Zinatheka kupewa Wachiwiri World nkhondo? German-Soviet Lina Pangano (a Molotov-Ribbentrop ke). Stalin ndi Hitler

Ngakhale mbiri alibe maganizo subjunctive, akadali ndi ofufuza ndiponso anthu wamba akufunsa okha ngati n'kotheka kupewa Wachiwiri World nkhondo. Kuti tiyankhe funso limeneli, tiyenera kuona zimene zimayambitsa nkhondo yaikulu zida m'mbiri ya anthu.

Chokondweretsa wachiwembuyo

Mu 1933, mphamvu mu Germany Anazi anadza, kutsogozedwa ndi Adolf Hitler. Ankafuna kusintha zinthu mopitirira anali mokomera timalembanso zotsatira za nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, chifukwa cha zomwe dziko akhala akumanidwa mbali yaikulu ya m'gawo lake ndi opanda asilikali. Pa nthawi yomweyo Hitler ofanana boma lopondereza anamanga ku Italy ndi Benito Mussolini.

Madzulo a Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya padziko lonse, Fuehrer anayamba njira yoyamba ya analanda dziko la madera a limati oyandikana. Pa dzanja limodzi, iye anayesetsa kuti agwirizane fraternal Austria, ndi pa zina - kudzachotsa Sudetenland dera la Czechoslovakia, mbali yaikulu ya anthu imakhala ndi Germany yosiyanasiyana.

atsogoleri akhala anayang'ana kupyolera zala zake pa apamwamba Hitler wankhanza. Koma ngati izo zikanakhala zotheka kupewa Wachiwiri World nkhondo? Lero, akukhulupirira kuti chiyambi chake anakankhira "malamulo a appeasement", umene amachitika Paris ndi London. Ndi United Kingdom, ndi France (monga mayiko tipambane nkhondo padziko lonse komanso guarantor yaikulu ya Versailles Pangano) kuti kukakamiza Mfumu monga iye analibe nthawi kulenga lankhondo lamphamvu, koma sanatero. N'chifukwa chiyani kuchitika? Imodzi mwa ntchito zomwe akuluakulu a appeasement kwa Hitler anali kuopa mayiko Western capitalist wa chikominisi ndi la Soviet Union.

Dana wa demokalase ku Stalin

Kuyambira chaka chimenecho, pamene Bolsheviks Russian anayamba kulamulira, Europe cholinga chake chinali "Kukwera dziko". Nkhondo ya pachiweniweni yakhala osati inasanduka ulendo kupambana kwa proletariat mu World Old (iye nizitsamwitsa kumbuyo mu Poland). Komabe, onse a 20s ndipo 30s. boma Soviet ali padera kwambiri mu Kukwezeleza malingaliro leftist kunja. ndi mayiko latsopano analengedwa kuthandiza ulimi dziko.

Pazifukwa izi, Europe Western a USSR monga kuopseza mwachindunji kuti ulipodi. Ngakhale ofunda asapita zamtendere ndi Bolsheviks wolemera mayiko capitalist anayamba kuyamba chabe mu 1930. Zikamera anaopseza Nazi akhoza theoretically kukhala ndi rapprochement pakati pa machitidwe awiri maganizo kwakukulu, koma sizinatheke.

Atamwalira Lenin mu mphamvu Soviet pang'onopang'ono anaikira mu manja a Stalin. Iwo amasonyeza lonse yachilendo malamulo a dziko ndi ngakhale Soviet Union analibe mutu mwamwambo chabe boma. Mu theka lachiwiri la 1930s lapansi. Stalin anayambitsa repressions misa. Pansi iwo anali onse kuchokera Bolsheviks akale asilikali ndi anthu wamba. "Great Mantha" zambiri anachoka kwa Moscow, atsogoleri Western. Zinatheka kupewa Wachiwiri World nkhondo? Ngakhale zili choncho, sanali choncho pamene andale European amakonda wogwirizana ndi Stalin chokondweretsa Hitler.

Munich panganoli

Acme kukopana mfundo Mtsogoleri Western oimira afika September 30, 1938. Nikulamulira yosainidwa pa tsiku la Munich mgwirizano, umene ankadutsa Germany a Czechoslovakia, Sudetenland. Hitler dzina apo, Mussolini, nduna British Chamberlain ndi French Nduna Daladier.

