Agiriki - ndi ... Culture ndi nzeru ya nthawi imene ulamuliro

A nyengo yatsopano mu mbiri Greek anali ulendo kum'mawa kwa mkulu wotchuka Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Chifukwa cha nkhondo zambiri, panali ufumu waukulu, umene unali kuyamba malire a Egypt kwa masiku Asia Central. Inali nthawi imeneyi ndi nthawi ya Agiriki. Pansi kutanthawuzanji kufala kwa chikhalidwe Greek m'madera onse anagonjetsa Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Kodi tinganene chiyani za Agiriki?

Chifukwa chakuti panali pophatikizana a zikhalidwe Greek ndi makonsolo, panali Agiriki. Izi zotsatira mtanda umuna pa kuteteza chikhalidwe wamba limati angapo pambuyo kugwa ufumuwo.

Kodi zikutanthauzanji ndi Agiriki? Tikumbukenso mwakamodzi kuti ndi chiwawa, kuyambira mapangidwe chikhalidwe anali zotsatira za nkhondo zambiri. Agiriki chinathandiza kugwirizana kwa dziko Greek ndi East wakale, pamaso iwo kusanduka mu madera osiyana. Chifukwa ndi boma wamphamvu limodzi dongosolo umoyo ndi zachuma, andale ndi chikhalidwe.

Monga tanenera kale Agiriki - mtundu wa kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu zosiyana chikhalidwe. Iwo akhoza kuonera maudindo angapo. Pa dzanja limodzi, kuonekera kwa Agiriki mukopedwe chitukuko cha Agiriki ndi Greek polis mavuto. Pa ena, mu mapangidwe ake anachita udindo wa magulu wakale Oriental, ndicho ndiwofatsa komanso amangokhala awo zinthu zokhudza.

Zifukwa zimene zinapangitsa zikamera wa Agiriki

Kufunika kwa pophatikizana a zikhalidwe angapo adanyamuka chakuti polis Greek anayamba pang'onopang'ono m'mbuyo kupita patsogolo mbiri, popeza wotopa mwayi zake zonse. N'chifukwa chake matenda anayamba kutuluka pakati pa magulu osiyana, kulimbana chikhalidwe pakati oligarchy ndi demokalase. Kugawikana anachititsa nkhondo pakati pa mizinda payekha. Ndipo kotero mbiri ya boma sanaletse, kunali koyenera kugwirizanitsa mbali kumenyana.

Komabe, si chifukwa chokha zikamera wa chikhalidwe chatsopano. Ulamuliro wa Chihelene ananyamuka mogwirizana ndi vuto la machitidwe wakale Oriental ndale. Mu BC IV m'zaka wakale kum'maŵa dziko, amene kale mbali ya Perisiya, anali ndi nthawi yabwino. Chifukwa chuma patsogolo sanathe adziwe lalikulu uncultivated dziko. Komanso, mafumu Persian sanapereke chilolezo yomanga m'matawuni latsopano, silinachirikize malonda ndi sankandilola kutembenukira nkhokwe yaikulu ya kuwombola yachilendo zitsulo atagona zapansi awo. Ndipo ngati Greece mu BC IV m'zaka itavutika vuto la ntchito yambiri pa dongosolo la ndale, mopanikizana ndi osauka, zinthu n'zosiyana unkachitika mu ufumu Persian.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, panali vuto achilendo kucheza, kaphatikizidwe machitidwe osiyana omwe angathe azigwirizana. M'mawu ena, panali kufunika chikhalidwe monga Agiriki. Izi zinachitika kugwa kwa mphamvu anamanga Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Merging zinthu zosiyanasiyana

Kodi madera a moyo yokutidwa zigawo kaphatikizidwe chibadidwe limati Greek ndi kum'mawa? Pali maganizo osiyanasiyana. Asayansi ena pansi Agiriki anamvetsa kuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana khalidwe la chikhalidwe ndi chipembedzo. azambiriyakale zoweta pophatikizana anafotokoza pa kaonedwe ka kuphatikiza ndi anzake a zachuma, kalasi, chikhalidwe, ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe muzochitika. Malinga iwo Agiriki - ndiyo njira mwapang'onopang'ono, amene kwambiri tsogolo la Greek ndi wakale magulu East.

Kaphatikizidwe wa zinthu mu zigawo zosiyana patsogolo mosiyana. Mu ena limati zinali kwambiri mu ena - zochepa. M'mizinda ina yofunika kwambiri anauzidwa kuti zinthu chibadidwe chikhalidwe Greek anapambana mwa wina wakale chiyambi Oriental. Kusiyana kumeneku chikanachitika mogwirizana ndi mndandanda mbali mbiri wa magulu ndi midzi.

Development wa Agiriki Society

Ulamuliro wa Chihelene zakhudza osiyana kukula maphunziro onse, ku Sicily ndi kum'mwera Italy, kutsiriza ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo kwa India (kuchokera kumalire a kum'mwera kwa Nyanja Aral ndi mathithi woyamba wa Nailo). Mu mawu ena monga mbali ya anthu Agiriki anali chakale Greece ndi East. Sanali m'gulu m'dera okha India ndi China.

m'madera angapo akhoza kuwasiyanitsa, amene yodziwika ndi zinthu wamba:

1. Egypt ndi Middle East.
2. Middle East.
3. Balkan Greece, dera la kumadzulo kwa Asia Minor, Macedonia.
4. Great Greece ku dera Black Sea.

Kwambiri khalidwe zinthu chibadidwe cha Agiriki analidi mokwanira ntchito mu Egypt ndi Middle East. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zigawo izi zikhoza kuonedwa ngati kudera womwe unali chakale cha Agiriki.

