Katyn: kuphedwa kwa akazembe Polish. Mbiri ya tsoka mu Katyn

Pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, mbali zonse anachita machimo ambiri ndi anthu. Apha anthu mamiliyoni a anthu wamba ndi asilikali. Mmodzi wa masamba maganizo a mbiri imatengedwa kuwombera wa asilikari Polish pa Katyn. Choonadi kuti akhala sichimva ndi kuneneza ena a upandu, tidzayesetsa kuti tipeze.

Anthu oposa theka zaka, ndi zochitika zenizeni mu Katyn anali kubisalira anthu padziko lonse. Lero, nkhani za mlanduwu si chinsinsi, ngakhale maganizo pankhani imeneyi osokoneza ngati kuti olemba mbiri ndi andale, ndipo anthu wamba nawo maiko nkhondo.

Katyn kuphedwa

Pakuti ambiri, chizindikiro cha kupha mwankhanza anakhala Katyn. Akuphedwa alonda Polish sikutheka zifukwa kapena kumvetsa. Ndi apa, mu Katyn nkhalango Smolensk dera, zikwi alonda Polish anaphedwa m'chaka cha 1940. The kupha Unyinji wa nzika Polish Sichikupezeka malo awa okha. Adasanduka zikalata anthu, zomwe pa April-May 1940 oposa 20 zikwi nzika Polish anaphedwa m'misasa osiyanasiyana NKVD.

Kuwombera pa Katyn akhala ndizovuta kwa Polish-Russian Relations. Kuyambira chaka cha 2010, Pulezidenti Russian wotchedwa Dmitry Medvedev ndi Duma anavomereza kuti kupha Unyinji wa nzika Polish mu Katyn Forest anali Stalinist boma ntchito. Linapangidwa onse mawu "za Katyn mavuto zotsatira zake." Komabe, si andale ndi kanjedza anthu mu Russia kugwirizana ndi mawu amenewa.

alonda ukapolo Polish

Wachiwiri World nkhondo anayamba 09.01.1939 kwa Poland pamene Germany analowa m'gawo lake. Britain ndi France limodzi ndi nkhondo kuyembekezera zotsatira za zochitika zina. 10.09.1939 Kale ku Poland asilikali analowa USSR ndi kuti boma kuteteza Chiyukireniya ndi Chibelarusi anthu Poland. Modern historiography limatcha zimenezi amitundu akagwiriridwa, "wachinayi kugawa la Poland." Red Army asilikali litatenga dera la Western Ukraine ndi Western Belarus. Mwa kusankha kwa Versailles Pangano , mayiko amenewa anakhala mbali ya Poland.

asilikali Polish kuteteza dziko lawo, sakanakhoza kupirira magulu awiri ankhondo. Mwamsanga anagonjetsa. Pansi, ndi NKVD analengedwa m'misasa eyiti akaidi Polish nkhondo. Iwo zokhudza chochitika zoopsa, akuti "kuwombera pa Katyn."

Anagwidwa hafu ya Poland, ambiri a iwo ndi nthawi nzika ya Red Army wamasulidwa, ndi m'misasa anali pafupi anthu zikwi 130. Pambuyo nthawi udindo wapamwamba asilikali a ku Poland, adalawirana nawo m'makomo mwawo, oposa 40,000 mozemba ku Germany, ena (40 zikwi) anagawanika m'magulu asanu:

• Starobelsk (Luhansk) - Apolisi kuchuluka kwa 4 zikwi.
• Kozelskiy (Kaluga) - Apolisi kuchuluka kwa 5 zikwi.
• Ostashkov (Tver) - gendarmes ndi apolisi chiwerengero cha anthu 4700.
• lolunjika pa kumanga misewu - waudindo wapamwamba kuchuluka kwa 18 zikwi.
• kutumizidwa kukagwira ntchito mu Krivoi Rog beseni - mndandanda kuchuluka kwa 10 zikwi.

