Nkhondo ya Tsushima 1905. Naval nkhondo mu nyanja ya Japan. Tsushima Khwalala

Nkhondo ya Tsushima mu 1905 ku Russia Pacific zombo ku Japanese Imperial Navy zowawa linagonja. Chifukwa, nyanja nkhondo Russian squadron anagonjetsedwa ndi kuwonongedwa. Mbali yaikulu ya Zombo Zankhondo Russian anali torpedoed ndi amalinyero Japanese ndipo anasefukira ndi mamembala adalira. Sitima zina tinalengeza kudzipereka kwawo, zombo zinayi atabwerera kwa m'mphepete mwa gombe kwawo. Chirasha Japanese nkhondo (1904-1905) inatha ndi kugonjetsedwa lalikulu lankhondo la zombo Russian gombe la Tsushima chilumba (Japan). Kodi zifukwa kugonjetsedwa, ndipo panali zotsatira wina zotheka zochitika?

The vuto zankhondo ndiponso zandale ku Far East

Chirasha Japanese nkhondo 1904-1905 anayamba ndi chinthu kuukira ofunkha Japanese bulu kumenyana pa ngalawa Russian anakhazikika misewu ya Port Arthur. awiri lolemera zida zankhondo galimoto ndi imodzi pamwamba chotengera chifukwa cha vuto looneka. Mbiri ya Far East ali zambiri nkhondo. Onse a iwo anakonzedwa kugwila ndi kukonzanso gulu la mitundu ya chikoka mu gawo ili la dziko Russian.

chilakolako Japan ndi kulamulira kumpoto China ndi ku Korea mwamphamvu mothandizidwa ndi Britain ndi United States of America. The ochepa Russian ogwirizana, monga France, Germany ndi ena, pa nkhani ya kuteteza m'madera Russian werera Russian Mfumu Nicholas II. Komabe, mu mphindi zikuluzikulu njira anayesera koma kulowerera ndale. Kulimbikitsa ogwirizana akuwonetseredwa kokha pamene mogwirizana ndi zofuna zawo malonda.

Strategic kupanga zisankho

Mosalekeza kwambiri ndi Japanese kuukira Port Arthur, m'munsi mwenimweni mwa Russian Pacific zombo, anakakamizika Mfumu Nicholas II kukhwimitsa mwachangu. Anagwirizana mu July 1904. The kufooka kwa Pacific squadron kukunda ndi kuwononga zombo Japanese anatumizidwa ku Kronstadt squadron motsogozedwa ndi wotsatila asilikali Zinovy Petrovich Rozhdestvensky.

Iwo uli pa njira zombo Baltic kupeza kuti Port Arthur akutengedwa ndi zombo zonse m'misewu. The Pacific zombo waonongeka. Iyi ndi mbiri apanyanja wa Russia. Komabe, Nicholas II wasankha kupitiriza njira ya zombo ufumu kwa kugombe la Japan. Pofuna kulimbikitsa squadron pomenyana ku Nyanja Baltic watumidwa ndi detachment ngalawa nkhondowo wa kumbuyo asilikali N. I. Nebogatova.

otsutsa wosiyana mphamvu

Patsogolo mu Nkhondo ya Tsushima akhoza anaoneratu ndi nambala ya mayunitsi a mbali ina. The Pacific zombo wotsatila asilikali Zinovy Petrovich Rozhdestvensky m'gulu:

• 8 squadron molemera zida zankhondo zombo (Nkhondo) ndi 4 Japanese;
• 3 Coast Alonda nkhondo ndi zombo 6 ya mdaniyo;
• 1 mpaka 8, kreyserny armadillo mayunitsi Imperial Japanese zombo;
• 8 mpaka 16, cruisers cruisers Japanese;
• 5 mpaka 24 wocheperapo Makhotiwa asilikali Japan;
• 9 Russian ndi 63 Japanese owononga.

Ubwino mwina kumenyana ndi Japanese asilikali Togo Heyhatiro odziwikiratu. Zinachitikira Japanese zombo kumenyana kuposa Russia mu zinthu zonse, ngakhale kuti mbiri ya nkhondo panyanja ku Russia anali watanthauzo kwambiri. Japanese karate mivi mwaluso katswiri luso atagonjetsa adani pa mndandanda wautali, ndi chandamale limodzi ndi zombo zingapo. Zimenezi sanali Russian zombo. Ntchito yaikulu ya nthawi anali parades lachifumu (parades), zida m'madzi, amene pachaka mkulu wa Mfumu Nicholas II.

