Pakuti amene ankafukiza Giordano Bruno? Mfundo zikuluzikulu, zolemba, atulukira

Pali mfundo zingapo view zimene anatenthedwa Giordano Bruno. Mu kutsitsimuka misa kumbuyo kwa iye molimba chifaniziro cha munthu amene anaphedwa chifukwa kuteteza chiphunzitso chakuti heliocentric. Komabe, ngati kuyang'ana kwambiri pa mbiri ndi ntchito ya woganiza ichi, muona kuti nkhondo yake ndi Mpingo wa Katolika unali zambiri ya chipembedzo kuposa sayansi.

Wambiri ya woganiza

Pamaso zambiri, chifukwa cha umene anamuwotcha Giordano Bruno, muyenera kuganizira njira yake ya moyo. Wafilosofi tsogolo anabadwa mu 1548 ku Italy, pafupi Naples. Mu mzinda uwu, mnyamatayo anakhala wansembe pa obisika m'dera la St. Domi-. moyo wake wonse atsale achipembedzo anabwera pamodzi ndi kafukufuku. M'kupita kwa nthawi, Bruno anali mmodzi wa anthu ophunzira nthawi yake. Ngakhale mwana, anaphunzira mfundo, mabuku ndi dialectic.

Pa 24, achinyamata Republic anadzakhala wansembe. Komabe, moyo wa Giordano Bruno kwa nthawi yaitali kugwirizana ndi utumiki mu mpingo. Kamodzi anakwatulidwa kuwerenga mabuku onena za m'Baibulo kumene kumakhala Amonke. Ndiye Republic anathawa woyamba wa ku Roma, ndiye kumpoto kwa Italy, ndiyeno kwathunthu pa dziko. Panali kuphunzira mwachidule pa University of Geneva, koma pali Bruno kuchotsedwa pa milandu ya chisokonezo. Woganiza anali ndi malingaliro Nditchimo. Mu maonekedwe awo onse pa makani kawirikawiri ankayenda kupitirira chiphunzitso Mkhristu, kutsutsana ndi chiphunzitso ambiri amavomereza.

ntchito sayansi

Mu 1580, Bruno anasamukira ku France. Iye anaphunzitsa waukulu yunivesite dziko - ndi Sorbonne. Pali iyawonekambo ntchito zoyamba kusindikizidwa Giordano Bruno. Books woganiza lolunjika pa mnemonics - luso Mukumbukire. French nzeru zapamwamba anati Korol Genrih III. Iye anali zothandizira mipingo yawo ya Italy, akupempha kuti bwalo ndi kupezera zofunika zinthu zonse ntchito.

Kuti Henry anathandiza chipangizo Bruno mu English ku Oxford University, kumene anasamukira pa zaka 35. Mu London mu 1584 woganiza anafalitsa limodzi mwa mabuku zofunika kwambiri "Pa osawerengeka wa chilengedwe ndi maiko." Asayansi yaitali kuphunzira zakuthambo ndi nkhani danga chipangizo. zolengedwa wopandamalire, Iye ikunenedwa mu bukhu lache, ndi zosiyana kotheratu analandira ndiye worldview.

Chitaliyana anali wothandiza wa chiphunzitso Nikolaya Kopernika - wina "item", umene anatenthedwa Giordano Bruno. Kwenikweni ake (heliocentrism) anali chakuti pakati pa dongosolo mapulaneti ndi dzuwa, ndi maiko umakhudza izo. Mpingo maganizo pa nkhani imeneyi zinali zosiyana. Akatolika amakhulupirira kuti dzikoli ndi pakati, ndi matupi onse pamodzi ndi Sun akusuntha mozungulira icho (geocentricism izi). Bruno kulimbikitsa mfundo Copernican mu London, kuphatikizapo pa nyumba yachifumu ya Elizabeth I. Othandiza Italy ndipo sanapezeke. Ngakhale Shakespeare, wolemba ndi nzeru zapamwamba Bacon sanagwirizane ndi malingaliro ake.

Bwererani ku Italy

Patapita zaka zochepa mu England, Bruno anapita ku Ulaya (makamaka Germany). Ndi ntchito zonse anali zolimba, chifukwa yunivesite zambiri mantha kukwata Italy chifukwa cha maganizo ake kwakukulu. Woyendayenda anayesa kuthetsa ku Czech Republic. Koma Prague, iye sanali wosangalala. Pomaliza, mu 1591 woganiza anaganiza zopita molimba mtima. Iye anabwerera ku Italy, yeniyeni ku Venice, pamene anauzidwa achifumu Giovanni Mocenigo. The mnyamatayo anayamba kupereka zotsatirapo maphunziro Bruno mu mnemonics.