Czechoslovakia kuvomereza kuti latsopano la zinthu mwa mawonekedwe a musankhepo ndi. The Soviet Union, amene adatenga nawo pangano chithandizo kulimbikitsana ndi kuti dziko ndi France, ambiri ananyalanyaza. Stalin ndi maganizo ake anali pa akungoonerera a ndale padziko lonse. Patapita Europe pambuyo Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, monyinyirika anakumbukira sikapangano Munich, patapita chaka zinachititsa chiyambi cha nkhondo yowononga zida.

Chigamulo Stalin ku Czechoslovakia popanda sachita anali manyazi munthu. Munich zochitika Alimbikitsa mantha mtsogoleri wa anthu a chiwembu cha achifasizimu ndi demokalase chifukwa cha zimene zingathe kukhala kwa mokwiya German kum'mawa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Stalin sanathe anatani zimenezo kaonedwe ka mphamvu zawo. The grouping wa Red Army analimbikitsidwa ndi September 1938, pa malire a kumadzulo kwa dziko, koma andale ngati European sadzachitanso tcheru ku woonekeratu manja. Kale mu October otsiriza n'zosiyana demobilization, ndipo boma la Soviet anayamba kufunafuna njira awo kunja kudzipatula kwambiri. Mu boma la Russia, anaganiza zisokoneze ubwenzi ndi Fuehrer ndi democracies Western.

Nthawi njakata

Pamaso Stalin ndi Hitler kwambiri, mtsogoleri Soviet anapanga demarches angapo kumudzudzula France ndi UK ndi M'malo mwake, amauza Germany ndi kukambirana. Kunali kulankhula pa XVIII Congress Party wa mu March 1939. Stalin ananena kuti kukhala kwa andale Western chestnuts kuchokera pakati pa moto ndipo anawaitana provocateurs amene anayesa embroil Berlin ndi Moscow. Masiku owerengeka chabe pambuyo pa nkhani imeneyi, Hitler wotanganitsidwa Czechoslovakia. Ngakhale optimists zinadziwika choncho akupita ku nkhondo yaikulu latsopano. Mu zinthu izi, maganizo Stalin, ndi "mphamvu chachitatu" zikuoneka zofunika kwambiri.

Mu kasupe ndi chilimwe wa oimira 1939 European kuyesera kukambirana. Palibe anakhulupirira palibe ndi pangano zosavomerezeka akhoza usathe tsiku lotsatira. Mu ndikuyenda uyu wa zokambirana andale anayesera kupeza ngati izo zikanakhala zotheka kupewa Wachiwiri World nkhondo. Kunapezeka kuti pali.

Monga zokambirana ndi USSR, France ndi Great Britain si anapereka kuyambira pachiyambi. Iye anawatsogolera ndi Commissar cha anthu kwa Affairs okhonda limakhulupirira Litvinov, yolumikiza mbiri bwinobwino yolimbikitsa magulu odana Nazi, ndi nawo Soviet Union. Mu May 1939, mtsogoleri wa dziko la Soviet Union adamtumiza pantchito. Zinali sitepe woonekeratu. Iye anakonzeratu tsogolo la mgwirizano, amene anapita Stalin ndi Hitler. Commissar anthu Yoona za okhonda Molotov anayamba, ndipo ichi, mosakaika, anali wochezeka manja kwa Germany. Mothandizidwa ndi ogwira castling Stalin kwathunthu cholinga mfundo zakunja manja awo. Kudzera Molotov kuti ntchito kunali kosavuta kuposa Litvinov, kawirikawiri kukaona ofesi ya mtsogoleri wa Kremlin.

Non-olusa ke

Chimake cha rapprochement Soviet-German anakhala Molotov - Ribbentrop ke. Chimodzimodzi kudziwa zimene anayambitsa kusaina chikalata ichi chinali Hitler. Kukakamiza mwambowu, iye anapereka Moscow mkangano otsiriza. The Mtsogoleri waganiza kuti kwayandikirako nkhondo ya Poland simungakhoze kuchita popanda ubwenzi ndi mtsogoleri Soviet. August 21, Hitler kalata payekha Stalin imene kafungo momveka kuuzidwa za nkhondo inali itayandikira ndipo akhoza kulemba sanali mokwiya ke.

