Pamene panali Nkhondo ya Wesenberg? Zimayambitsa ndi zotsatira

Rakovor akale nkhondo kunachitika mu 1268. Nkhondo imeneyi ndi imodzi mwa nkhani zambiri za Nkhondo za Mtanda kumpoto kulimbana Ankhondo Teutonic ndi maukulu Russian kukopa m'chigawo Baltic.

Mbiri ya maubwenzi amenewa zovuta ndi wodziwika chifukwa cha nkhondo Aleksandra Nevskogo, Nevsky Battle wa Ice. Against mmene zinthu izi Nkhondo ya Wesenberg amakhalabe pafupifupi wosaoneka. Komabe, anali nkhondo yofunika kwambiri, zomwe panafika ndi retinue yaikulu.

prehistory

Pa gawo la Latvia zamakono Estonia kwa zaka zambiri anakhala mafuko chogwiritsira Baltic. Mu XI atumwi ku dera anayamba patsogolo m'zigawozo Russia, koma anali pa pasanapite nthawi chifukwa inayamba kugawikana ndale mu dziko East Asilavo. Posachedwa anaonekera mu Baltic atsamunda German. Iwo anali Akatolika ndi chipembedzo, ndi Papa bungwe Nkhondo za Mtanda ndi cholinga kubatiza anthu achikunja.

Choncho, m'zaka XIII ndipo anaonekera Teutonic Livonia malamulo. anzawo anali Sweden ndi Denmark. Mu Copenhagen, bungwe nkhondo kulanda Eastland (ano Estonia). The Akhristu anali malire a maukulu Russian (makamaka Pskov ndi Novgorod). Mu 1240 nkhondo yoyamba kunabuka pakati pa anansi. M'zaka zimenezi, Russia anali pansi nkhondo ya Mongol khamu, amene anali wochokera steppes kum'mawa. Anawononga mizinda yambiri, koma sanabwere Novgorod, omwe anali kutali kwambiri kumpoto.

Nkhondo Aleksandra Nevskogo ndi kuopseza Western

chochitika ichi anathandiza Nevsky kusonkhanitsa nyonga yatsopano ndipo iwonso amawateteza asilikali a Sweden ndi Akhristu German. Alexander zonse anathyola iwo Nkhondo ya Neva (1240) ndi Ice Nkhondo (1242). Pambuyo bwino armistice Russian manja yosainidwa Komabe, akazembe onse, zinaonekeratu kuti pangano kanthawi, ndipo patapita zaka zingapo, Akatolika adzakulitsa nkhonya wina.

Choncho, Alexander Nevsky anayamba kufunafuna ogwirizana polimbana ndi Akhristu. Iye anatha kukhazikitsa kulankhula ndi Chilituyaniya Duke Mindaugas, umene patsogolo German analinso loopsa kwambiri. mafumu awiri anali pafupi kupanga ubwanawe. Komabe, mu 1263 akalonga Chilituyaniya ndi Novgorod, ankamwalira pafupifupi imodzi.

umunthu Dovmont

Wotchuka Nkhondo ya Wesenberg kumanzere kwa mbadwa dzina ulemerero Dovmont, amene anatsogolera Pskov asilikali akamenyane ndi Akatolika. kalonga uyu anali ku Lithuania. Atamwalira Mindaugas, iye anachita nawo mu nkhondo yapachiweniweni kwawo. Iye analephera kusunga cholowa, ndipo iye anathamangitsa ndi muno awo. Ngakhale ndiye Dovmont ankadziwika kuti kulimbamtima wake. umunthu wake chidwi okhala Pskov, amene pambuyo pa imfa ya Aleksandra Nevskogo thandizo la nkhoswe palokha mwa anansi. Dovmont mosangalala anavomera kutumikira mzinda, ndipo mu 1266 anakhala Pskov kalonga ndi warlord.

Izi zinathandiza kuti chisankho cha dongosolo lapadera ndale ofala kumpoto kwa Russia. Pskov ndi Novgorod anali osiyana ndi mizinda ina East oweruza awo anasankhidwa mwa chisankho cha mavoti otchuka - ndi Komiti. Chifukwa cha kusiyana kumeneku, anthu a m'mayiko amenewa nthawi zambiri amatsutsana ndi ena Russian pakati ndale - Vladimir pa-Klyazma ankalamulira ndi nthumwi kumtundu wa Rurik mafumu. Iwo analipira msonkho kwa asilikaliwa ndi nthawi kufuna msonkho chomwechi kuchokera Novgorod ndi Pskov. Komabe, ziribe kanthu momwe zovuta ubale pakati pawo, kuopseza chachikulu mayiko Russian m'masiku aja adadza kuchokera kumadzulo.