Koma posakhalitsa, ubale wa bwana ndi woganiza mabodza. Pokambirana ndi kukhulupirira Bruno Mocenigo kuti pali zolengedwa wopandamalire, dzuwa lili pakati pa dziko, ndi zina zotero. D. Koma aakulu kulakwitsa anachita nzeru zapamwamba, pamene anayamba kukambirana za chipembedzo lolemera. Pokambirana izi, inu mukhoza kumvetsa chifukwa anatentha Giordano Bruno.

The milandu Bruno

Mu 1592 Mocenigo anatumiza uthenga wodzudzula angapo inquisitors Venetian, limene anafotokoza maganizo molimba mtima wa Republic kale. Giovanni Bruno anadandaula kuti Yesu anali wamatsenga, ndipo anayesa kupeŵa imfa yake, ndipo sanamutenge wofera, monga afotokozera mu Uthenga. Komanso, woganiza, analankhula za ndikosatheka mphotho yake ya uchimo ndi chivundi cha mulo wa Chimonko Italy. Kumakana ziphunzitso zikuluzikulu Mkhristu za umulungu wa Kristu, kubadwa mwa namwali, Utatu, ndi zina zotero. E., Iwo anakhala mosalephera ndi mdani Woonekera kwa mpingo.

Bruno nkhani ndi Mocenigo otchulidwa chilakolako kulenga omwe ndi akatswiri achipembedzo chiphunzitso chake cha "nzeru zatsopano." Voliyumu ya malingaliro achikunja zowonetseredwa ndi Italy, kunali kwakukulu kuti inquisitors yomweyo kufufuza. Bruno anamangidwa. Iye anakhala m'ndende ndi mafunso a zaka zoposa zisanu ndi ziwiri. Chifukwa wosokoneza neprobivaemosti, anaitanidwa kuti azikatumikira ku Rome. Koma ngakhale kumeneko, iye anakhalabe wosasinthika. February 17, 1600 anamuwotcha pamtengo m'bwalo la Maluwa ku Roma. Woganiza sanafooke maganizo awo. Komanso, iye ananena kuti kufukiza sizitanthauza potsutsa chiphunzitso chake. Today pa malo kuphedwa ndi chipilala kuti Bruno anaika apo pa mapeto a zaka za m'ma XIX.

n'kofunika

Mosalekeza wasayansi Giordano Bruno zastragivalo zasayansi ndi chikhulupiriro. Pamene nzeru zapamwamba anabwerera ku Italy, iye anawona mlaliki wa chipembedzo kusintha. Maziko a zimayenera kupita kudziwa ndendende sayansi. kuphatikiza ikufotokoza kukhalapo mu zolemba za Bruno monga mfundo zomveka zochokera zongoganiza.

Inde, nzeru zapamwamba, kuyesa chiphunzitso chake si zimangochitika. zinthu zambiri maganizo Dzhordano Bruno inachokera pa zolemba za akalambula ake ambiri, kuphatikizapo anthu amene ankakhala akale. Maziko ofunika kwa Republic kunali kwakukulu Platonism. Izi sukulu wakale wa nzeru anaphunzitsa lachinsinsi-mwachilengedwe njira yakumvetsetsa dziko, logic ndi zina zotero. D. Woganiza anatenga pa lingaliro lake la dziko moyo, galimoto chilengedwe chonse ndi chiyambi cha munthu wosakwatira.

Bruno komanso anadalira pa Pythagorean. Chiphunzitso chimenechi nthanthi-zipembedzo zochokera lingaliro la chilengedwe monga dongosolo amgwirizano, Kumvetsela malamulo lapadera. otsatira ake zinakhudza Kabbalah ndi miyambo ina lachinsinsi.

zikhulupiriro za chipembedzo

Chofunika, odana ndi zachipembedzo maganizo Giordano Bruno sizikutanthauza kuti iye sakhulupirira Mulungu. M'malo mwake, Italy anakhala wokhulupirira, koma lingaliro wake wa Mulungu zinali zosiyana kwambiri ndi mbalume Katolika. Mwachitsanzo, asanapachikidwe anali kale okonzeka kufa Bruno ananena kuti usapite kwa Mlengi.

Kuti woganiza kudzipereka kwake kwa heliocentrism sanali chizindikiro cha kukana chipembedzo. Ndi mfundo imeneyi, Bruno zinali zoona maganizo ake Pythagorean, koma sanatsutse kuti kuli Mulungu. Kuti ndi heliocentrism anakhala ngati njira masamu yothandiza ndi kukhala ndi nzeru za sayansi ndi.