Izo zinali za kuwerenga posachedwapa. August 23, anafika ku Moscow German Minister okhonda Joachim Von Ribbentrop. Stalin ndi Molotov mwaulemu moni, kenako anapangidwa nonaggression pangano la Soviet Union ndi Germany. mbali zonse nacho chimene iwo onse anafuna. Pa kuumirira wa Stalin ndi protocol chinsinsi linakonzedwa. Iye anapita ku Molotov - Ribbentrop ke.

Malinga ndi chikalata ichi, Soviet Union ndi Germany wogawanika pakati kum'mawa kwa Ulaya. Soviet zone chidwi m'gulu mbali ya Poland (Western Belarus ndi Ukraine West), limati Baltic, Finland, Bessarabia. Stalin ankafuna kuti apeze madera ndi kubwezeretsa kwa malire a Ufumu wakale Russian. Hitler anali kufunika kuonetsetsa chitetezo cha malire yake pa nkhondo ndi Poland ndi ena a ku Ulaya. Nonaggression pangano la Soviet Union ndi Germany, kuti zokhumba za atsogoleri awiri.

pragmatists zolakwa

zam'tsogolo ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anasonyeza kuti Nazism - mmodzi wa milandu koipa mu mbiri ya anthu. Komabe, mu 1939, Stalin, ndi andale demokalase zinthu ndi Hitler, malinga ndi lomanga. oimira Western zimalimbikitsa chokondweretsa cha Mfumu mawu ofanana ndi wotchuka "ngati panalibe nkhondo." Pangano ndi iye sanali chomveka, funso lonse ndi chabe chikhalidwe chawo. Zinthu mogwirizana ndi mfundo wanzeru, Stalin, tingati palibe kusiyana kwa anthu amene anasaina mgwirizano Munich.

Komabe, pali kusiyana. oimira akhala yekha achoka nkhonyayo a m'mayiko awo (zimene zinachititsa Hitler akutembenukira kwa kusokoneza mayiko pang'ono). Koma Stalin sanaime pa ichi "zovomerezeka" osiyanasiyana. Iye anaganiza kutenga nawo mbali pa nsoka wa m'madera. Ndichifukwa chake ambiri a dziko nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse poyamba ankaona Soviet Union monga angakuthandizeni la Germany.

Stalin anabweretsa kwa Mfumu manja kuguba kumadzulo, kukhulupirira kuti France ndi Britain akukankha okha mokwiya ya ulamuliro wa Hitler ina easterly. Koma ngakhale ngati mtsogoleri Soviet anali atachita pamaziko a zofuna za USSR, ndi iye akadali anapereka Hitler lipenga lotsiriza la mliri wa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Choncho (amaganizira komanso Munich mgwirizano), mbali zonse zitatu za "masewera lalikulu" walola kuti zichitike zaka zambiri wamagazi nyama chopukusira. The pangano la Soviet Union ndi Germany anali chinsinsi, koma si chinthu chokha motsogozedwa ndi mavutowa.

Tsiku inayake ndipo mapeto a Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World (1 September 1939 1 September 1945) - Mfundo yofunika kwambiri mu mbiri ya XX atumwi. Nkomwe aliyense pa madzulo a nkhondo adafotokoza kuti nkhondo chingandithandize ngati nambala yaikulu anafa ndi kuwonongeka. Mofananamo, pa nthawi oimira anakambirana walola kuti zichitike WWI.

Impact ndi zotsatira za pangano ndi

Ponena za zolinga za khalidwe Stalin mu ubale wa dziko lake ndi Hitler, osanenapo chinthu Japanese. kusiyana zida pa mnansi kum'mawa kwa Soviet Union anayamba m'chaka cha 1939. Poyamba, zochitika Mongolia inakhazikitsidwa anavutika kwa Red Army. Koma m'chilimwe zinthu zinayamba kusintha. Mu August, pamene Moscow anasaina mgwirizano Soviet-German, malo boma la Russia mu kukambirana ndi Berlin kwambiri mphamvu.

