Kauntala-zolawula pa Stalingrad, "Uranus" opareshoni: kusuntha tsiku, ophunzira

Stalingrad anakhala malo kumene kunali kusintha kwakukulu kwa Great kukonda dziko lako nkhondo ndi nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Iwo anayamba ndi bwino Red Army mseru malamulo dzina lake "Uranus".

prerequisites

The Soviet potsimikizira-zolawula pa Stalingrad inayamba mu November 1942, koma kuti akonze dongosolo la ntchito pa Likulu Lamulo anapezerapo mu September. Mu kugwa kwa ulendo German kwa Volga nakufwa. Kwa mbali zonse, Stalingrad zinali zofunika onse pamalo abwino ndi mawu a mabodza. tawuni ino dzina lake polemekeza mutu wa boma la Soviet. Kamodzi Stalin anatsogolera chitetezo cha Tsaritsyn woyera pa Civil nkhondo. Amataya mzinda uno, kuchokera amazionera a mfundo Soviet ankaona. Komanso, ngati Germany anatenga ulamuliro wa malire m'munsi mwa mtsinje wa Volga, iwo akhoza kuletsa chakudya, mafuta ndi zinthu zina zofunikira.

Zifukwa zonse pamwambapa, counteroffensive pa Stalingrad zinakonzedwa ndi kusamalidwa. Pokonza mpata kutsogolo. Dzanja kwa kanthawi anasamukira ku nkhondo Pamalo. Pomaliza, November 13, 1942 dongosolo potsimikizira-mseru malamulo dzina lake "Uranus" yosainidwa ndi Stalin ndi wovomerezeka pa General Likulu.

Dongosolo original

Kodi mukufuna kuwona potsimikizira-zolawula pa Stalingrad, atsogoleri Soviet? Mu ndondomekoyi, ndi Front South-Western motsogozedwa Nikolai Vatutin anali anakantha pafupi ndi tauni yaing'ono ya Serafimovich, anagonjetsedwa ndi dziko la Germany mu chirimwe. Gulu ili analamula kuti awononge makilomita osachepera 120. mantha wina anali mapangidwe Stalingrad Front. Malo pakuwonekera kwake anasankhidwa Sarpa nyanja. Atayendetsa makilomita 100, kutsogolo kwa asilikali anali kukumana ndi Front South-Western pafupi Kalach-Soviet. Choncho magulu German anali Stalingrad, kuti amagwa pamalo a.

Izo zinakonzedwa kuti counteroffensive pa Stalingrad adzathandiza anthu ndi kuukira sekondale kutsogolo kwa dera Don ndi Kachalin Kletskaya. Pa GHQ tinayesetsa kuzindikira mbali ya chiopysezo kwambiri mu mphamvu ya mdani. Pomaliza, njira ntchito wapangana kuti nkhonya ya Red Army anali ntchito kumbuyo ndi pambali ya nkhondowo-waluso ndi oopsa mankhwala ambiri. Kumeneko anali oipa kwambiri a onse ndiotetezedwa. Ndiyamika dongosolo labwino, "Uranus" ntchito anakhalabe chinsinsi kwa Germany mpaka tsiku la kuyamba kwa kukhazikitsa. Ndinadabwa ndi mgwirizano zochita za asilikali a Soviet anasewerera kumene mu manja awo.

wakhala mdani

Momwe munakonzera, ndi counteroffensive Soviet pa Stalingrad anayamba pa November 19. Iwo anali pambuyo pa wamphamvu zida zankhondo akukhudzidwa. M'bandakucha, nyengo wasintha kwambiri, zomwe wapanga kusintha zolinga za lamulo. Wandiweyani chifunga sanalole kuukitsa mpweya ndege, monga aone ochepa kwambiri. Choncho, kutsindika anaikidwa pa yokonza zida zankhondo.