Ndi nthawi iyi mu Baltic States anapanga yense wa limati Katolika, unathandizira pa nthawi yomweyo, kufuna kugonjetsa ndi kubatiza anthu achikunja m'dera ndi kupambana Asilavo.

Novgorod imene ikuchitika Lithuania

Mu 1267 Novgorod anakonza ntchito yochotsa ndi Lithuanians ankhondowo, amene saloledwa mpumulo m'malire awo. Komabe, njira yopita ku nkhondo kumadzulo anayamba mwa magulu, ndi dongosolo choyambirira linasinthidwa. Mmalo mopita ku Lithuania, Novgorod anapita Estland, amene anali mfumu Chidanishi. Nkhondo ya Wesenberg anali kukwaniritsidwa kwa nkhondo. The chifukwa ofunda misonkhano anali uthenga zonse kuti amalonda Russian oponderezedwa kuti Revel msika, m'manja mwa Danes.

Komabe, ngati iwo ankafuna Novgorod zingakhale zovuta kukana Union Katolika. Ndawala yoyamba 1267 itatha lisanayambe. Asilikali atabwerera kunyumba, ndi atsogoleri a asilikali anaganiza kupempha thandizo ku Grand Duke Vladimir Yaroslav Yaroslavich. Pa magombe a Volkhov kazembe adapangana ndi nzika wamba. Iwo anali mphwake wa Alexander Nevskogo Yuriy Andreevich. Ndi kalonga uyu anali mkulu mkulu wa asilikali Russian, pamene panali Nkhondo ya Wesenberg.

The Union of akalonga Russian

amisiri azitsulo Russian anayamba akupeka zida zatsopano ndi zida. Yuri Andreyevich anaitana akalonga ena Asilavo kuti agwirizane nkhondo yake. Poyamba, pachimake pa asilikali ankhondo a Novgorod, ndi Vladimir wodzilemekeza asilikali, amene anapatsidwa kazembe Yaroslav Yaroslavich. Nkhondo ya Wesenberg anali kuyesa mphamvu ya anagwirizana mgwirizano pakati pa anansi.

Komanso, anthu a Novgorod anasonkhana pamodzi ndi akalonga ena: mwana wa Aleksandra Nevskogo , wotchedwa Dmitry, amene analamulira Pereyaslavl; Ana Vladimir Prince Svyatoslav ndi Michael, amene anafika Tver kumuwombera; komanso Kalonga wa Pskov Dovmont.

Ngakhale Russian Knights anali kukonzekera nkhondo pafupi, oimira Catholic anayesetsa kuononga mdani. Pakati pa khamu la asilikali mu akazembe a Novgorod anafika ku Riga, chomwe chimayimira zofuna za Order Livonia. Zinali njomba. akazembe Russian anamukakamiza kuti mtendere kuwombola chinachake kuti Order sanali kuthandiza Danes mu nkhondo zawo. Ngakhale Novgorod negotiated ndi anthu a Riga, iwo kale anatumiza asilikali kumpoto kwa chuma chawo, akukonzekera bungwe msampha.

Reid mu Baltic

January 23 olowa Russian kumuwombera anachokera Novgorod. Iye anayembekezera Nkhondo ya Wesenberg. 1268 anayamba ndi alipidwa yozizira, kotero asilikali mofulumira anasamukira oledenevshuyu Narva, malire kale pakati pa maiko awiri. Cholinga chachikulu cha msonkhano unali pamalo abwino zofunika linga Rakovor. asilikali Russian anasamukira pang'onopang'ono, kukhala maganizo awo pa wakubayu chitetezo Chidanishi gawo.

Nkhondo ya Wesenberg zinachitika m'mphepete mwa mtsinjewo, malo amene akadali osati kwenikweni anakhazikitsa. Azambiriyakale kuketesana okha-okha chifukwa cha nkhani ya magwero amene maina osiyana malo ali anasonyeza. Mwanjira, nkhondo chinachitika February 18, 1268 kumpoto kwa Estonia, pafupi ndi tauni ya Rakovora.