Greece, monga madera ena, anali makamaka kusiyana kwa mitundu umoyo ndi zachuma, ndale ndiponso chikhalidwe. Tikhoza kunena kuti wakale Greece kaphatikizidwe ndipo ngati kulibe. Komabe, pa zifukwa zina ankanena kuti m'madera amenewa anakhala mu dongosolo Agiriki a dziko.

Development chikhalidwe ndi sayansi

chikhalidwe cha Agiriki mukopedwe mofulumira za khalidwe la nthawi yapamwamba, kusiyana luso ndi sayansi, chiphunzitso ndi machitidwe. Tikhoza kuona ntchito za Archimedes, amene anapeza lamulo hayidiroliki. Iwo wapanga chopereka zikuluzikulu chitukuko cha luso ndi angagwiritse mpope wononga ndi kuphana catapults ndi mfuti kumbuyo.

Chilengedwe cha mizinda ndi patsogolo m'madera monga navigation ndi luso asilikali watsopano, achititsa kuti kuwuka kwa ena masayansi. Awa, ndi masamu akhoza olekanitsidwa, zimango, zakuthambo, mapiri ake. yofunika kwambiri imeneyi nyimbo ndi Euclid. Iye anali woyambitsa wa Masamu pulayimale. Eratosthenes kudziwa kukula woona za dziko lapansi, Aristarh Samossky anasonyeza kuti dziko imazungulira ngati nguli ndipo amayendayenda dzuwa. Kukula bwino zikuchitika mu sayansi zachilengedwe ndi mankhwala.

Kukula mofulumira sayansi ndi chikhalidwe zinachititsa kufunika kusunga malangizo. Pa nkhani imeneyi, malaibulale zamangidwa m'mizinda ina.

Ndikuyankhula zomwe mbali ya Agiriki tingaone, izo ziyenera kunenedwa za chitukuko cha mafakitale watsopano - philology. chidwi kale pachinthu, kutsutsidwa ndi zina zotero. A mbali yaikulu anatumizidwa ku sukulu. Literature wakhala kwambiri osiyanasiyana, koma iye anapitiriza kudzipereka kwa zinthu zachikhalidwe. Yadzaoneni ndi matsoka kukhala wanzeru, kuyambira patsogolo erudition ndi virtuosity a kalembedwe ndi kudziŵa.

Kodi chinachitika mu nzeru?

Agiriki Philosophy komanso anapeza kusiyana. Chazilala kukhulupirira milungu. Iwo anayamba kuoneka mipatuko latsopano. zolinga Civic pang'onopang'ono wapita mmphepete mwa njira, kupereka malo kwa anthu azikhala. M'malo m'dera adanyamuka mphwayi, mphwayi kuti nkhani zimene zokhudzana ndi dziko la munthu. Zili chikhalidwe anali kutithandiza kuona miyoyo ya anthu. Nzeru za m'nthawi ya Agiriki inakulitsidwa kudzera kukhazikitsidwa sukulu zingapo: Cynics, amatsutsana, Asitoiki, Aepikureya ndi peripatetic.

Anzeruwo anayamba pang'onopang'ono kusiya maganizo danga. kusintha linaperekedwa kwa munthu kuchokera udindo wa munthu wina wagawo kudzikonda zili. Pa dongosolo chachiwiri anapita zolinga anthu ndi woganizirana.

Muyenera kupereka ubwino onse a chitukuko

A mbali yaikulu mu chitukuko cha Agiriki ankaimba Diogen Sinopsky, amene ankaimira sukulu Cynic. Iye sanalembe mabuku, koma okha kuti akhale moyo. Nzeru zapamwamba chitsanzo anayesa kusonyeza kuti tifunika kutsatira choonadi, maganizo ake, zikhumbo zake. Iye anati zonse chitukuko anthu ndi kuyambitsa ndi subala chimwemwe, iwo ndi njiru. Chuma, mphamvu, ulemerero - zonsezi ndi mawu chabe kanthu. Iye anakhala mu mbiya, nayenda nsanza.

Chimwemwe ayenera kukhala wopanda zachabechabe

nzeru Agiriki chapeza kwambiri chifukwa Epicurus, iye ali woyambitsa wa sukulu "Garden". Kuti kuphunzira, iye anasankha chimwemwe vuto munthu. Epicurus ankakhulupirira kuti zosangalatsa kwambiri akhoza kuwapeza pa nkhani ya Kulipira zolinga zokhudza chabe. Malinga ndi iye, m'pofunika kukhala mwamtendere, monga momwe tingathere ndi zikhumbo, mu detachment wopambana.

Mawu a Asitoiki

Nzeru za m'nthawi ya Agiriki anafika pachimake. A mbali yaikulu ulili maganizo chikhalidwe wachita sukulu Asitoiki. Komanso nawo vuto la anthu azisangalala. Limati zotsatirazi: chifukwa chakuti mavuto osiyanasiyana komabe sangathe kuthawa, muli azolowere iwo. Izi zinali chipulumutso cha view Asitoiki. M'pofunika bungwe dziko wamumtima. Only mu nkhani iyi, palibe mavuto kunja sadzatha kusokoneza. Muyenera kukhala pamwamba pa zikuchitika kunja.

Pomaliza

Agiriki ankaimba kwambiri pa chitukuko cha chitukuko European. kupambana onse nthawi imeneyi anali maziko a malingaliro zokongoletsa amene anatuluka pamodzi ndi Nthawi zina. nzeru za Agiriki anakhala lofunika kwambiri chitukuko cha fioroje akale. Mythology ndi mabuku kupitiriza kukhala otchuka ndi tsopano.