Choyamba zikuphedwa anali wachitatu Romania asilikali amene chitetezo anali breached ndi asilikali a Soviet. Pa kumbuyo kwa mapangidwe izi zinali ku Germany. Iwo anayesa kuletsa Red Army, koma analephera. mdani atasokonezeka unakwaniritsidwa ndi 1 thanki Corps motsogozedwa ndi Vasiliya Butkova ndi 26. Panzer Corps Alekseya Rodina. mbali awa, kuchita ntchito, anayamba Londolani Kalacha.

Tsiku lotsatira nagonjetsa anayamba magulu a Stalingrad Front. Pa tsiku loyamba la mbali ankayenda makilomita 9, kuswa kudzera chitetezo mdani wa kunja kum'mwera kwa mzinda. Patapita masiku awiri kumenyana anagonjetsedwa atatu m'magulu oyenda German. kupambana Red Army ndi kudabwa ndi kutsogozedwa kuti chisokonezo Hitler. The Wehrmacht anaganiza kuti amenye ndi zikhala redeployment wa makamu. Pomaliza, pambuyo polingalira zingapo zimene mungachite, dziko la Germany kunditumiza ku Stalingrad wina magulu awiri oti muli nazo zida, patsogolo zinthu za North Caucasus. Paulo mpaka tsiku pamene panali malo komaliza anapitiriza kutumiza kunyumba zazikulu. Khosi mobwerezabwereza kuti iye sasiya Volga ndi sadzalola anatseka misewu yake ya Army 6.

21 November 4 ndi 26 thanki Corps wa Southwestern Front anafika munda Manoilin. Apa iwo anapanga mchitidwe zosayembekezereka, kutembenuzira mwadzidzidzi kum'mawa. Tsopano zidutswa izi chingathe molunjika kwa Don ndi Kalach. Zonena za Red Army anayesa kuti am'manga 24 oti muli nazo zida Division wa Wehrmacht, koma zoyesayesa zake zonse zinachititsa kuti kanthu. Panthawi imeneyi, lamulo mtengo wa 6 Army Paulo mwachangu anasamukira ku mudzi wa Nizhni Chir, oopa Kukodwa ndi kuukira kwa asilikali Soviet.

Opaleshoni "Uranus" wakhala kamodzinso anasonyeza ungwazi wa Red Army. Mwachitsanzo, detachment zapamwamba wa 26. Panzer Corps mu akasinja ndi zina magalimoto kuwoloka mlatho Don pafupi Kalach. Ajeremani kusasamala - anaganiza kuti ikuyenda kwa gawo wochezeka, zida ndi zipangizo analanda Soviet. Masuku pamutu connivance izi, Red Army anawononga kumasuka chitetezo ndi chitetezo chonse chonse, kuyembekezera kubera mphamvu zazikulu. Detachment kuti awagwire malo, ngakhale m'mizinda ambiri mdani. Pomaliza anaswa kwa iye 19 thanki Brigade. maphwando awiriwa ntchito pamodzi pofuna kuonetsetsa akuwoloka a magulu waukulu Soviet, kufulumira kuwoloka Don pa Kalach m'deralo. Pakuti ichi ft atsogoleri Georgiy Filippov ndi Nikolai Filippenko anali mpake kupereka mutu Hero wa Soviet Union.

November 23 asilikali Soviet anatenga ulamuliro wa Kalach, kumene akaidi anali asilikali 1,500 wa gulu lankhondo la adani. Izi zimatanthauza malo enieni a dziko la Germany ndi anzawo anachoka mu Stalingrad ndi pakati pa Volga ndi Don. Opaleshoni "Uranus" pa mapazi ake choyamba wopambana. Tsopano 330 zikwi anthu amene anatumikira mu Wehrmacht, anali kugumula mphete Soviet. Mu zinthu izi, mkulu wa 6 Panzer Army Paulo anafunsa Hitler chilolezo kubooleza kum'mwera-kum'mawa. The Fuehrer anakana. M'malo mphamvu Wehrmacht anaima pafupi Stalingrad, koma sanali m'gulu la chilengedwe, iwo ophatikizidwa mu gulu latsopano "Don" makamu. mapangidwe Ichi chinali kuthandiza anagumula lazungulira ndi Paulo kugwira mzinda. Kamodzi mu West Germany sakanachitira mwina koma kudikira thandizo la muno kunja.