Ndi kasupe 1940 akaidi ku ndende atatu munasiya makalata achibale amapitapita anadutsa Red Cross. Chifukwa bata anakhala akaidi a nkhondo, Katyn, nkhani ya tsoka limene likugwirizana tsoka la zikwizikwi Zitsulo.

Kuwombera akaidi

Mu 1992 linatulutsidwa chikalata-mwatsatanetsatane pa 8.3.1940 L. Beria kwa Politburo, amene analankhula nkhani ya kuphedwa kwa akaidi Polish nkhondo. Chigamulo pa chilango chachikulu anatengera March 5, 1940.

Chakumapeto March, pa NKVD anamaliza dongosolo chitukuko. Akaidi a Starobelsk ndi Kozelsk m'misasa anawatengera ku Kiev, Kherson, Kharkiv, Minsk. gendarmes ndi apolisi wakale nakucimbiza Ostashkov anagwidwa kundende Kalinin imene pasadakhale anasamutsidwa akaidi wamba. maenje chachikulu (Mkuwa mudzi) pafupi ndende anakumba.

Mu April, akaidi anayamba Tumizani anaphedwa anthu 350-400. Kuti aphedwe, anandiuza kuti awamasule ufulu. Ambiri anasiya m'galimoto mizimu mkulu, osati ngakhale kudziwa za kuyandikira kwa imfa.

Kodi anali kuwombera pa Katyn:

• akaidi omangidwa;
• chitaya malaya ake pamutu (osati nthawi, koma pa pacimake ndi achinyamata);
• m'kanyumba dzenje anakumba;
• kuomberedwa kumbuyo kwa mutu wa Walter kapena browning.

Mfundo yomaliza kwa nthawi yaitali, umboni kuti upandu nzika Polish mlandu wa asilikali German.

Kalinin akaidi m'ndende anaphedwa mu kamera.

Kuchokera April kuti May 1940 anawomberedwa:

• Katyn - 4421 mkaidi;
• mu Starobelsk ndi Ostashkov m'misasa - 10131;
• m'misasa ena - 7305.

Amene anawomberedwa mu Katyn? Anaphedwa anali ndi akapitawo zonse, komanso asonkhanitsidwa pankhondo, maloya, aphunzitsi, akatswiri, madokotala, aphunzitsi ndi anzeru.

"Akusowa" maofesara

Pamene Germany atalanda Soviet Union, zokambirana anayamba pakati pa Boma Polish ndi Soviet zokhudza kujowina mphamvu kumenyana ndi adani. Anayamba kufunafuna zimagulitsidwa mu akapitawo msasa Soviet. Koma choonadi chokhudza Katyn anali akadali osadziwika.

Palibe alonda akusowa analephera kupeza, ndi maganizo amene iwo anathawa kuchokera m'misasa, anali opanda pake. Osati kufufuza osakwatira kapena kutchula kwa anthu amene anabwera kwa misasa tatchulazi, sanali.

Pezani alonda, kapena kani, matupi awo anali wokhoza kuti mu 1943. Mu Katyn misa manda a anaphedwa nzika Polish anapezeka.

Investigation a mbali German

Unyinji loyamba m'manda mu nkhalango Katyn anapeza asilikali German. Iwo wopereka exhumation matupi zakale ndi kumulondolera kufufuza yake.

Exhumations imachitika Gerhard Butz. Ntchito ya bungwe la mayiko nawo kuthetsa Katyn amayi, madokotala ku German womwe Europe, komanso anthu a Switzerland ndi Polish Red Cross (Polish). Iwo sanali kupezeka pa nthumwi yomweyo wa bungwe la International Red Cross chifukwa cha kuletsedwa ndi boma la Soviet.

lipoti German mfundo zotsatirazi za Katyn (chilango cha alonda Polish):