Hermeticism

Buku lina kwambiri kudzoza anali Bruno Hermetic nzeru. Chiphunzitso chimenechi anaonekera mu masiku amakedzana mochedwa, pamene Mediterranean anakumana pachimake cha Agiriki. Chifukwa cha mfundo za malemba akale anali, malinga ndi miyambo ya chopatsika Herme Trismegistus.

chiphunzitso zikuphatikizapo zinthu za nyenyezi, ndi matsenga alchemy. Esoteric ndiponso zodabwitsa chikhalidwe cha nzeru Hermetic ndi chidwi kwambiri Dzhordano Bruno. akale izo nthawi yaitali kale, koma anali pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano ku Ulaya, kunali mafashoni umenewu kuphunzira ndi reinterpretation ya makedzana. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ena ofufuza za Heritage Bruno Frensis Yeyts anamutcha ndi "Kubadwa Kwatsopano wamatsenga."

ankaganizira

Pa Kubadwa Kwatsopano, panali kufufuza pang'ono, kwambiri kupendanso ankaganizira ndi loukitsa Akufa, ngati Giordano Bruno. Inayambira katswiri pa nkhani zimenezi zili ntchito "Pa ndipo amatichititsa incalculable", "Pa wopandamalire, chilengedwe ndi maiko" ndi "yosiyirana pa phulusa." Mfundo za nzeru zachilengedwe ankaganizira, Bruno anakhala chosintha m'nthawi, nchifukwa chake iwo konse. Woganiza anapita ku chiphunzitso Nikolaya Kopernika, supplementing ndi kutsiriza izo. The mfundozo chachikulu cha nzeru zapamwamba Cosmological anali motere - chilengedwe wopandamalire lakutali nyenyezi - analogs lapadziko dzuwa, chilengedwe ndi dongosolo limodzi ndi nsalu yomweyo. Ganizo wotchuka Bruno anali chiphunzitso cha chiphunzitso heliocentric, ngakhale wapereka ganizo la Pole Copernicus.

Mu ankaganizira, komanso chipembedzo, wasayansi Italy zochokera osati pa tiganizira sayansi. Anacheukira kwa matsenga esoteric. Choncho ena mfundozo anakanidwa ndi sayansi m'tsogolo. Mwachitsanzo, Bruno ankakhulupirira kuti nkhani zonse mosangalala. Akatswiri ofufuza refutes mfundo imeneyi.

Komanso, pofuna kutsimikizira nkhani yolembedwa lake Bruno zambiri agwiritsa ntchito mfundo zomveka. Mwachitsanzo, izo kwambiri kuulula mkangano wake ndi mbali ya chiphunzitso cha kulephera kuyenda Dziko Lapansi (ie geocentrism). mfundo yake woganiza chinachitika mu bukhu "Phwando pa phulusa." Kuikiradi kulephera kuyenda Earth zambiri kudzudzulidwa Bruno ntchito chitsanzo cha mwala waponya ku nsanja yayitali. Ngati mapulaneti umakhudza dzuwa ndi chiyani chilili, thupi kugwa udzagwera si wowongoka pansi, ndi ochepa kwina.

Poyankha izi, Bruno anapereka mfundo yake. Iye kumbuyo chiphunzitso chakuti mwacitsanzo pa gululi sitimayo. Anthu kulumpha pa bolodi, ankafika pa malo omwewo. Ngati Earth anali n'kupuma, ndiye Sitima sizikanatheka kukanakhala. Chomwecho Bruno, kusuntha dziko kumawakoka m'menemo kuti zonsezo. Izi mkangano makalata ndi adani ake mu masamba chimodzi cha mabuku ake, woganiza Italy kwenikweni pafupi ndi chiphunzitso cha relativity anakonza ndi Einstein m'zaka za m'ma XX.

Mfundo ina zowonetseredwa ndi Bruno, anali lingaliro la homogeneity pa nkhaniyi ndi danga. Scientist analemba kuti, pa mfundo imeneyi, tikhoza kuganiza kuti aliyense padziko kunja kwa thupi, chilengedwe adzayang'ana za chomwecho. Komanso, Chitaliyana nzeru zapamwamba ankaganizira mwachindunji kuwerenga pa ntchito malamulo ambiri m'madera osiyanasiyana a dziko alipo.

Mmene Bruno Cosmological sayansi tsogolo

Research Bruno zonse zapita dzanja ndi maganizo yake imapita zamulungu, chikhalidwe, metaphysics, aesthetics ndi zina zotero. D. Chifukwa cha ichi, Baibulo ku Italy Cosmological adadzazidwa ndi mafanizo zina zomveka okha wolemba. ntchito zake akhala phunziro la kafukufuku mikangano, sasiya lero.

