History of Glass mu mbiri ya anthu. Kutulukira ndi kupanga galasi

Amadziwika kuti galasi timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku - ndi chuma yokumba. Koma iye ali ndi analogue zachilengedwe - obsidian. Ndi mazira chiphala chiphalaphala thanthwe chuma kapena kusungunula. Iwo obsidian anamugwiritsa ntchito anthu wosazindikira kupanga zida zosiyanasiyana kudula, komanso zodzikongoletsera.

Opangidwa galasi, mbiri ya chiyambi cha tikambirana pansipa, poyamba chosiyana ndi zachilengedwe. Iwo sakanakhoza popitilira kukongola kapena zomveka bwino.

Mbiri ya atayamba galasi: Nthano basi

Zosowa zakale katswiri Pliniy Starshy m'mabuku ake amamuuza kuti udzu yokumba anaonekera zikomo kwa apaulendo, amene anali kukonza chakudya pa gombe mchenga, ndi kuti muzilowa kukatentha ntchito chidutswa cha koloko achilengedwe. Tsiku lotsatira, peel galasi anapezeka pa zipupa za kunja kwa kukatentha kwambiri. Pliny kungoganizira anali anatsutsa ndi m'zaka za m'ma 20. Asayansi atsimikizira kuti kusungunula galasi pa moto lotseguka n'zosatheka. Komabe, zaka zikwi zingapo zapitazo, anthu a ku Egypt kale ndi Mesopotamia anaphunzira kusungunula galasi mu maenje. Kutentha mu ng'anjo wosazindikira mkulu zokwanira mchenga, laimu ndi alkalis anapanga zinthu zatsopano. Komabe, woyamba galasi zopangidwa, ayenera kwenikweni analengedwa mwangozi mu ndondomeko kupanga mbiya.

luso wakale

History of Glass mu mbiri ya anthu ali zaka zoposa 4 zikwi. Images ndi zakale anapeza m'manda a Farao, kupereka lingaliro la njira zakale za ulimi ndi zokonda kukoma kwa Aiguputo. Choncho, galasi unali ntchito ngati glaze kwa mbiya. Komanso chifukwa anapanga mikanda, mabotolo ndi pakhosi zosonyeza. Aiguputo, mosiyana ndi anthu a Mesopotamia adalipo opaque galasi. zitsulo oxides ake papezeka mu nsaru chikasu ndi ena mitundu. akuluakulu okha ndi personages wa magazi achifumu akanatha mankhwala galasi. zinthu Small chopangidwa ndi njira zotsatirazi: chitsulo ndodo anaikidwa pa pachimake zadothi, amene chilonda pa galasi otentha.

Large anapanga motere: zakale anaikidwa mu misa galasi natembenukira. Galasi ndi wosanjikiza woonda anakaika pa makoma ndi Unalimbitsa, kenako mawonekedwe atachotsedwa.

Zamoyo kupanga. amakedzana

Mbiri ya yatsoka a galasi (dzanja zopangidwa, kumene) umaonekera zopereka nyumba zambiri zosungiramo zinthu. Poganizira mndandanda wa zinthu zakale Aigupto, tinganene kuti zinthu zakale kumva. Tsatanetsatane anasungunuka payokha, ndipo adzaphatikizana ndi buku chachikulu. Aiguputo kuchitanso zotsimikizira zithunzi (typesetting) galasi, lomwe lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito azikongoletsa mipando. Njira imeneyi ndi zaka zochepa anatengera ndi wangwiro ndi Aroma. Komanso, patangotsala chiyambi cha nyengo amisiri athu ku Alexandria anatulukira blowpipe. Ndi izo, unyinji wa red-hot zokula kuwira ndi pang'onopang'ono anawapatsa mawonekedwe zosiyanasiyana zipangizo zapadera. Kuwonjezera ufulu ikuwomba, yafalikira amakedzana kuwomba mu masanjidwewo lapansi. Nthawi zina ambuye ntchito lonse osiyanasiyana mitundu, amene ndiye anasonkhana ku chotsirizidwa. njira walola kuti apange zomangamanga zovuta galasi. Komanso, Aroma anaphunzira glazing mawindo. Zosowa zakale zenera galasi anali wokongola mitambo ndi woonda kwambiri ndi kuponyedwa (mwina) mu mawonekedwe mosabisa.

