Kuyambira magawo ndi zimayambitsa Wamkulu kumpoto nkhondo. The zotsatira za nkhondo Kumpoto

Kodi m'zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chiwiri, Russian mfundo yachilendo? Great kumpoto nkhondo - kulimbana kugombe la nyanja ya Baltic - kuti ndi zofunika ndi zofunika kwambiri zinachitika zaka. Nkhondoyi inatenga zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi. Ena kuzitcha izo Great kumpoto nkhondo, ndi ena - makumi Chaka. Ambiri, nkhondo pakati pa Mgwirizano wa mayiko a kumpoto kwa Ulaya ndi Swedish ufumu inayamba mu 1700 ndipo inatha mu 1721.

maiko anamenyera malo a m'madera Baltic. Mwatsoka, nkhondo itatha ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa Sweden. Koma nkhondoyo inatha, chifukwa ife tonse, posapita nthawi mathero, ndipo achinyamata Russian Ufumu unakhazikitsidwa mu Europe. Iye anali ndi zombo zamphamvu ndi asilikali chidwi. likulu lake ndi St. Petersburg. Iye anali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ya Baltic.

Choncho, pa njira imene Mfumu Augustus II la Poland ndi Elector la Saxony kumpoto Alliance analengedwa. Bungweli poyamba ananena nkhondo pa Sweden. Kumpoto Alliance nawonso anayamba Russia, lotsogoledwa ndi Peter Ine, ndi Chinorowe-Chidanishi ufumu, amene mutu anali Korol Kristian wachisanu.

Pambuyo mndandanda wa kupambana mphezi mu Swedish 1700 North Union chinatha. Komanso, Denmark wasiya kunkhondo ku 1700, ndipo Saxony anabwerera mu 1706. Boma Russian kulimbana ndi asilikali a Sweden okha, koma mwa 1709 Union kumpoto limzake. Anaima pa Great kumpoto nkhondo amasiyana mzake: Ndipotu kumbali Russian kumenyana Prussia, Netherlands, ndi Hannover. Ndipo nkhondo yoyamba Sweden anathandiza England (kuyambira 1707 - Great Britain), ndiye Holstein ndi Ottoman.

Chiyukireniya Cossack pamodzi ndi Zaporozhian Cossack wagawanika ndipo kumlingo anathandiza Turkey ndi Swedish, koma makamaka chinathandiza mphamvu Russian. Chifukwa, Russia anali wokhoza kuti ayambenso kulamulira zigawo wakale Russian mu Baltic States, anataya nthawi lovutali.

N'chifukwa chiyani nkhondo?

ndi bvuto lalikulu la Great kumpoto nkhondo chiyani? Tiyeni tiyese funso limeneli. Amadziwika kuti kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu Swedish unali dziko lalikulu mu nyanja ya Baltic. Komanso, anali m'gulu la mayiko kutsogolera Europe. Izi boma anali ndi gawo olimba a gombe Baltic: ndi Baltic monga kukhala kugombe lonse la Gulf, mbali ya gombe la kum'mwera kwa nyanja ya Baltic.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti 1697, mutu wa Sweden anaikidwa khumi Charles akhumi. Anansi Sweden anafotokoza kuti mnyamatayu ndi kuwerenga pa kugonjetsa zovuta: Norway-Chidanishi ufumu, Saxony ndi Russia akuyesera kuti amadandaula kuti Sweden pa madera ake. mphamvu zitatu izi analenga kumpoto Alliance, amene anayambitsa anali mfumu ya Poland ndi Elector la Saxony August II. Munthu uyu amafuna kuti agonjetse Livonia (Livonia), gawo la Sweden kuti chingalimbikitse mphamvu zake mu Commonwealth. Mwa njira, Livonia anafikira m'manja a Sweden malinga ndi Mtendere wa Oliwa mu 1660.

N'zimene Denmark ku nkhondo ndi Sweden? Kumene, chilakolako kale, kulamulira Baltic Sea. Amadziwika kuti 1658, Carl Gustav X pa yapaderayi ku Denmark Jutland linathyoka. Ndi kum'mwera kwa dziko la Scandinavia anagwira zigawo zingapo. Denmark anali kupereka mndandanda wa chindapusa kwa sitima anadutsa Khwalala ya Zundsky. Mwa njira, mphamvu awiri vied ulamuliro wa kum'mwera mnansi Denmark - duchy wa Schleswig-Holstein.