Zolakwa ndi miscalculations Russian asilikali

Cholinga njira ya ulendo wa asilikali Z. P. Rozhestvenskogo anali adani a nyanja ya Japan. chikhalidwe choterocho anakamba ndi Mfumu Nicholas II. Komabe, ZP Rozhdestvensky waona ake cholinga ntchito zotsatirazi: mphamvu iliyonse, mosasamala kanthu za imfa angathe zombo zawo, kugumula kwa Vladivostok. N'zotheka kuti circumvent zilumba Japanese kum'mawa, kungakhale chisankho pamalo abwino olondola, ndipo Tsushima panyanja nkhondo Izo sizikanati zichitike.

Koma mkulu wa asilikali anasankha osiyana, wamfupi njira. Anaganiza kudutsa m'mavuto a. Korea Khwalala kulumikiza East China ndi nyanja ya Japan, anapita ku chilumba cha Tsushima, amene nawonso, ali njira ziwiri: kumadzulo ndi kum'mawa ndimeyi (Tsushima Khwalala). Kumeneko kuti Russian oyendetsa ndipo anadikira Heytatiro Japanese asilikali Togo.

ndime amatsekeka

Mkulu wa zombo Japanese wasankha bwino dongosolo njira kwa maudani zotheka. Oyang'anira zombo unyolo unapangidwa bungwe pakati pa zilumba, amene akhoza kudziŵitsa mkulu za Papayu ndi zotheka ndi kuyandikira ngalawa Russian. Kunja kwa mzinda wa Vladivostok Japanese mwanzeru kuika minefields. Chirichonse chiri kukonzekera nkhondo. zombo Japanese Nkhondo ya Tsushima ankayembekezera kufika kwa sitima ya Russian. Pacific zombo mkulu anakana anaziika apanyanja, oopa anapeza squadron wake nzeru cruisers mdani.

M'mamawa nkhondo ya Tsushima, tsiku la May 14, 1905, anayamba.

Zotsatira zoonekeratu nkhondo yaikulu ya Chirasha Japanese Nkhondo

Tumizani chotero sitima motley atatu nyanja ambili anali misala. Mu ntchito imeneyi wathedwa anatumiza anamenyela ndi njira olema, clocked mpaka zikwi mazana a mailosi kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi, ndipo atsopano, anamaliza mopupuluma, kodi sudzatha ziwiya mayeso. Amalinyero nthawi zonse amanena kuti zombo zawo monga zolengedwa zopanda moyo wozindikira. Armadillos ndi mayina a asilikali otchuka monga makamaka sanafune kupita ku imfa.

Iwo amene munakhala pa njira pansi pa Pepala la, likumira kuchokera makoma fakitale pa kukonza, pansi pa banki, anatumikira machenjezo monga zoonekeratu oyeretsa awo.

Iwo sakhulupirira malodza?

Pa chaka cha 1900 mu situdiyo anatentha msonkhano chitsanzo cha nkhondo "Mfumu Alexander III». The afunika chombo izi zinali zodzaza ndi kugwa kwa flagpole ndi muyezo yachifumu ndi limodzi mwa akuvutika anthu.

Ankadikira "Mphungu" Amira ndi doko boma, ndipo kenako kangapo anakhala Shackleton, afotokozerane ndi squadron mu Gulf. Ankadikira "Ulemerero" ambiri koma alephera kupita kukwera.

Komabe, lamulo wapamwamba wa mantha aliwonse sankawadziwa. September 26, 1904 mu Revel (poyamba Tallinn) anagwirizira perete apamwamba lachifumu. Nicholas II anazungulira onse zombo ndi amalinyero ankalalikira Port Arthur ndi kugwirizana ndi squadron loyamba la Pacific zombo kuti ichitikire adziwe nyanja ya Japan. Patapita mlungu umodzi, Nkhondo zisanu ndi ziwiri, cruiser, ofunkha zinthu zonse anachoka kugombe kwawo. 220-day kampeni Japanese kugombe kutalika 18 zikwi kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi mtunda wayamba.

contingencies

The vuto lalikulu anakumana ndi lamulo squadron, - ndi vuto mafuta. M'malamulo a mayiko apanyanja panthawi Zombo Zankhondo za waukali akhoza kupita ku madoko phwando la ndale kwa tsiku lokha. England, amene zikulamulira mbali yaikulu ya malo Mumakonda pa njira ya squadron ndi, anatseka madoko ake kuti Zombo Zankhondo Russian.

