti achidule anali motere: Commissariat Anthu a Affairs Internal.

Pamodzi ndi mayunitsi utangoyamba analowamo ndi ndodo ya ufulu, koma osati anathetsa General Dipatimenti Political. Choncho anabadwa gulu wakhala chizindikiro cha kupululutsa ikuchitika ndi boma Stalinist ndi anthu ake omwe.

ndi NKVD ndi chiyani?

Kapangidwe kumene analenga anali ndi kuchuluka modabwitsa waukulu udindo, koma pa nthawi yomweyo ndi kanthu mphamvu mofanana. Choncho, mwa mawu a yamtunduwu ake kulamulira zochitika za matupi boma zokhudzana ndi misonkhano boma, zomangamanga, ndipo pafupifupi m'magulu onse mafakitale.

Komanso, NKVD ndi ankachita kufufuza ndale, nzeru yachilendo, kuteteza malire boma, ntchito mu dongosolo kuphedwa yokhaulitsira ndi counterintelligence asilikali. Kuti bwinobwino kugwira ntchito zawo NKVD kupatsidwa ufulu aliyense mwa ziganizo bwalo, kuphatikizapo chilango cha imfa. Malinga ndi chigamulo CEC wa USSR, iwo sanali nkhani kumukopa ndi kukakamizidwa yomweyo.

Mwankhanza wa NKVD umaŵirikiza nthaŵi zitatu wapadera

Chotero mphamvu panayamba nyumba imeneyi ntchito kunja mmunda malamulo, chifukwa mmodzi wa mavuto zikachitika zimene zinachitikira dziko lathu. Kuti atchule mu uthunthu wake, limene ndi NKVD, tiyenera kukumbukira misa repressions wa mmasate ndi, zikuoneka kuti chifukwa chachikulu chinali thupi ili. Mamiliyoni nzika Soviet amene anali akaidi wa Gulag ndi kuphedwa pa milandu yabodza, anaweruzidwira ndi otchedwa zitatu wapadera.

Kapangidwe ka nyumba iyi si milandu m'gulu: mlembi wa chipanichi, wozenga ndi mutu wa dipatimenti dera la NKVD kapena mzinda. Khama oimbidwa mlandu, monga ulamuliro, chosamangika ndi ziganizo za oletsa milandu podikira ndi osagwirizana ndi malamulo alipo, koma monga mwa chilakolako wawo anakhala ubiquitous chifukwa mwankhanza.

Kuthamangitsidwa wa anthu ndi co-ntchito ndi Gestapo

Komanso, Commissariat of Affairs Internal manyazi yekha ndi mawonekedwe a zandale, monga kupita kwa anthu pa maziko a dziko. Mu zaka za Stalinism anthu lonse mokakamiza anasamuka ku malo awo okhala mu mbiri m'zigawo za Far North ndi Siberia. Malinga ndi malipoti, ndi NKVD ikuchitika kupita ochokera m'mayiko khumi. Zikuphatikizapo Chechens, Crimea Chitata, Germany, Korea, Finns, Ingrian, Ingush, Karachai, Meskhetian Turkey, Kalmyks ndi Balkars.

Mu makumi asanu, mu kudzuka kwa mavumbulutso a mpatuko Stalin wa umunthu ndi konzanso wa anthu ambiri ulamuliro wake zilipo kwa anthu kwachititsa kuti umboni yambiri ya chisanadze nkhondo NKVD mgwirizano ndi Gestapo. Mu atolankhani a zaka mayina a ambiri German ndipo Austria odana achifasizimu, amene anathaŵira ndale Soviet Union, koma anavomereza "zinthu osafunika" ndipo anatumiza akuluakulu a boma German.