Zimayambitsa Wamkulu kumpoto nkhondo komanso kugona otsatirawa: Russian mfumu Peter Ine, pambuyo nkhani Augustus anagwirizana kumpoto Alliance lomaliza. Chochitika ichi chakhala inakhazikitsa mu mawonekedwe a Chiwalitsiro ya mgwirizano. Land amadzinenera Russia kuti Sweden m'gulu Ingria ndi Karelia: Mayiko awa wagwidwa Nthawi ya Mavuto ndi Sweden malinga ndi mgwirizano Stolbovo 1617. Russia analinso si mantha kuti alumikiza dziko ndi Livonia, chifukwa cha kugonjera kwawo Russia m'zaka khumi ndi kukumbukira m'masiku - m'dera la ganizo wakale "patrimony" olamulira Russian.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti mu ndondomeko ya asilikali kumenyana 1656-1658 a Russian anatha kwa nthawi kutenga la kum'mawa kwa Livonia ndipo Ingria. The Russia analandidwa Noteburg Nienschanz ndi Dinaburg, anazungulira Riga. Koma nkhondo ndi Poland inayambanso, ndipo Russia anali kusaina Mtendere Kardissky - Sweden atagonjetsa madera onse anabwerera.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuphunzira zimayambitsa Wamkulu kumpoto nkhondo - ndi tithe kumvetsa nkhondo chidwi. Choncho, mphamvu Russian operekedwa ndi ubale malonda ndi Europe kudzera Arkhangelsk - doko yekha pa White Sea. Apa panali olemera ndi osasamba navigation, amene kobvuta kwambiri ntchitoyi. Ndipo m'munda wa shipbuilding ndi amalinyero pa White Nyanja anali backlog kwambiri. Ambiri, kupeza mwayi kuti Nyanja Baltic imatengedwa ntchito zofunika chuma kwa Russia.

Sichoncho kutchulidwa wokongola zifukwa zabwino kumpoto nkhondo? Mwa njira, chinthu zazing'ono nkhondo kubwera Russia anali mapeto a nkhondo ndi Turkey. Constantinople Mtendere yosainidwa July 3, 1700 ndi August 18, ndi Turkey anatchedwa mtendere komaliza. Pomaliza pa August 19, Russia kulengeza nkhondo pa Sweden. Pomwepo onse katundu Swedish mu Moscow, anayamba kulanda malinga ndi malamulo kumene chikalata. Iwo anachotsedwa mu mtima wa chuma Russian. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iye anamangidwa ku Moscow ndi nthumwi Swedish.

Casus belli ankaona mavuto osiyanasiyana, makamaka chokhumudwitsa munthu mu 1697. Pajatu anali ndiye kuti Peter Ine, anapita ku Ulaya, asilikali a Sweden n'kulanda ozizira anakumana mu Riga. Pa nthawi yomweyo zonena dziko anali silikutchulidwa.

Yambani nkhondo

Ophunzira za Great kumpoto Nkhondo ankasiyana zapadera luso. Mwachitsanzo, khumi ndi zisanu ndi zitatu zaka Swedish Mfumu Karl XII anali "mu chikondi ndi nkhondo." Iye anali ndi chabwino mwatsatanetsatane Luso. Choncho, asilikali a Sweden mu Nkhondo yoyamba anatha kupambana mndandanda wa kupambana lalikulu. Komabe, wankhondo wolimba Karl XII anali wandale zoipa kwambiri: iye anafotokoza iyeyo ndi asilikali ake unfeasible nkhondo cholinga.

mdani wake waukulu Peter ndinatembenuka mkulu vysokoodaronnym, pulani asilikali ndi kulinganiza. Komanso, anayesedwa wonyenga kwambiri ndi luso nthumwi. Ndithudi, iye ankabwerera ndi kulephera pa chiyambi cha nkhondo, koma mapeto kampani wopambana. Pambuyo Karl XII ndapanga zolakwitsa zambiri kwambiri.

Nkhondo ya nkhondo kumpoto m'njira imayendetsedwa ndi Ayuka Khan. Wolamulira Kalmyk anabadwa mu Dzungaria. Anasamukira ku zaka khumi m'dera Volga, pamene iye anali atalengeza woyamba Kalmyk taisha magulu. Akuluakulu Russian ayamba zokambirana ndi Kalmyks, imene iwo anali kupanga ubwenzi ndi iwo. Russia pa nthawi mfundo kwambiri analimbikitsa Ayuka. M'malo mwake, iye analola kuti agwiritse ntchito asilikali ake Wamkulu nkhondo kumpoto nkhondo.