chosadziwika tsogolo

Ngakhale chiyambi cha Soviet potsimikizira-zolawula pa Stalingrad zinachititsa kuti lazungulira wa mbali yaikulu ya mphamvu German, kupambana undoubted sizikutanthauza kuti ntchito watha. The Red Army anapitiriza kuukira malo mdani. Wehrmacht gulu unali waukulu kwambiri, kotero GHQ ankaganiza kuti kubooleza chitetezo nazigawa izo osachepera pawiri. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti kutsogolo kwambiri mwapang'ono, anthu ambiri Adani anali wapamwamba kwambiri. Soviet counteroffensive pa Stalingrad mochedwa.

Pakali pano, mu Wehrmacht anakonza dongosolo "Vintergevitter" ntchito (zomwe anamasuliridwa kuti "Zima Aakulu"). Cholinga chake chinali choti kuwonongedwa kwa lazungulira wa Army 6 motsogozedwa Fridriha Paulyusa. The anatseka misewu anali kugumula gulu "Don" makamu. Kufuna ndi wozengereza opaleshoni "Vintergevitter" anatumizidwa ku Field polimbana Erich Von Manstein. Waukulu chidwi mphamvu ya ku Germany pa nthawi iyi anali 4. Panzer Army, analamula Hermann Hoth.

"Vintergevitter"

Mfundo kutembenukira kwa nkhondo muyezo ndi tilting mmodzi, ndiye mbali inayo, ndipo mpaka pamapeto si bwino amene adzakhala wopambana. Kotero izo zinali pa magombe a mtsinje wa Volga kumapeto kwa 1942. Yambani counteroffensive Soviet pa Stalingrad, Red Army anasiyidwa. Komabe, pa December 12, Germany anayesetsa kuchitapo kanthu pa manja awo. Pa tsiku ili, Manstein ndi Hoth anayamba kukhazikitsa dongosolo "Vintergevitter".

Chifukwa chakuti ndi dziko la Germany inapha pakati nkhonya ku malo m'mudzi Kotelnikovo, opaleshoni amatchedwanso Kotelnikovo. Nkhonyayo anali mosayembekezereka. The Red Army ankadziwa kuti Wehrmacht adzayesa kuswa kuzinga kuchokera kunja, koma nkhondo ya Kotelnikovo anali mmodzi wa mitundu osachepera ankaona zimenezi. Panjira ya ku Germany amene akufuna kubwera kupulumutsa comrades wake, woyamba anali 302nd oyenda Division. Iye anali kwathunthu omwazika ndi yosalongosoka. Choncho Gotu amatha kupanga kusiyana ali ndi kulamulidwa ndi 51 Army.

December 13 6 Panzer Division anaukira udindo chinajambulidwa ndi 234th thanki Regiment amene anathandiza 235 TH thanki Brigade ndi 20 odana thanki zida zankhondo brigade. Mphamvu zimenezi analamula Lt. Akol Michael Diasamidze. Komanso pafupi ndi 4 Makina Corps Vasiliya Volskogo. Soviet gulu anali pafupi ndi mudzi wa Upper Kuma. The kumenyana asilikali Soviet ndi mayunitsi wa Wehrmacht ulamuliro unatenga masiku asanu pa iye.