Wonjezerani Squadron malasha, chakudya ndi madzi abwino, anali bungwe mwachindunji m'nyanja. Kuti tikonze anali okonzeka ndi msonkhano wapadera "Kamchatka", wangwiro ndi odzipereka amisiri. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, iwo anali ndi tsogolo la anthuwo. Nthawi zambiri, kukhazikitsa ntchito njira zoterozo nyota lonse zigoli apamwamba.

Chovuta khala Mumakonda pa nyanja, ndi mumamva otentha kutentha, pamene kutentha m'zipinda kukatentha anafika 70º Celsius, namondwe woopsa pa Cape of Hope Good - zonsezi sanaleke kayendedwe ka squadron lapansi. Palibe la zombo sanabweze.

Kuzungulira n'kudutsa nyanja atatu

Russian squadron, ngati Mzimu m'chizimezime, kawirikawiri kufika pa madoko ndi madoko. Dziko lonse anaonerera izo ikuyenda. Mayiko wanthambo ndi telefoni mizere anali lomwa. Kudzera ndi atolankhani anali kudikirira squadron pamodzi njira lonse:

• Port Anati (Egypt);
• Djibouti (Africa East);
• Aden (Yemen);
• Dakar (Senegal);
• Conakry (Guinea);
• Cape Town (South Africa).

Koma zoyesayesa onse analephera. Woyamba yaitali magalimoto anali mu Bay Masiba (Madagascar). Pali nawonso anayamba ikuthamanga kumuwombera kumbuyo asilikali DG Felkerzama maziko, otsiriza chidule mwa Suez Canal. Pa kokoka Madagascar asilikali Z. P. Rozhdestvensky iye anali wotsimikiza kulephera kwa atumiki kuwombera molondola akamagwiritsa molondola.

Komabe, izi n'zosadabwitsa. Oyeretsa inakhazikitsidwa umangokhala kulemba anthu usilikali ndi bokosi chilango. Patapita miyezi iwiri - kulumpha kudutsa Indian Ocean. Wamphamvu wotopa squadron anakumana ndi asodzi Chinese mu Straits ku Singapore, ndi Vietnamese mu kamera Ranh. Latest halichondriidae akhoza kuona chilumba cha Jeju Korea osiyanasiyana ngale. Posachedwapa kuyamba Nkhondo ya Tsushima, tsiku la imfa ya squadron anapita.

The salvo woyamba pa mdani

Mu maola 13 Mphindi 40 flagship ankadikira "Prince Suvorov" kutsogoleredwa ndi udindo Captain 1 V. V. Ignatsiusa kugona pa ulendo kumpoto kum'mawa 23. mphindi zisanu ndi zinayi pambuyo pake, mfuti yake anatsegula moto pa zombo Japanese, ndipo ngakhale inadutsa ayankhe inayamba mu mphindi ziwiri volleys. Tsushima panyanja nkhondo inayambika. Ambiri mwa oyendetsa zotsatira zake zinali bwino ngakhale Petersburg.

Mu kalata kwa kazembe wa oyendetsa za nkhondo alonda "Mfumu Alexander III» Captain 3 udindo NM Buhvustova: "Inu amafuna kuti apambane. Nkosafuna kunena kuti tifuna. Koma kuwina si. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo ndikulonjeza kuti ife tonse kufa, koma musasiye. " Mkulu anasunga mawu ake ndipo anaphedwa pamodzi ndi zikuchokera zonse za nkhondo ya.

Nkhondo ya Tsushima, mwachidule za zazikulu

Mu maola 14 ndi mphindi 15, ndendende maminiti sate-faifi pasiti chiyambi cha nkhondo, ndi nkhondo "Oslabya" lotsogoleredwa ndi Captain 1 udindo V. I. Berom, ndi amphamvu Vasitis mphuno ndi moto yaikulu pa Rostra kamukamu nagwa kumanzere . mphindi khumi kenako, iye wasowa pansi pa madzi, kusiya kokha nkhuni zidutswa ndi fulonda anthu madzi padziko.