Atsogoleri oyamba a nyumba Chilango

Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a NKVD ndi (chinawathandiza kumvetsa n'chakuti achidule anapatsidwa pamwamba), mutu wa thupilo anakhala yemwenso Commissar Anthu a Affairs Internal GG Berry. Pambuyo potumikila positi kwa zaka ziwiri anakhala kapolo wa dongosolo limeneli mitu. Mu September 1936 iye ndiye amachotsedwa pa nchitozi ndi anamangidwa pa milandu yabodza. Atakhala zaka ziwiri pansi pa kufufuzidwa, mutu woyamba wa commissariat wamphamvu zonse anawomberedwa.

Chikadzangotha kuchotsedwa ndi kumangidwa kwa GG Yagoda m'malo mwake anaikidwa pa Commissar latsopano. Iwo anakhala wakonzekera membala wa Politburo wa CPSU (b) N. I. Ezhov. Ndi dzina lake amagwirizana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito yotchedwa "Great Mantha", unwrapped Stalin mu 1937-1938.

Komabe, iye sanali kupeza padziko ntchito chosatha kuposa zimene zinawonongedwa. Kumapeto kwa December 1938, analinso anamangidwa pa maziko a muyezo ndiye mlandu woukira boma ndipo monga Nditakhala zaka ziwiri pansi pa kufufuzidwa, anataya moyo wake chifukwa cha chiweruzo imfa yake.

L. P. Beriya ndi SN Kruglov

Motalikitsa pa mutu wa NKVD anakhalabe L. P. Beriya. Kupembedzela positi December 25, 1938, iye anali chabe mu 1946 ceded kuti m'malo mwake - S. N. Kruglovu. Kutembenukira ku ntchito ya Politburo wa USSR, Beria mpaka imfa Stalin anakhalabe mwininkhani boma. Komabe, zomvetsa chisoni tsoka la akalambula, ndipo iye sakanakhoza kupewa. Anamangidwa mu 1953, posakhalitsa analandira, ndi chiweruziro milandu kubwalo la Supreme wake kuti asaphedwe chipolopolo.

Wa atsogoleri onse anayi a NKVD, linathetsedwa mu March 1946, koma ndi mwayi S. N. Kruglovu. Tsoka anam'pereka kwa moyo ndi zaka kucha akale. Komabe, iye sanali angafe. Monga wophunzira a repressions misa mu 1959 chigamulo cha bwalo la mkulu wa asilikali anali mosatsata penshoni, komanso nyumba zapamwamba mu mtima mwa likulu. Ngakhale ogona pa Moscow "Pravda" siteshoni, July 6, 1977, anamaliza moyo wake pansi mawilo a m'sitima.

Ntchito ya NKVD polimbana Fascism

Komabe, kuti ayankhe bwino kufunsa kuti NKVD, sangathe kuchepetsa tokha kuti udindo umene mdima kuti nyumba imeneyi anachita m'mbiri ya dziko lathu. Zingakhale ndi kulakwitsa losakhululukidwa kulekeza zikayenda ake polimbana criminality, komanso polimbana Nazi ankhondowo pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo.

Malinga ndi kafukufuku archival, mu June 1941, asilikali NKVD m'gulu magulu khumi ndi zinayi, magulu khumi, komanso regiments zoposa makumi awiri zolinga zosiyanasiyana. Kuyambira masiku oyambirira a nkhondo, magulu awa anatumizidwa kunkhondo ndipo anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu kugonjetsedwa kwa mdani.

Tiyeneranso kukumbukira kuti chifukwa cha Kupambana pa Fascism anatumikira osati antchito, koma pafupifupi wani miliyoni nzika anzathu omwe kale anali akaidi wa Gulag, anawateteza ndi wakhululukidwa pa pempho la NKVD utsogoleri kuti kutumiza kutsogolo. A muyeso maphunziro othandiza anali woyamba - zaka ovuta kwambiri a nkhondo.

Border ndi mkati asilikali

Musachepetse udindo wa NKVD zoteteza malire boma la dziko lathu. Mu mmasate mochedwa, zikuchokera atumiki ake malire alonda totaled 167 zikwi. Man. Ntchito yawo inali kusiya malowedwe a m'dziko onse a azondi Soviet, saboteurs komanso ozembetsa, ndi polimbana ophwanya a boma malire. Mayina a malire ambiri akulondali ngwazi kosatha mbiri ya Asilikali onyamula zida za Soviet Union.