• Chifukwa, digs eyiti anapeza manda misa a iwo mmbuyo ndi reburied 4143 munthu. Ambiri mwa anthu amene anaphedwa akhoza kuzindikiridwa. Manda №1-7 anthu anakwiriridwa zovala yozizira (malaya ubweya, overcoats, zoluka, mipango), ndipo manda №8 - m'chilimwe. Komanso mu manda №1-7 nyenyeswa za manyuzipepala, ndi madeti April-March 1940 anapezeka chaka, ndi mitembo panali kuda tizilombo. Izi zinasonyeza kuti kuwombera wa Zitsulo mu Katyn zinachitika pa nyengo yozizira, mwachitsanzo masika.
• Tikapha kwambiri za katundu atapezeka, anasonyeza kuti anthuwo mumsasa Kozelsk. Mwachitsanzo, makalata ochokera kunyumba analandira Kozelsk. Komanso ambiri anali wopera mabokosi ndi zinthu zina ndi "Kozelsk" Zolembedwa.
• Magawo a mitengo anasonyeza kuti anayikidwa pa manda wa pafupi zaka zitatu zapitazo kuchokera nthawi ya kudziwika. Izi zinasonyeza kuti dzenje anadzazidwa mu 1940. Panthawi imeneyi, m'dera unali m'manja mwa asilikali Soviet.
• akapitawo onse Polish mu Katyn anawomberedwa kumbuyo kwa mutu wa ulimi German zipolopolo. Komabe, iwo anamasulidwa mu 20-30-ntchentche za m'ma XX wolowa ndi kutuluka m'dziko lalikulu zedi mu ya Baltic States ndi Soviet Union.
• Manja anaphedwa anamangiriridwa ndi chingwe kotero kuti pamene inu kuyesa kusagwirizana kuzungulira anali omangika kwambiri. ovutikawo anali kuchokera kumanda №5 anagwedeza mutu wake kotero kuti pamene inu muyesera kuti gulu lililonse la kuzungulira kutsamwa wovulalayo m'tsogolo. M'manda ena mitu akhala zogwirizana, koma okhawo amene achita okwanira mphamvu. Matupi a ena mwa anthu amene anaphedwa kuda tetrahedral mpeni ankagwidwa, monga zida Soviet. Ku Germany ntchito bayonets mosabisa.
• The Commission anacheza am'deralo ndipo ananena kuti m'chaka cha 1940 siteshoni Gnezdovo anafika ambiri akaidi Polish cha nkhondo, zimene anali n'kupakiranso mu magalimoto n'kutengedwa mu nkhalango. More anthu a anthu awa sitinamuone.

Polish ntchito, ndi exhumation ndi kufufuza anatsimikizira apeza wa German onse mu nkhani iyi, kupeza zizindikiro zoonekeratu zikalata chinyengo. Chinthu chokha chimene dziko la Germany ankayesetsa kubisa za Katyn (chilango cha alonda Polish), - ichi ndi chiyambi cha zipolopolo, amene anali ikuchitika wakupha. Zitsulo Komabe iye ankadziwa kuti chida akhoza kukhala oimira NKVD.

Soviet Baibulo

Popeza m'dzinja 1943 kwa kufufuza za Katyn tsoka anatenga oimira NKVD. Mu Baibulo awo, akaidi Polish a nkhondo ankachita ntchito msewu, ndipo ndi kubera M'chaka cha 1941 m'dera Smolensk wa ku Germany analibe nthawi kusamuka.

Ndi kopanda, ndi NKVD, mu August-September chaka chino, akaidi otsala anawomberedwa ndi dziko la Germany. Kuti kubisa kuda milandu yawo, oimira Wehrmacht anatsegula manda mu 1943 ndipo anatenga kuchokera pa mapepala onse analembedwa pambuyo 1940.

boma la Soviet ndakonza ambiri mboni kwa buku la zochitika, koma mu 1990, otsalira mboni za retracted mawu awo 1943.

Soviet ntchito imeneyi, yomanga chachiwiri falsified zikalata ndi ena manda zinawonongekeratu. Koma Katyn, nkhani ya tsoka amene ankabwerera nzika Polish, koma anawulula zinsinsi zake.