Patangopita mphindi zochepa za imfa ya "Oslabya" mmodzi mwa zombo kuti torpedoed ndi amalinyero Japanese.

Ndi maola 16 mu dongosolo ankadikira "Prince Suvorov" omwe anazunzidwa maonekedwe owonongeka ndi zipolopolo Japanese. Pokumbukira chilumba lamoto, ndi asanu maola kusonyeza Adani. Mu mphindi yomaliza ya amalinyero Russian anabwerera moto yekha kupulumuka trohdyuymovki ndi mfuti. Ankadikira analandira asanu oponya kumenya ndipo anapita pansi pa madzi.

A pang'ono kale Ine anakwanitsa kuchotsa asilikali Z. P. Rozhestvenskogo ndi ndodo pa wowonongayo "Wild wina". A okwana anthu 23 anasamutsidwa. palibe munthu anakhoza kumupulumutsa kwambiri. Analamula nkhondo ndipo anafa pa iye kapitawo wa waudindo 1, luso m'madzi zojambulajambula Vasiliy Vasilevich Ignatsius.

Ambiri, pa Chirasha Japanese nkhondo akufa awiri zodabwitsa wojambula, ndi Alumni onse a sitima Corps, ndi lachilendo mwangozi Dzina zonse. Chithunzicho chachiwiri - ndi Vasiliy Vasilevich Vereschagin, anamira pamodzi ndi nkhondo "Petropavlovsk" gombe la Port Arthur. Ngakhale pa nthawi yomweyo naye anaphedwa ndi asilikali S. O. Makarov, amene anapambana nkhondo zambiri nyanja Russia ndipo anali ulemerero ndi kunyada kwa zombo Russian. Potsatira flagship "Knyaz Suvorov" Russian Imperial zombo akutayika;

• "Sisoy Veliky" molamulidwa ndi Captain 1 udindo M. P. Ozerova;
• ankadikira "Navarino", kutsogozedwa ndi Captain 1 Udindo, Baron B. A. Fitingofom;
• cruiser "asilikali Nakhimov" uli pansi pa nthawi imene ukapolo mkulu 1 udindo A. Rodionova;
• ankadikira kuti "asilikali Ushakov", amene mkulu anali Captain 1 udindo V. N. Mikluhina (sitima anapha lotsiriza la squadron Russian);
• "Asilikali Senyavin" kutsogoleredwa ndi udindo Captain 1 S. I. Grigorevym, amene anagwidwa ndi Japanese.

Tsoka akupitiriza

Nkhondo ya Tsushima mu 1905 zambiri adatengedwa kwakuya oyendetsa Russian ndi zombo zawo. Wina imfa wolumala nkhondo analowa madzi ndi manja onse pa bolodi. Mpakana nthawi yomaliza anthu - kuchokera kapitawo kuti stoker wa - wokondedwa chiyembekezo kuti kudzakhala kotheka kugonjetsa Battle lowopsya la Tsushima (1905) ndi mmaphunziro kumpoto kum'mawa Russian gombe 23 amaoneka. Chinthu chachikulu - kupulumuka. Ambiri anafa ndi ganizo ili. amalinyero Russian pa nkhondo akuthamanga njanji limodzi kuona malo a imfa ya comrades awo. Alira wakuda pakamwa moto. "Mulungu mpumulo wa miyoyo yawo, O Ambuye"

Anawonongeka ndi adalira lake lonse la nkhondo "Mfumu Alexander III», kenako 'Borodino ". Mozizwitsa anathawa yekha yapamadzi chimodzi. Zotsatira zake za nkhondo zosachita mapeto. Nkhondo ya Tsushima mu 1905 zinatichititsa kuganiza za invincibility la zombo Russian. Mmawa wotsatira, pambuyo populumuka usiku oponya akuukira zotsala za squadron Russian anagonjera ku Japanese kumbuyo asilikali N. I. Nebogatovym. Kenako asilikali Nikolay Ivanovich Nebogatov m'ndende kwa zaka khumi mu chiweruzo cha Naval Court la Imperial Wake Ufumu.