Ke zinayendera Japan zamtendere kugonja. Tsopano iye sakanakhoza atithandiza wa angakuthandizeni ake Germany polimbana Soviet Union. Wokhazikitsidwa bwino zochita pa njira yonse ya zinthu posachedwa adzatchedwa "World nkhondo II". masiteji zifukwa, zotsatira za nkhondo sangatengedwe kukhala popanda kutenga nkhani mwambo Japanese. Madzulo a kuukira Pearl Harbor ku Tokyo kwambiri kukangana za amene kuukira: Soviet Union kapena United States. kusankha linapangidwa mu mtima wa script American kuti anapulumutsa Soviet Union ndi nkhondo ziŵiri.

Pakuti Stalin, kusaina ndi nonaggression ke chidali chigonjetso mwatsatanetsatane. Ndi kusainira mgwirizanowo, adaika kugunda ndi mdani waukulu kuthekera ndipo anayambiranso ena anataya oipa a Russian Ufumu m'madera. Ganizo "chilungamo m'mbiri", kugwirizana ndi inalowa kamodzi zigawo breakaway, anakumana ndi kumvetsetsa ndi chifundo cha anthu ambiri Soviet, ndipo ngakhale ena mu West. Pamaso mtsogoleri Soviet anaonekera chiyembekezo cha kugwirizanitsa pakati pa Germany ndi chikumenyana naye mphamvu Old World.

Chinsinsi protocol kugawaniza Eastern Europe mu muzochitika za mphamvu, ndithudi, aponyere mthunzi pa mbiri ya Soviet Union. Komabe, pamene panali funso zokhuza kuthekera nkhondo ndi Germany, Stalin sanali nkhawa izo. Komano, zotsatira zosasangalatsa anasiya kutsatira ambuye boma la Russia a. Kwa zaka zingapo, boma la Soviet sanafune kuvomereza kuti kuli protocol chinsinsi. mabuku onse amene anaonekera mu atolankhani Western, wotchedwa fakes ndi provocations. Choonadi mbiri linakhalanso okha m'nyengo ya perestroika, pamene boma la Soviet Union potsiriza anavomereza choonadi zosasangalatsa mfundo za Molotov - Ribbentrop ke.

The kugawa la Poland

Pambuyo kusainira sanali mokwiya pangano ndi Soviet Union, Hitler kuyamba kulongosola ankhondo mu Europe. Events ya Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anayamba September 1 1939 , pamene ulamuliro wa Hitler atalanda Poland. ogwirizana ake France ndi Britain anali ndi Germany, koma zinachitikadi nthawi kulowa nkhondo wamagazi.

Sindinayambe ndi Stalin. The kugawa la Poland pa pepala zachitika kale. Koma Soviet nkhondo ya September 17 linayamba mu dziko lino, pamene zinaonekeratu zimene zotsatira za mokwiya German. Stalin akanakhala kuti sanafune kuoneka tizilomboto chachiwiri. Choncho, akuluakulu a USSR anapita ku chakuti Red Army ungatengeso m'dera la Western Belarus ndi Western Ukraine, amasankhidwa ndi Poland mu 1921.

zenizeni anali wosiyana ndi mabodza. USSR zinthu m'malo mwa anthu Chibelarusi ndi Ukraine, koma kulolerana wa madera atsopano mu Union sanali ngati atakumana ya anthu olekanitsidwa fraternal. Red Army linalanda dera anakumana mofulumira Sovietization, limodzi ndi kukakamiza ndi kupondereza. Chifukwa m'maderawa mfundo zokomera, boma la Russia kuwonongedwa kumachitika mikangano ndi dissent, anathetsa dongosolo capitalist ndi bungwe misa kuyeretsa.

pangano latsopano

Pamene Poland anali pansi pa ulamuliro wathunthu wa Red Army ndi Wehrmacht anatengera pangano latsopano la ubwenzi ndi malire pakati pa USSR ndi Germany. Mwambo boma la siginecha yake pa 28 September 1939.

Protocol Choyamba zonse nzeru nzika German ndipo Soviet amene ankakhala m'madera osiyanasiyana a agawa gawo Polish. ena awiri chinsinsi mgwirizano kusintha kuchuluka kwa zofuna za limati anafotokozera za August Molotov-Ribbentrop ke. German-Soviet Lina Pangano linali lomveka kupitiriza ake. Soviet m'chilimwe zone chidwi mu Baltic m'gulu Estonia ndi Latvia. Tsopano ankagwiritsidwanso linalanda Lithuania. dziko lino lakhala "malipilo" kwa gawo la Lublin ndi Warsaw kuchigawo chimenecho anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a ku Germany (ngakhale m'madera amenewa ceded kuti Soviet Union).