Katyn zochitika pa Nuremberg

Nkhondo itatha, kuyambira 1945 mpaka 1946. Anapitirira otchedwa Nuremberg mayesero, cholinga chimene chinali zolanga zigaŵenga nkhondo. nkhani Katyn anali kunayambitsa mlanduwu. mbali Soviet amawanena magulu German mu kuphedwa kwa akaidi Polish nkhondo.

mboni zambiri mu nkhani zinasintha umboni wawo, iwo anakana amavomereza mfundo ya ntchito German, ngakhale adzipangira gawo mmenemo. Anayesetsa kwambiri wa USSR, ndi Khoti silinachirikize mlandu pa nkhani ya Katyn, amene Ndipotu anapereka zifukwa kuganiza kuti kuphedwa Katyn mlandu asilikali Soviet.

chilolezo cha boma cha udindo kwa Katyn

Katyn (chilango cha alonda Polish), ndipo chinachitika n'chiyani kumeneko, ankaona m'mayiko osiyanasiyana nthawi zambiri. US imachitika kufufuza zake 1951-1952 gg. M'zaka za m'ma XX mochedwa, ntchito pa nkhani ya ntchito Soviet-Polish, Polish Institute of National Chikumbutso anatsegula mu 1991.

Utatha wa USSR latsopano la Russia komanso adzathe adiresi nkhani imeneyi. Kuyambira mu 1990, wozenga mlandu lankhondo la zigawenga mlandu kufufuza anayamba. Iwo analandira №159. Mu 2004, Kuthi chigawenga anali anasiya chifukwa imfa ya anthu mlandu izo.

The mbali Polish waika patsogolo Baibulo za chiwembuchi wa anthu Polish, koma mbali Russian wakhala si anatsimikizira izo. The mlandu pa mfundo fuko yagwera.

Pakali pano, ndondomeko declassification mabuku ambiri malonda a Katyn. Makope a mabuku awa umasamutsidwa ku mbali Polish. The zikalata choyamba zofunika akaidi a nkhondo a m'misasa Soviet anatitumiza mu 1990, Mikhail Gorbachev. The mbali Russian wakhala anazindikira kuti upandu chidaperekedwa mu Katyn anali Soviet Union mu nkhope ya Beria, Merkulov ndi ena.

Mu 1992, zolemba pa kuphedwa Katyn afalitsidwa umene umasungidwa mu otchedwa Archive mutsogoleli wadziko. Modern mabuku sayansi amazindikira lodalirika awo.

Mugone Chipolishi Russian

Katyn kuphedwa funso nthawi limapezeka mu Polish ndi atolankhani Russian. Pakuti Zitsulo, ali ndi tanthauzo waukulu dziko kukumbukira zakale.

Mu 2008, Moscow bwalo anakana pempho la anyamata Polish anawomberedwa ndi achibale awo. Chifukwa cha kukana la Chitaganya cha Russia iwo ada mangala kwa amadandaula kuti Khoti Loona. Russia mlandu kupanda zofufuza, komanso mu mtima chitonzo kwa wotsatira wa abale mwa anthu. Mu April 2012, Khoti Loona za Ufulu wa Anthu anafotokoza kuwombera akaidi monga umbanda nkhondo, ndipo analamula Russia kulipira 10 complainants 15 (12 achibale a anthu amene anaphedwa alonda Katyn) kwa mayuro 5000 lililonse. Iyo inali malipiro a ndalama bwalo la osuma lapansi. Kodi ndi Zitsulo wanu, Katyn, yemwe anakhala chizindikiro cha banja ndi tsoka fuko ndi zovuta kunena.

Akuluakulu a boma la Russia

Modern Russian atsogoleri V. V. Putin ndi D. A. Medvedev, n'kudziphatika kwa ina maganizo a kuphedwa Katyn. Iwo mobwerezabwereza mawu kutsutsa milandu ya boma Stalinist. Vladimir Putin ngakhale anafotokoza maganizo oti kuwafotokozera udindo Stalin mu kupha wa asilikari Polish. Malinga ndi iye, wopondereza Russian Choncho cilango kugonjetsedwa mu 1920 mu Chipolishi Soviet nkhondo.