The standoff, yemwe ankapita yosiyana bwino mbali zonse, anali nditangomaliza pa 19 December. Gulu German anali anatsindika mayunitsi watsopano, amene anabwera kuchokera kumbuyo. wokhudza nkhaniyi yokakamiza atsogoleri Soviet kuti abwerere kwa Myshkova mtsinje. Komabe, ili ndi masiku asanu akuchedwa ntchito ankaimba m'manja mwa Red Army. Pakuti pamene asilikali anamenyera msewu uliwonse Upper Kuma m'dera yapafupi anali omangika 2 alonda Army.

nthawi yobvuta

Pa December 20, asilikali a Paulo ndi Hoth olekanitsidwa ndi makilomita 40 okha. Komabe, Germany anayesa kuthyola anatseka misewu, kale anataya theka la anthu a pa. Nagonjetsa anali mochedwa ndipo m'kupita kwanthawi anasiya. Goth mphamvu mapeto. Tsopano kuswa mphete Union atazunguliridwa ndi Germany thandizo. Plan ntchito "Vintergevitter" chiphunzitso zikuphatikizapo dongosolo zina "Donnershlag". Iye anagona mu choona kuti zokhoma 6 Army Paulo anali muzikomana comrades wake, kuyesera kuti aswe anatseka misewu.

Komabe, mfundo imeneyi anali konse akuyendera. Zinali onse kuti womwewo wa Hitler "sadzamangidwanso kusiya Stalingrad linga." Ngati Paulo anaswa mphete ndi olumikizidwa kwa Goth, iye, ndithudi, anachoka kumzinda kumbuyo. The Mtsogoleri kuganiza izi kuti zimene kugonjetsedwa kotheratu ndi chamanyazi. chiletso wake anali atavala kuti musankhepo. Ndithudi, ngati Paulo anamenyera njira mwa kagulu ka Soviet, mukanalembedwanso anayesa ngati woukira kuti Mama. Iye ankadziwa izo ndipo sanadye kanthu pa nthawi yovuta.

mubwerere Manstein

Nthawiyi, pa pambali yakumanzere ya kumuukira dziko la Germany ndi anzawo, asilikali Soviet anatha kupereka kulimbana kumbuyo. Italy ndi Romania magulu amene anamenya mu gawo ili, mwaufulu anachoka. Anapulumutsa anatenga chigumukire. Anthu anasiya malo awo popanda kuyang'ana mmbuyo. Tsopano, kwa Red Army anatsegula njira ya Kamensk pa gombe la kumpoto Donets mtsinje. Komabe, ntchito yaikulu ya asilikali a Soviet wotanganidwa Rostov anayamba. Komanso, zitsulo anabala airfields pamalo abwino zofunika Tazinskaya ndi Morozovsk, zomwe zinali zofunika kwa Wehrmacht mofulumira kulanda chakudya ndi zinthu zina.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, pa December 23 kazembe wa opaleshoni kuswa anatseka misewu Manstein analamula kuti abwerere, pofuna kuteteza zofunikira aya ili kumbuyo. Akamagwiritsa mdani anatenga 2 alonda Army Rodion Malinovsky. flanks German anali anatambasula ndi osatetezeka. December 24, asilikali a Soviet kachiwiri analowa Upper Kuma. Tsiku lomwelo pa Stalingrad Front anapita nagonjetsa kwa Kotelnikov. Goth ndi Paulo akhala akulephera kugwirizana ndi kupereka kulowera cha mthunzi atazunguliridwa ndi Germany. Opaleshoni "Vintergevitter" wakhala inaimitsidwa.

Akamaliza opaleshoni "Uranus"

January 8, 1943, pamene atazunguliridwa ndi Germany kwathunthu opanda chiyembekezo, ndi Red Army Lamulo mdani akadandaule kuti musankhepo. Paulo anayenera capitulate. Komabe, iye anakana kuchita, kutsatira malangizo a Hitler, amene walephera pa Stalingrad adzakhala nkhonya zoopsa. Pamene kulikulu atamva kuti Paulo akulimbikira, nagonjetsa wa Red Army adapitiriza ndi mphamvu kwambiri.