Bruno woyamba akufuna kuti chilengedwe chonse ali wopandamalire, ndipo pali nambala wopandamalire wazolengedwa. lingaliro Izi zikusiyana zimango Aristotle. Chitaliyana zambiri atapereka maganizo awo okha mu mawonekedwe ongolankhula, monga mwa nthawi yake analibe njira luso angathe kutsimikiza zopeka wasayansi. Komabe, sayansi yamakono atha kumela izi. The kuphulika kwakukulu chiphunzitso cha chilengedwe ndi kukula wopandamalire anatsimikizira lingaliro la Bruno patatha zaka zingapo pambuyo kuyatsa pamtengo wa woganiza.

Wasayansi anasiya malipoti kusanthula matupi kugwa. deta wake wakhala chofunika zikamera wa sayansi mfundo inertia, bungwe Galileo Galilei. Bruno, njira imodzi kapena wina, bwanji zisinthe sayansi ya atumwi XVII. Masiku amenewo, ochita kafukufuku amagwiritsa ntchito ntchito yake monga chuma akuthandiza kwa nomination ziphunzitso zawo. Kufunika kwa Republic ntchito kale masiku ano anatsindika nzeru zapamwamba German ndi m'modzi wa omwe adayambitsa wa positivists zomveka Moritz Schlick.

The Kutsutsa chiphunzitso cha Utatu Woyera

Palibe kukaika kuti mbiri ya Giordano Bruno anali chitsanzo china cha munthu yemwe anatenga yekha chifukwa mesiya. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi chakuti iye anali ndiyamba chipembedzo chake. Komanso kukhulupirira mu ntchito zapamwamba sanalole Italy kusiya zikhulupiriro zawo pa zaka zambiri mafunso. Nthawizina kukambirana ndi inquisitors iye anali okonda kugonja, koma pa mphindi yotsiriza anayambanso amaumirira.

Bruno anadzipatsa yekha ndi nthaka zina atamunamizira chisokonezo. Iye anati iye akukhulupirira chiphunzitso chonyenga cha Utatu mmodzi wa zoyankhulana. Wozunzidwayo za kusaka kutsutsana malo awo ndi thandizo la zinthu zosiyanasiyana. marekodi woganiza kufunsidwa zasungidwa mtundu wapachiyambi, kotero lero n'zotheka kupenda momwe dongosolo anayambitsa maganizo Bruno. Choncho, Italy ananena kuti buku la St. Augustine ananena kuti mawu Woyera Utatu sanabwere mu nyengo ya Uthenga Wabwino, ndi kale mu nthawi yake. Kuchokera pa ichi, mlandu anakhulupirira chiphunzitso lonse la yonama ndi falsification.

A wofera wa sayansi kapena chikhulupiriro?

Cofunika n'cakuti kuti chilango cha imfa Bruno silikukambapo za heliocentric dongosolo la dziko. Chikalatachi limanena kuti m'bale Giovan zimafalitsidwa chipembedzo ampatuko. Izi zikusiyana ndi nzeru wamba, umene umati Bruno anavutika chifukwa cha zikhulupiriro sayansi. Ndipotu, mpingo anakwiya kutsutsa kuchokera mbalume nzeru zapamwamba Mkhristu. Maganizo ake a malo a dzuŵa ndi dziko lapansi ndi maziko awa amene anakhala zachibwana prank.

Mwatsoka, zikalata satchula mwachindunji za zimene anali mfundozo achikunja Bruno. Izi walola mbiri yakale amaganiza kuti magwero kokwanira kwambiri atayika kapena mwadala anawonongedwa. Lero, wowerenga angathe kuweruza chikhalidwe cha mlandu wa Chimonko, yemwe anali kokha sheya sekondale (mwano wa Mocenigo, ndondomeko pomufunsa, ndi zina zotero. D.).

Makamaka chidwi zino ndi Caspar Schoppe. Zinali Akatolika, amene anapezeka pa kulengeza chiweruzo wosokoneza. M'kalata yake anafotokoza amanena waukulu wa khoti Bruno. Kupatula iwo kale tatchulazi akhoza kukhala lingaliro limene Mose anali wamatsenga, ndi Ayuda okha anachokera kwa Adamu ndi Hava. Ena a mtundu wa anthu, analimbikitsa nzeru zapamwamba, anadza zikomo kwa anthu ena awiri analengedwa ndi Mulungu kwa tsiku banja la ku Munda wa Edeni. Bruno ntchito matsenga kutamandidwa ndipo anaitenga zothandiza. Mu mawu amenewa ali kamodzinso anati kutsatira maganizo a Hermetic akale.

Ukuimira kuti kale ano Roma Katolika anakana kusintha choncho Dzhordano Bruno. Kwa zaka zoposa 400 pambuyo pa imfa ya pontiffs woganiza ndipo sanali kukumana naye, ngakhale chimodzimodzi zachitika chifukwa achikunja ambiri a m'mbuyomu.