Kukonzekera nkhondo

Madzulo a kugunda anatumiza lamulo la azondi Russian kuti bwino kuphunzira za mphamvu ya mdani. Tikaonanso trackers inanena kuti mu msasa wa adani amphamvu ambiri umodzi wokha wa Chidanishi Army. zopeka zosasangalatsa anali anatsimikizira pamene Russian Knights anaona Ankhondo a Order Livonia. Ichi chinali kuphwanya mwachindunji choncho mtendere, amene Germany anagwirizana ndi Novgorod madzulo a msonkhano.

Ngakhale kuti mdani wa asilikali anali doubly wamphamvu kuposa kuyembekezera atsogoleri a asilikali Russian, ndi Asilavo sanali flinch. Malinga ndi mbiri zosiyanasiyana, nkhondo anali parity - mbali iliyonse, panali anthu pafupifupi 25 chikwi.

Machenjerero a ku Germany

Dongosolo la nkhondo la asilikali Katolika unapangidwa mogwirizana ndi machenjerero ankakonda Teutonic. Zinali chakuti pakati pa Ankhondo panopo ali ndi zida anaimirira mawonekedwe a mphero mwachindunji kwa mdani.

Kumanja kwawo anali Danes. Lamanzere ndi asilikali Riga. Flanks anali kuphimba nkhondo ya Knights. Nkhondo ya Wesenberg sanatero mu 1268 Akatolika amafuna kuti adzathe ndikuganiza machenjerero awo muyezo umene tiyeni iwo pansi pa nkhondo ndi Aleksandrom Nevskim.

Ntchito yomanga asilikali Russian

asilikali Russian komanso wagawanika mu regiments kuchuluka, omwe imayendetsedwa ndi mmodzi mwa Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani. Kumanja anaima Pereyaslavets ndi Pskov. Pakati anali Novgorod, umene Nkhondo ya Wesenberg mu 1268 anali ndi yanthaŵi zikuluzikulu nkhondo yolimbana ndi dziko la Germany. Kumanzere kwa iwo lili Tverskaya kumuwombera anatumidwa ndi mkulu wa Vladimir.

Mu dongosolo la asilikali Russian drawback waukulu chinaikidwa. Kulimba mtima ndi luso asilikali anali wopanda mphamvu pamaso pa zochita uncoordinated akazembe. akalonga Russian anali kukangana chifukwa, amene mwa lamulo linali mutu wa kampeni lonse lankhondo. Malinga ndi udindo dynastic, iye anati wotchedwa Dmitry Alexandrovich, koma iye anali wamng'ono, sanam'patse yonena pamaso pa anzake pakampanipo. Njira zotsogola ndi Dovmont Chilituyaniya, koma anali yekhayo Pskov voivod komanso sanali a mtundu Rurik.

Choncho, mu nkhondo asilikali Russian zinthu paokha, kuwapanga muzisowa Akhristu. Nkhondo ya Wesenberg, zimayambitsa amene anamaliza nkhondo ya Novgorod ndi Akatolika okha chinakula mkangano pakati pa akalonga Asilavo.

Chiyambi cha nkhondo

Ndi kuukira kwa Ankhondo German anayamba Nkhondo ya Wesenberg. February 18 anali ndi kusankha mbali mkangano adzakhala wopambana pa nkhondo. Pamene Germany anapita patsogolo pakati pa Tver ndi Pereyaslavl alonda adani pa flanks awo. Pskov Regiment nayenso osati anakhalabe opanda pake. Knights ake anamenyana ndi asilikali a ku Bishop wa Dorpat.

Nkhonyayo akuluakulu anagwa pa Novgorod. Iwo anayenera kuukira kwa wotchuka German "nkhumba" pamene Ankhondo mu yunifolomu fambani akutukuka pa liwiro popemphera, ndipo chinawononga mdani nkhondo. Zhivago asilikali anakonzera masautso zochitika alimbane echelons kumbuyo. Komabe, ngakhale mwatsatanetsatane zidule sizinathandize Novgorod kupirira zotsatira za apakavalo. Iwo flinch woyamba, ndipo likulu la asilikali Russian mowonekera sagged nagwa pansi. Anayamba mantha, zikuoneka kuti ali pafupi kutsiriza Nkhondo ya Wesenberg. Aiwala chigonjetso cha manja Russian anapangidwa chifukwa cha kulimba mtima ndi opirira a wotchedwa Dmitry Alexandrovich.