Denmark kampeni

Ophunzira za Great kumpoto nkhondo, asilikali ndicho Achisaxon anazinga Riga February 12 1700. Komabe, loto la Augustus II sanali tidzayesedwa unakwaniritsidwa Livonia simudziwa amaganiza ndi nkhondo, ndi kugawikana August cha kupambana si akwaniritsa. Mfumu Frederick IV la Denmark, mu August chaka chomwecho anaukira ndi Holstein-Gottorp duchy kum'mwera ya boma. Komabe, zikwi khumi asilikali Swedish amene anatsogolera Karl XII, anakwatulidwa modzidzimutsa Danes anafika Copenhagen. Denmark anakakamizika kuphwanya pangano ndi Augustus II: August 7 iye anali kusaina Mtendere Travendalsky.

Russian ulendo pa Ingermanland

Ndipo tsopano zochitika zazikulu za nkhondo kumpoto. Amadziwika kuti ndi Mtendere wa Constantinople analandira uthenga pa August 18. Sizinapezekebe analidziwitsa kuti Denmark unatha ntchito ya usilikali, ndi zina zotero August 19, analengeza nkhondo pa Sweden. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asilikali Russian unkatchedwa zolawula.

Poyambirira, Russia zinasaina pangano wogwirizana ndi Augustus II, malinga ndi zomwe zinali kulandira Ingermanland (Aka ndi Swedish Ingria). dziko lino ndi kukula kwa limafanana panopa ku dera Leningrad.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti pa m'malire Estonia ndi Ingermanland anaikidwa mzinda chidwi ndi lalikulu Swedish linga m'chigawo - Narva. linga uyu anakhala chandamale cha asilikali Russian.

Kodi si zoona, njira ya nkhondo kumpoto ndi yosiyanasiyana ndi kwabasi? Taonani ulendo wa Narva. Iwo unapangidwa bungwe ndi autumn, ndi zopanda. Chakudya chinali kusowa, asirikali njala. Akavalo, onyamula zida, kudyetsedwa moti amafa-kuchokera anayamba. Mwa zina, mvula inayamba kugwa, mmene msewu sakuyenda mu ngolo katundu inawonongeka zonse.

Nthawi zambiri Peter ndinafuna kusonkhanitsa pafupi Narva pa asilikali sikisite zikwi. Mwatsoka, asilikali anasamukira kuderalo pang'onopang'ono ndipo anakudzula mapulani ndi nthawi ya mfumu. Chifukwa cha kuzinga Narva, 14 October, limene linali nawo asilikali 40 chikwi.

Kuzinga Narva

zambiri wotchuka Great kumpoto nkhondo ndi chiyani? Kuona mwachidule kuzinga Narva. Nkhani imeneyi bungwe bwino. Cannon kuwombera mzinda inali operewera, monga asilikali Russian ntchito mfuti LBW. Komanso, zida zokwanira yekha kwa masabata.

Narva - linga ndi pafupi awiri Ivangorod. Choncho Potru Ine pandekha, kukonza asilikali, izo zimayenera kutambasula mmene ndingathere asilikali Russian, onse nthawi yomweyo azungulira linga. makonzedwe amenewo kwa mphamvu Russian wakhala Kalanga kwambiri, nthawi yotsatira nkhondo ya Narva, izo wofooka kumenyana chawo.

Kodi watenga August II? Atalandira zokhudza achire mofulumira ku nkhondo Denmark, nthawi yomweyo anavula Riga asilikali, kuloŵa Kurland. Nthawi ya nkhondo kumpoto zidasintha: chifukwa cha zochita za Augustus II Karl XII anali wokhoza kusamutsa mbali ya asilikali ake ndi nyanja Pernau (Parnu). Iye anafika kumeneko pa October 6 ndipo anapita Narva, anazinga ndi ankhondo Russian.

Komanso, pa usiku wa November 18, General-Field polimbana Werengerani Golovin, pamodzi ndi Peter ndinasiya usilikali - iwo anapita Novgorod. Mfumu inalamula lamulo mkulu wa mkulu mu udindo - mlendo kwa Duke de A Croy. Ankhondo a Charles XII November 19, 1700 anapangitsa asilikali Russian mu nkhondo ya Narva kugonjetsedwa lolemera. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti asilikali Swedish anawerenga anthu 25 sauzande, ndi Russian - 40 zikwi.