Patapita nthawi, Pangano la Ubwenzi ndi malire panali enaake. Yosainidwa mu January 1941. ntchito imene inafotokozedwa Union-German malire pafupi ndi nyanja ya Baltic, komanso ndondomeko resettlement wa ku Germany ku mayiko Baltic Soviet kwa Germany kwawo. The zina monga kamba ndi kuthetsa zokhudza mikangano katundu. Panthawiyi Wachiwiri World nkhondo anapitiriza ku Ulaya. Nkhondo yaikulu inali pakati France ndi Germany (yachitatu ndi Ulamuliro wa Nazi mwadzidzidzi mofulumira kugonjetsedwa kwa Republic Chachitatu).

Mkangano wa olamulira awiri

Kugwirizana pakati Stalin ndi Hitler amenewa anayamba malinga ndi mavuto azandale ankakhalira ku Europe mpaka pa zaka ziwiri zoyambirira za Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Kunyumba mu boma la Russia, mtsogoleri Soviet sanakanepo kuthekera inayamba nkhondo ndi Germany. Komabe, iye anapita chakuti nkhondo ungachedwetsedwe kwa zaka zosachepera wina ochepa kapena konse zimenezo. Hitler anatenga dongosolo ambiri kuukira Soviet Union mu theka lachiwiri la 1940.

Soviet Union panthawi imeneyo anamaliza kugwirizana m'madera m'malire pa malo German chikoka. Pambuyo chakum'mawa kwa Belarus ndi Ukraine anali kukhota kwa Baltic. Ufulu wa Estonia, Latvia ndi Lithuania anatuluka pambuyo kugwa kwa Russian Ufumu. limati awa ndi yaing'ono asilikali sanathe kwambiri kukana Red Army, chifukwa mu lotseguka panalibe m'bungwe kukana kugwirizana. Mphamvu m'mayiko Baltic chifukwa cha zokambirana chinsinsi ndi makonsolo Molotov unasamutsidwira Party Communist. Anthu nawonso, anafunsa Moscow kumvera Soviet Union.

M'chaka cha 1940 anapereka Romania yopanda magazi Soviet Moldavia. Mfumu Carol II sanakhetse magazi, ndipo anagwirizana kuti musankhepo Stalin. Komabe, ngakhale pamaso bwino izi kuti boma la Russia kumenyana ndi kulephera zoopsa. Malinga ndi pangano ndi Germany mu zone ya zinthu Soviet m'gulu Finland. dziko lino wakana kulandira musankhepo Stalin. Mu November 1939, Zima nkhondo (anapitiriza zitatu ndi miyezi theka). The Red Army anataya katundu yaikulu. Finland kumbuyo ufulu (ngakhale anapatsidwa m'madera ena malire a Karelia).

Stalin fiasco kukhulupirira kwambiri Hitler kulephera kwa Soviet Union ndi kukana olimba Wehrmacht. Patapita miyezi ingapo kuchokera kumapeto kwa Zima Nkhondo Berlin dongosolo "Barbarossa" Analeredwa. Ndi nthawi iyi Germany linalanda onse kupewa ku Ulaya. Popeza akwaniritsa kufunika kumadzulo, Hitler igonjetsanso kum'mawa. Pamaso kuukira Soviet Union anachita wotanganidwa Balkans ndipo anapanga ogwirizana Romania ndi Bulgaria - mayiko amene anali mu dera Soviet pamudzipo. Sitepe ndi sitepe akuyandikira nkhondo ndi Germany, koma Stalin anakana kukhulupirira chiyambi chake kudya. Iye sanasinthe ine, ngakhale pambuyo kunyalanyaza Hitler zikumbutso zake za zokambirana latsopano zamtendere ndi mbiri yake nzeru pa magalimoto a asilikali m'malire. The chifukwa cha Kuuma adakhala zomvetsa lalikulu ndi zikuluzikulu mthunzi wa Red Army mu miyezi loyamba la Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo yomwe inayamba June 22, 1941.