Tsoka la mtsogoleri wa

Mkulu wa wowonongayo "Wild imodzi", amene anapulumutsa asilikali Z. P. Rozhestvenskogo, anali mkulu wa 2 udindo Nikolay Nikolaevich Kolomiytsev. Tsoka la munthu uyu ndi zodabwitsa kwambiri. Mpaka Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, iye anali hydrographer otchuka, wapaulendo, wofufuza za Taimyr, mkulu wa Chombo "Ermak". Iye anakhala nawo Russian ulendo kumalo ozizira a Baron Eduard Dipo. Tikaonanso Russia pambuyo Tsushima, kumene anadziwika mmodzi wa atsogoleri pamwamba pa Russian yapamadzi, NN Kolomiitsev analamula zombo zosiyanasiyana. Pa nkhondo World ndinayamba wachiwiri-asilikali. Mu 1918, iye anagwidwa ndi Bolsheviks ndi kumangidwa Petro ndi Paulo Linga. Ambiri a m'mabuku a Soviet nyengo biographies wa NN Kolomiytseva limatha ndi mawu akuti: "Anamwalira m'chaka Petrograd, mwina 1918." Mu 1972, dzina lake linaperekedwa latsopano hydrographic sitimayo. Koma posachedwapa chinapezeka kuti Nicholas Kolomiitsev mu 1918 anathawira ku Finland. Atakula anamenya mu Nyanja Black kumbali ya Baron Wrangel. Kenako anasamukira ku France, ndipo anafa United States pansi mawilo a galimoto usilikali pa mapeto a 1944. Choncho, ngalawayo "Nikolai Kolomiitsev" anali mmodzi yekha mu Soviet Navy sitimayo dzina la asilikali a White Alonda ndipo expat.

nkhani za m'mbiri

Kuchokera pa mndandanda wa navies nthawi zombo ziwiri ophunzira Nkhondo ya Tsushima anapulumuka mpaka masiku athu. Izo ziri zodziwika bwino ndi cruiser "Aurora" ndi Japanese ankadikira "Mikasa", ndi flagship wa asilikali Togo Heyhatiro. Bronepalubnaya "Aurora" pa Tsushima anamasulidwa kwa mdani za zipolopolo zikwi ziwiri, ndi Zikatero, twente wani kugunda. The cruiser anali kuwononga kwambiri, mamembala sikisitini ogwira wake, kuphatikizapo mtsogoleri wa, Captain 1 udindo E. R. Egorev, anaphedwa, atavulazidwa anthu 83 kwambiri. Wosanyengereredwa kupita patsogolo, "Aurora" ndi cruiser "Oleg" ndi "Pearl" disarmed ku Manila (Philippines). Akatswiri ena asilikali, nawo Nkhondo ya Tsushima, akupereka chifukwa kwambiri cruiser "Aurora" kwa chikumbutso kuposa mpirawo wotchuka akusowekapo mu October 1917.

Mu mzinda wa Yokosuka ndalama ankadikira "Mikasa" SITIMA owonetsera zakale. Pa kwa nthawi yaitali kwambiri Tsushima chikumbutso misonkhano ya anamenyela, ophunzira Chirasha Japanese nkhondo. The Japanese amatchula chipilala yakale imeneyi ndi kulemekeza kwambiri.

Memory wa a panyanjawa akufa pa Tsushima

Mayunitsi ndi 36 ya Russian squadron mu Vladivostok anabwera atatu. Mtima "Almaz" ofunkha "KWAMBIRI" ndi "wolimba." Ambiri a zombo ndi amalinyero 5000 apeza mpumulo wosatha pansi pa Korea Khwalala ndi kuzilumba za Tsushima Dazhelet. Manda a oyendetsa Russian amene anafa cha zilonda zake mu ukapolo, komabe amapezeka ndi a ku Japan Nagasaki. Mu 1910, ku St. Petersburg pa ndalama anthu ndi akazi amasiye zopereka m'kachisi moyera-Mpulumutsi pa Madzi inamangidwa anadzipereka za anthu amene Tsushima. Kachisi anaima mwachidule, mpaka 30s m'ma. Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, Nkhondo ya Tsushima - mfundo ziwiri adzakhalabe kosatha kukumbukira wosatha wa anthu Russian.