Pa kumpoto nkhondo Kokasangalala kanthu wamantha Duke de A Croy, amene ngakhale pamaso pa nkhondo anapereka Karl XII. Koma adapereka osati mmodzi koma pamodzi ndi ndodo yake lopangidwa alendo. Pambuyo zomvetsa onse a asilikali Russian akadali kuposa anthu Swedish. Koma ndi November 21 anagonja zambiri za madongosolo a Kalonga wa Croy.

Tikumbukenso kuti Moyo alonda Semenov ndi Moyo alonda regiments khama kumbuyo kwa asilikali a Sweden. Iwo samangokhala analephera kuteteza capitulation manyazi, komanso kuphimba mthunzi wa asilikali Russian, potero kuteteza kugonjetsedwa komaliza. Pakulimbika anasonyeza nkhondo, asilikali Regiment mu 1700-1740 anapatsidwa masitonkeni wofiira: pokumbukira chakuti "iwo anali mu nkhondo ya bondo m'magazi."

Zotsatira za msonkhano

Nkhondo ya nkhondo kumpoto inatha mu njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha ntchito ya usilikali pa Narva kumbali Russian zinali moipa: imfa n'kufa, akufa, m'chipululu, anamira, anafa ozizira ndi njala anali pakati pa anthu asanu ndi atatu zikwi khumi. Komanso, anthu seveni handiredi, kuphatikizapo akazembe khumi ndi asilikari makumi asanu anali mu ukapolo, anataika 179 wa mfuti 184. Zinali tsoka.

Chifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Russian

Ena mwa nkhondo za nkhondo kumpoto inatha pogonjetsedwa. Tiyeni tione zifukwa kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Russian mu Nkhondo ya Narva. Choyamba, asilikali disgustingly kukonzekera nkhondo ndi mdani wamphamvu. Komanso, izo zinali mu sitepe ziŵalo. Kachiwiri, asilikali bwino zida sankadziwa mmene kulimbana ndi malamulo kupezerapo liniya, achite utumwi reconnaissance. Zida zankhondo anali kwachikale ndi diversiform. Ndipotu iye anali panthawiyo adali woposa makumi awiri ndi asanu calibers osiyana - nuance izi akuchifuna akulephera kotunga ake a zipolopolo. Ndipo potsiriza, mfundo zofunika kwambiri: panalibe mwini dziko dongosolo lamulo la asilikali Russian. Ndipotu, lamulo udindo waukulu wotanganidwa ndi akapitawo yachilendo.

Ku Ulaya, pambuyo kulephera kwa zaka zingapo tinkakhulupirira kuti asilikali Russian ndi osayenera kwathunthu kwa nkhondo. Pa nthawi yomweyo Charles XII Swedish dzina Aleksandrom Makedonskim.

Kodi zochitika zazikulu za nkhondo kumpoto zinachitika atagonjetsedwa wa asilikali Russian pa Narva? Peter ndinatenga sitepe yotsatira: iye anaika chiwerengero cha alonda yachilendo asilikali. tsopano chifukwa chabe wachitatu wa chiwerengero cha alonda a dipatimenti.

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti anagonjetsedwa Narva unachita yaikulu mu chitukuko cha asilikali a Russia ndi mbiri ya boma. Wolemba mbiri Pokrovsky anati onse zokonda Russian mu nkhondo anakwana phindu mwayi kwa nyanja, ku malonda ndi kupeza kulamulira madoko Baltic. Icho ndicho chifukwa Petro mu magawo oyambirira a nkhondo wakhala anasamala mwapadera madoko Baltic - Riga ndi Narva. Mwatsoka, anadwala linagonja pa Narva, ndi kumchotsa ku dera lamakono St. Petersburg. Peter abverana kuti amange doko watsopano ndi mzinda pakamwa wa Neva Mtsinje - likulu tsogolo la Russian Ufumu.