Ages Middle ndi Kubadwa Kwatsopano. zikayenda Avenetia

Aroma chinathandiza kufala kwa glassmaking mu Europe. Komabe, m'deralo (makamaka Cologne) mankhwala otsika quality kum'mawa, koma ambuye German anatulukira zimatengedwa galasi. Mu zikuchokera, si wosiyana kwambiri kuchokera ano. Opanga Venice apita zina. History of Glass m'mbiri ya anthu sitingayembekeze popanda chopereka cha Avenetia. Iwo purposefully ntchito pokonzanso katundu zakuthupi ndi kulipanga kwapadera chilungamo. Protectionism chikutanthauza kupanga m'deralo wabereka zipatso ndi galasi m'deralo anauzidwa amalemekezabe mu Europe.

Komanso mbale ndi chinsalu galasi, Venetian amisiri chopangidwa choonetsedwa magalasi ndi kalirole. Pafupifupi theka la anthu a mumzindawo ankachita nawo galasi. Zokambirana ngakhale kunditumiza ku chilumba cha Murano pofuna kupewa moto m'matauni ndi kuchucha. Inde, Avenetia anali mpikisano, makamaka Genoese amisiri. Koma chitsanzo cha Murano galasi anali akamagwira England John Ravenkroftom ndi m'zaka za m'ma 17.

Nkhani ya galasi mu Russia. chitukuko cha luso

Lazaro nkhaniyi mtengo anachokera Byzantium. Mu Lavra Kiev-Pechersk, akatswiri apeza glassmakers zokambirana zokhudza m'ma 11. Koma mankhwala anakhalabe luso zinsinsi pang'ono anasowa. Choncho zimakhala zovuta kuti afotokoze ngati mbiri Russian galasi. nthawi zambiri zinachitika m'mbiri ya anthu, kotero kuti zinthu zambiri amayenera reinvent. Timatheriyali Chitsitsimutso chinachitika ndi m'zaka za m'ma 17 (mu 1639), pamene Swede Yu Koyet anamanga pafupi ndi chomera likulu kwa kupanga zenera galasi ndi apothecary mbale. zaka makumi atatu pambuyo pake, Izmailovo fakitale unakhazikitsidwa. Panali chinachake chopangidwa zapamwamba, makamaka kudzikondweretsa "woseketsa" pa chitsanzo cha zipanda Venetian.

M'zaka za m'ma 18 glassworks angapo udachita pafupi ndi St. Petersburg. Zakhala kachiwiri anatulukira galasi wachikuda. Zamgululi penti ndi golidi, ndi siliva, chokongoletsedwa ndi chimaonekera ndipo opaque enamels.

glassmaking zamakono

Patapita zaka 18-19 mbiri ya galasi mu mbiri ya anthu anali wabwino ndi mafakitale. Ku Ulaya, icho kusintha ndondomeko kupanga. Panali ng'anjo watsopano, kusintha luso anatambasula ndi processing kulemera. Kumanga mafakitale, kupanga ankafunitsitsa munthu mu msewu, osati anthu akulamulira. M'mawu ena, galasi latuluka. Pofika kumayambiriro kwa m'ma 20 chapakati Russia ntchito mabizinezi ambiri yaing'ono popanga tableware ndi lathyathyathya galasi. Komabe, iwo sakanakhoza zosoŵa kukula: voliyumu ya imports anakhalabe mkulu.

Mu 1959, akatswiri British amene anatulukira njira yatsopano kutambasula ndipo agwirizane galasi mu kusamba malata ndi zitsulo zosungunula. Iwo ankatchedwa "zimatengedwa njira". Njira imeneyi, zambiri streamlined, ndi ntchito opanga ano.