Mu 2010, D. A. Medvedev anayambitsa buku la zolemba wachinsinsi kwa nthawi Soviet za "phukusi №1» pa Rosarkhiv malo. Kuwombera pa Katyn, woyera mapepala omwe amapezeka kuti zokambirana, koma osati kuwululidwa mpaka kumapeto. Ena mabuku a nkhani iyi akali wachinsinsi, koma Polish TV D. A. Medvedev ananena kuti amadana ndi anthu amene akukayikira wa zikalata anagonjera.

26.11.2010 The Russian State Duma anatenga chikalata "Pa Katyn tsoka ...". Izi akutsutsidwa ndi oimira kagulu kamene Communist Party. Malinga ndi pempho akumkondweretsa Katyn kuphedwa anavomereza upandu umene udaperekedwa pa malamulo mwachindunji Stalin. Chikalatacho anasonyeza chifundo kwa anthu Polish.

Mu 2011, akuluakulu a boma la Russia anayamba kunena yakwana pofuna kuthana ndi vuto la konzanso amene anazunzidwa ndi kuphedwa Katyn.

Memory za Katyn

Pakati pa anthu Polish kukumbukira Katyn kuphedwa wakhala anakhalabe mbali ya mbiri. Mu 1972, London Zitsulo-mu-ukapolo linakhazikitsidwa komiti yomwe inayamba kulera ndalama kwa pomanga chipilala kuti akuvutika chifukwa cha kuphedwa kwa akazembe Polish mu 1940. Zimenezi kuti sagwirizana boma la Britain chifukwa choopa zimene boma la Soviet.

Ndi September 1976, chipilala inatsegulidwa Gunnersbergskom manda, amene aikidwa mu kumadzulo kwa London. Chipilala ndi otsika obelisk ndi zolemba pedestal ndi. Zolemba anapangidwa zilankhulo ziwiri - Polish ndi English. Iwo amanena kuti chipilala anamangidwira okumbukira oposa 10 zikwi Polish akaidi Kozelsk, Starobelsk, Ostashkov. Iwo mbisoweka popanda kufufuza mu 1940, ndi gawo la iwo (4,500) anali anaufukula mu 1943 pa Katyn.

zipilala zimenezi anamangidwira za anthu amene Katyn ndi kwina kulikonse m'dziko la:

• Toronto (Canada);
• mu Johannesburg (South Africa);
• Latsopano Britan (United States);
• Asilikali manda ku Warsaw (Poland).

Tsoka la chipilala mu 1981, pa manda nkhondo zinali zomvetsa chisoni. Pambuyo khazikitsa usiku anatengedwa ndi anthu osadziwika, ntchito cranes yomanga ndi makina. The chipilala anali mu mawonekedwe a mtanda ndi tsiku "1940" ndi "Katyn" lolembedwa. Pamtanda adjoined ndi zipilala ziwiri "Starobilsk" Zolembedwa "Ostashkovo". Pa phazi la chipilala anali "kalata V. P. "kutanthauza" Wamuyaya Memory ", komanso chovala mikono ya Commonwealth mu mawonekedwe a chiwombankhanga ndi korona.

Kukumbukira za tsoka la anthu Polish bwino zitsanzo filimu wake "Katyn" Andzhey Vayda (2007). wotsogolera ndi mwana wa Jakub Wajda, msilikali ntchito, anawomberedwa mu 1940.

Mufilimuyi anasonyezedwa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo ku Russia, ndipo mu 2008 anali pamwamba asanu mphoto mayiko "Oscar" mu gulu la yabwino filimu yachilendo.

chiwembu zachokera nkhani lolembedwa ndi Andzheya Mulyarchika. Limati nthawi kuchokera September 1939 mpaka m'dzinja 1945. Mufilimuyi limanena za tsogolo la alonda anai, amene anali mumsasawo Union, komanso awo achibale, osadziwa zoona za iwo, kuti, ndipo ndikuganiza za koipa. Kudzera tsoka la anthu angapo kuuzidwa ndi wolemba, kodi inali nkhani yeniyeni.

"Katyn" sangathe kukhala opanda chidwi kwa wowerenga, mosasamala kanthu za mtundu wawo.