January 10, Don Front anapita kwa Kuchotsedwa komaliza kwa mdani. Malinga ndi ziwerengero zosiyanasiyana pa nthawi mumsampha anali za 250,000 Germany. The Soviet potsimikizira-zolawula pa Stalingrad miyezi iwiri, ndipo tsopano anafunika Kankhani komaliza kwa kutha. January 26, atazunguliridwa ndi gulu la Wehrmacht unagawidwa pawiri. Pakati pa Stalingrad anali theka kum'mwera, m'dera la "okwatiranawo" fakitale ndi thalakitala Chomera - North. January 31, Paulo ndi atumiki ake anagonja. February 2 linathyoka kulimbikira wa German wagawo lomaliza. Lero zinatha counteroffensive Soviet pa Stalingrad. Tsiku Komanso wakhala komaliza kwa nkhondo lonse pa magombe a Volga.

zotsatira

Kodi zifukwa bwino Soviet potsimikizira-zolawula pa Stalingrad? Pofika kumapeto kwa 1942 chifukwa mu Wehrmacht anthu oti atsopano. Tayani mu kumenyana kum'mawa wakhala wopandapake. Mphamvu kuli watopa. Stalingrad anali kufika poipa wa nagonjetsa German. Mu Tsaritsyn kale izo petered kunja.

Chinsinsi nkhondo lonse anakhala chiyambi cha potsimikizira-zolawula pa Stalingrad. Red Army loyamba amadzibisa angapo akhoza amuzungulire kenako kuthetsa mdani. Linanyeka magulu mdani 32 3 brigade. Ajeremani onse ndi anzawo mu "olamulira" anataya anthu za 800 zikwi. Chiwerengerochi Soviet anali zoopsa. The Red Army anataya anthu 485.000, amene 155.000 anaphedwa.

Awiri ndi theka miyezi ozungulira dziko la Germany sanapange kuyesa umayamba kuchokera mkati. Iwo akuyembekezera kuthandiza ku 'kumtunda, koma zochotsa wa anatseka misewu ya Army Gulu "Don" kunja analephera. Komabe, nthawi yoikidwayo a ku Germany apanga dongosolo mpweya achoke, limene kuchokera ku chilengedwe ndi kusankha dongosolo la asilikali zikwi 50 (iwo makamaka anavulazidwa). Iwo amene anakhala mkati mphete, anaphedwa kapena analandidwa.

counteroffensive pa Stalingrad dongosolo bwinobwino kuphedwa. Red Army likatembenuza mafunde a nkhondo. Wabwino uwu unayamba mwapang'onopang'ono wa yomasula Soviet Union kwa Anazi. Ambiri, Nkhondo ya Stalingrad, kumene kauntala-amanyansidwa ya Soviet asilikali anali poyambira komaliza analidi imodzi yaikulu komanso yamagazi nkhondo mbiri ya anthu. Kumenyana alitenthe m'moto, mabomba, ndi kuwononga mabwinja zina zovuta ndi nyengo yozizira. Nyengo yozizira ndi matenda oyamba ndi iwo anamwalira zokometsera ambiri kudzikolakwathu. Komabe, mudzi (ndi pamodzi naye lonse Soviet Union) anapulumutsidwa. Dzina la kauntala-zolawula pa Stalingrad - "Uranus" - muyaya lolembedwa mu mbiri asilikali.

Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa Wehrmacht

Patapita nthawi yaitali, Tikachoka lachiwiri World nkhondo Manstein anatulutsa memoir imene kuphatikizapo kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane maganizo ake Nkhondo ya Stalingrad ndi Soviet potsimikizira-amanyansidwa pansi. Ankamunena imfa akupha asilikali 6 Hitler. The Mtsogoleri sanafune kutenga Stalingrad chotero aponyere mthunzi pa mbiri. Chifukwa cha ichi, Ajeremani poyamba mu kukatentha, ndiyeno kwathunthu anazungulira.

Asilikali a ulamuliro wa Hitler anali mavuto ena. Transport ndege sikunali kokwanira kupereka magawano zofunika atazunguliridwa zipolopolo, mafuta ndi chakudya. Air kulowera ndipo si ntchito mpaka kumapeto. Komanso, Manstein inanena kuti Paulo anakana anagumula mphete Soviet kwa Gotha chifukwa cha kusowa kwa mafuta ndi mantha kuvutika ndi kugonjetsedwa komaliza, adakali ndikusamvera dongosolo la Mfumu.