Izo zikuwoneka ziwerengero chidwi kwambiri kuwalitsa ntchito ikuchitika pa zaka za nkhondo, asilikali mkati mwa NKVD. Malinga ndi kafukufuku zilipo, kokha kulimbana ndi gulu la 9,5 kunachitidwa pa chikwi. Kupeleka analola n'chongoletsa pafupifupi 150 zikwi. Ambanda. Pamodzi ndi iwo, ndipo alonda malire anali okhoza kuthetsa 829 magulu osiyana, zimene zinaphatikizapo 49 chikwi. Ambanda.

Ntchito ya NKVD mu chuma nkhondo

Ofufuza amakono ndi nambala ya mabungwe omwe si aboma akuyesetsa kuti aone zimene zimakhudza kuti wakhala pa chitukuko cha chuma ntchito mtundu wa akaidi wa Gulag. Monga tanenera ndi odziwika bwino ufulu wachibadwidwe bungwe "Chikumbutso", ndi NKVD mu mmasate mochedwa anatembenuka ntchito kotero chiwawa, chifukwa mwa iye kuseri mipiringidzo pa chiyambi cha nkhondo kunapezeka kuti miliyoni 1,68 amuna amphamvu, mlandu 8% mwa ogwira ntchito okwana dziko pa nthawi imeneyo.

Monga mbali ya dongosolo yolimbikitsa, amawatenga boma, mabungwe ang'onoang'ono, olengedwa mwa malo m'ndende anagwira yambiri ya zida ndi zina zofunika kutsogolo. Izi ndithudi akamagwiritsa ntchito yokonza wa asilikali, koma pa nthawi yomweyo tiyenera kuzindikira kuti ntchitoyo ntchito yoteroyo amakakamizidwa ochepa kwambiri.

Nkhondo Itatha

Monga kwa zaka pambuyo nkhondo, ndipo nthawi imeneyi udindo wa NKVD mu kuwuka kwa chuma si noticeable. Pa dzanja limodzi, ndi mayikidwe a m'misasa Gulag m'madera kumene kulibe anthu ambiri a kumpoto, Siberia ndi Far East achititsa kuti chitukuko, koma Komano, inefficient ntchito akaidi wakhala chopinga kukwaniritsidwa ntchito ambiri a zachuma.

Zimenezi zikugwira ntchito kwathunthu Satana ntchito ukaidi asayansi ndi akatswiri angapo amene anazunzidwa ndi misa repressions wa Stalin nthawi. Amadziwika kuti NKVD analenga m'ndende wapadera, analandira yotchuka lotchedwa "sharashek". Iwo akuluakulu a sayansi ndi luso osankhika, mlandu pa mlandu womunamizira ndi "utatu wapadera" kwambiri amene tinakambirana pamwamba, anachita kafukufuku.

Mwa kale anali akaidi ngati "sharashek" anali ngati kudziwika Soviet asayansi, okonza, onse SP ndi Korolev A. N. Tupolev. The chifukwa cha akuyesetsa kuti atchule mokakamizidwa luso zilandiridwenso anali ochepa ndipo anasonyeza inappropriateness wathunthu wa ankapitabe izi.

Pomaliza

Mu makumi asanu, pambuyo pa imfa ya Stalin, anayamba ndondomeko konzanso amene anakhudzidwa zidalengedwa mwa iye mu mode dziko. Ndichinthu chikalata kale ntchito polimbana ndi adani a anthu, analandira sazindikira ku mabungwe onse a boma ndi mu maganizo a anthu. Iwo anali poyera ndi ntchito dongosolo, dzina lake NKVD, decoding, mbiri ndi ntchito yomwe anali nkhani imeneyi. Mu 1946, izi Office wathuwu anali lidzasinthidwa Utumiki wa Mkati mwa USSR.