Regiment wake anakwanitsa kugonjetsa asilikali Riga. Pamene kalonga anazindikira kuti anali kumbuyo choncho kutenga kukhota zoipa, mofulumira anatembenuka asilikali ake mmbuyo anagunda Germany kumbuyo. Amenewo sakuyembekezera kuti vuto kufika.

Kutumiza katundu

Ndi nthawi iyi Novgorod kazembe Yurii kale anathawa kunkhondo. The ochepa miyoyo wolimba wa asilikali ake, amene anatsala ku zigawo anayamba nthawi fulumira kuthandiza wotchedwa Dmitry Alexandrovich. Pa pambali zina Danes potsiriza anagonja maudindo awo ndipo anathawa ndi militias la bishopu womwalirayo. Tverskaya kumuwombera sanabwere kuthandiza Novgorod pakati ndipo anayamba kuchita mdani kwawo. Chifukwa cha ichi, asilikali Russian sanathe bungwe kukana yabwino ku German "nkhumba."

Kwa madzulo Knights atathamangitsidwa ndi Pereyaslavets kuukira anayamba kukhazikika mu Novgorod. Kenako analamula, iwo anagwira Russian convoy. Amagwiritsidwanso ili, ndipo atazunguliridwa makina, wokonzeka kufikira atazunguliridwa ndi asilikali ake a Rakovora. Onse anali mwamsanga anawonongedwa. Komabe, kunali kokha nthawi zina bwino Germany. Nkhondo ya Wesenberg, mwachidule kulankhula, anaima kokha chifukwa chakuti anali pa maola masana. Otsutsa Army ndinagona pansi zida zawo pa usiku ndipo anayesera kuti asangalale potsiriza muganize ubwenzi wawo m'bandakucha.

Usiku bungwe asilikali

Usiku pa malo anabwerera Tver Regiment, amene ankathamangira Danes. Iye panaoneka asilikali kupulumuka kwa mayunitsi ena. Pakati mtembo anapeza Novgorod meya Mikhail Fedorovich. Patapita pa bungwe atsogoleri takambirana lingaliro kuti aukire dziko la Germany mu mdima chifukwa kubweza anadabwa sitima. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi inali kwambiri wofuna, chifukwa asilikali atatopa ndi kugonja mphamvu. Anaganiza kudikira mpaka m'mawa.

Pa nthawi yomweyo, wotsalayo German Regiment yekha otsala mapangidwe loyambirira la zigawenga Catholic yense anazindikira mavuto amene amakumana nawo. atsogoleri ake anaganiza abwerere. Ikayamba usiku Germany anasiya Russian convoy, osati kutenga naye palibe kupanga.

zotsatira

M'mawa wa asilikali Russian tinaphunzira kuti Germany adathawa. Izi zinatanthauza kuti pa Nkhondo ya Wesenberg. Kodi kupha zinachitika, mazana a mitembo atagona pamenepo. Akalonga masiku atatu anali kumunda, kuti kuyika akufa, ndi kusaiwala kusonkhanitsa zikho. Chigonjetso anali kwa asilikali Russian, koma chifukwa chakuti ndi dziko la Germany anawononga injini kuzinga, nthaŵi fambani kwa linga la Rakovor amakhala odalirika. Popanda zipangizo wapadera kwa adani mtima sikunali kotheka. Kodi amachita yaitali komanso yotopetsa asilikali, koma kuti kuyambira pachiyambi sikudakhala mu zolinga za Novgorod.

Choncho, asilikali Russian anabwerera kwawo, ku mizinda yawo. Ndi njira anavomera okha ndi Pskov Prince Dovmont, amene pamodzi ndi anamuperekeza ake analowa kunkhondo pa osatetezeka townships Pomerania. Nkhondo ya Wesenberg, chimene chinapha anthu pafupifupi 15 zikwi, akhala akukula mu nkhondo pakati pa asilikali ndi Catholic malamulo achipembedzo ndi maukulu Russian.