"Ndikupita kwa anthu" - kayendedwe wa anzeru chosintha ku Russia

"Ndikupita kwa anthu" - chodabwitsa kuti ndi chosasimbika ku dziko lina lililonse padziko lapansi. Agrarian Russia si logwedezeka ndi bourgeois zisinthe. Motsutsa autocracy ndi serfdom mpaka oimira yabwino amazikonda anthu otchuka. Wamba anamasulidwa pa kusintha kwa 1861, amene anasenza theka mtima chilengedwe, chimene chinapangitsa kusakhutira kwawo. wamba chosintha anatenga ndodo mwachangu, kutsogolera, kukhulupirira mu kuthekera kwa kukwaniritsa sosholisimu kudzera m'mphawi kugalukira. Nkhaniyi khama kayendedwe ka ophunzira kupata maphunziro ndi mabodza chosintha pakati pa anthu.

prehistory

Achinyamata ku kalasi pakati anathamanga maphunziro, koma kugwa kwa 1861 zinali zodzaza ndi kuwonjezeka mu chindapusa tuition. Iwo anaziletsa ndi chithandizo mwagwirizana kuthandiza ophunzira osauka. Ziwawa linaphulika nkhanza mosavuta mwa apolisi. Anthu osati amachotsedwa yunivesite, komanso waponya moyo, chifukwa iwo sanatenge utumiki wothandiza. A. I. Gertsen otchedwa akuvutika "akapolo a sayansi." Mu lofalitsidwa kunja "Bell" magazini, adawafunsa kuti apite kwa "anthu."

Choncho zokha anayamba "kupita kwa anthu." Kupita wakula mu misa kumayambiriro 70s, kupeza mmene makamaka m'chilimwe cha 1874. Kuitanidwa inatheka ndi chosintha theorist P. L. Lavrovym. Mu "Letters Historical" anandiuza kuti kufunika "ngongole kwa anthu."

inspirers maganizo

Ndi nthawi anapanga lingaliro zosatheka kwa kuthekera kwa m'mphawi kusintha Russia, kupambana Izi zidzapangitsa kuti sosholisimu. mbali ake otchedwa populists, chifukwa iwo anayankhula za chitukuko wapadera wa dziko, idealizing wamba kulankhula. Chifukwa "akupita kwa anthu" bodza m'chikhulupiriro chopanda malire a wamba mu kulondola kwa mfundo imeneyi. Malingaliro chosintha kusiyanitsa mafunde atatu (chiwembu kukuonetsedwa pang'ono pamwamba).

Anarchist M. A. Bakunin kuti anthu ali wokonzeka kuchita chiwawa ndi pempho zokwanira wamba anatenga pitchforks awo. P. L. Lavrov akufuna "lotha kuganiza mozama" luntha woyamba kuthandiza anthu (wamba) kuzindikira ntchito yawo okha kuti mbiri pamodzi. P. N. Tkachov Only ankanena kuti zisinthe ayenera kupangidwa ndi boma akatswiri anthu, koma popanda sachita.

"Ndikupita kwa anthu" populists anayamba pansi pa utsogoleri maganizo a Bakunin ndi Lavrov, pamene kugwirizanitsa anthu oyambirira analengedwa - Moscow ndi St. Petersburg mugs N. V. Chaykovskogo ndi "Kiev kuyanjana".

Zolinga zikuluzikulu

Zikwi okopa anapita kumidzi mu matchalitchi amene amati ndi amalonda ndi amisiri, amisiri ankavalira. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti zovala zawo adzachititsa chikhulupililo cha alimi. Ndi iwo ananyamula mabuku ndi malonda pempho. zigawo makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi ziwiri munali ndi kayendedwe, makamaka yogwira - Saratov, Kiev ndi Upper Volga. Patatu cholinga cha 'akupita kwa anthu "amaphatikiza mfundo zotsatirazi:

• Kuphunzira lokhala wosasangalala wamba.
• Propaganda maganizo zokomera.
• gulu la chiwembu la.

Mayeso oyamba (mpaka pakati pa 1874) wotchedwa "zouluka propaganda", monga boma la tizidalira miyendo amphamvu anasamuka Pamudzi wina ndi mzake, popanda kuima kwa nthawi yaitali. Mu 2 na- hafu ya 70, gawo lachiwiri - ". Propaganda amangokhala" Populists anakakhala m'midzi, kutumikira monga madokotala, aphunzitsi, kapena amisiri, makamaka lophunzira luso lofunika.

zotsatira

M'malo mothandiza ndi boma amatsutsidwa. Ngakhale mu wotsika Volga, amene kukhala moyo mwambo wa Emelyan Pugachev ndi Stepan Razin. Alimi okonzeka amamvetsera ku mayankhulo za kufunika kugawa zigawo tidakocheza ndi chiyembekezo chakuti misonkho, koma mwamsanga pamene zinafika akuyitanira kupanduka, chidwi chitachepa. The okha pofuna kwenikweni pa kupanduka anali "Chigirinsky chiwembu" mu 1877, a yimitsira mwankhanza autocracy. Kawirikawiri m'mudzimo okha zapita okopa gendarmerie. Mu zaka sikisi 2564 ya mdulidwe ankawakonda munthu.

The kupenta wa Ilya Repin mu 1880 analandidwa nthawi amangidwe ndi zokopa mu kanyumba wamba a. The yankho waukulu zilili ndi mabuku. The chithunzi limasonyeza momveka bwino zotsatira za "kupita kwa anthu." Zimenezi zinachititsa kuti kupondereza chachikulu. The yogwira kwambiri adatsutsidwa ku St. Petersburg mu 1878. Khoti anapita mu mbiri monga "Njira zana limodzi makumi asanu ndi anayi mphambu zitatu", limene anthu pafupifupi mazana anaweruzidwira ku ukapolo ndi yakalavula gaga.

Tanthauzo la m'mbiri

Chifukwa kayendedwe ka mnyamata chosintha inatha kugwa? Mwa zifukwa zazikulu akhoza anatchula:

• Unavailability a anthu wamba kuti chosintha zosokonezeka.
• Kulephera kulankhulana ndi kasamalidwe ambiri.
• The ferocity apolisi.
• Kupanda chiwembu amalimbikitsa luso.

Zomwe mapeto kwachititsa ndi zopanda "akupita kwa anthu"? Tingathe kuona kuchokera zotsatirazi zochitika m'mbiri. Panali kuchoka chachikulu kwa Bakuninism ndi kufunafuna njira zatsopano za kulimbana ndale. Pankafunika wogwirizana m'dzikolo bungwe mu zikhalidwe za mobisa lotsatira. Adzakhululukidwa analengedwa mu 1876 ndi zaka 2 kenako adzapita pansi mu mbiri monga "Land and Ufulu".