Russian kampeni

Kotero ndinapitiriza kumpoto nkhondo. Mwachidule zotchulidwa Russian msonkhano, koma capacious. Kumene, Peter Ndimayamikira zifukwa asilikali Russian anagonjetsedwa pa Narva. Tsopano Iye watumiza lingathe zonse za dziko ndi kukonzekera asilikali a nkhondo ndi Sweden. Iye amalenga asilikali zonse, kuwongolera akuphatikizapo bungwe, kachitidwe ka maphunziro ndi maphunziro, amapeza zipangizo zatsopano.

Iye amandilimbikitsa zida zankhondo - amachepetsa chiwerengero cha calibers, panopa pali 12. molamulidwa a Peter Ine kwa nthawi yochepa zipangizo mazana atatu latsopano aumbidwa. Tikumbukenso kuti ena mfuti anali opangidwa kuchokera mabelu mpingo anagwira chuma ndi kusungunuka. Chifukwa, Peter nyonga pambuyo kulephera kwa Narva ndipo anayambiranso tiponye kumpoto.

Nkhondo Ingria

Pamene nkhondo anapitiriza North? Mwachidule tione njira wotsatira wa zochitika. Amadziwika kuti mphamvu yaikulu ya Sweden nawo nkhondo Saxony ndi Commonwealth. Masuku pamutu kamphindi mu 1701 Peter analamula kumpoto kuyamba amanyansidwa latsopano. Pamenepo asilikali Russian analamula Boris Sheremetev iwo anaukira Ingermanland (Ingria), ndiye wokwatibwa ndi Sweden, December 30, 1701 pa Nkhondo ya Erestfere anapambana pa nkhondo kumpoto kwa Nkhata wake woyamba.

Ngakhale Swedish asilikali analamula General Slippenbach. Ndipo mu July 1702 mu nkhondo ya Gummelsgofa Russian asilikali anagonjetsa kachiwiri khamu lake.

Chifukwa cha chiyambi cha 1703 lonse Neva ankalamulira Russian.

Nkhondo Estonia ndi Livonia

Ambiri, zotsatira za Wamkulu kumpoto nkhondo ankatsatira kwambiri mu 1703 - zitakwanira Russia ake ankalamulira pafupifupi onse a dziko Ingermanlandii. Mu 1704, asilikali Russian anapitiriza amanyansidwa ake. Mlongoyo ali pansi pa lamulo la Sheremeteva Borisa ndi chilimwe 1704 anabwera Livonia ndipo anazungulira Dorpat. linga linatengedwa mu July 1704 ndi nawo panokha Peter I.

Zotsatirazi zochitika izi, gulu lachiwiri la asilikali Russian anazungulira Narva ndipo anapita Estland. Pamenepo asilikali analamula Ogilvy. Ndipo Petro anabwera kwa Dorpat, ndipo pofika kumapeto kwa dzinja, linga uyu wagwidwa. Gwirizanani, itachita wa Bastille anali wamkulu! asilikali Russian mu opareshoni iyi anasonyezera maluso awo chinawonjezeka ndi zida zabwino kwambiri.

Polish kampeni

Pa nkhondo Northern, Charles XII anafunika zedi zosankha. Iye anaganiza kusiya Nkhondo yogwira ndi asilikali Russian. Ndipo iye ankafuna kuti kum'menya mwamphamvu lalikulu khamu Augustus II. Ambiri, mfumu ya ku Sweden ankafuna Poland mtimayo iye mfumu yabwino m'malo August II. Iye adaganiza zolenga ku Rzeczpospolita gawo lotetezedwa zone pakati pa Russian ndi asilikali a Sweden.

Komanso, asilikali Swedish mu July 1701, popanda kukumana ndi atangokanidwa yoyenera, anawoloka Dvina ndipo analanda Livonia. N'zochititsa chidwi kuti ndawala Polish inathera ndi adani a mkulu wa Swedish ndi chigonjetso cha asilikali Russian.

Nkhondo ya Russia

Zotsatira za kumpoto nkhondo chidwi kuti aliyense amene akudziwa mbiri. Koma poyamba tiyeni tione mu 1707 - chaka chonse Swedish asilikali anali mu Saxony. Nthawi imeneyi, Karl XII kuti lapita zomvetsa ndipo kwambiri kulimbitsa asilikali. Ndi chiyambi cha 1708 asilikali a Sweden anapita ku Smolensk. Ena amakhulupirira kuti poyamba iwo ankafuna kuti kum'menya mwamphamvu lalikulu motsogozedwa Moscow. Peter Ine analibe mapulani mdani: udindo Russian anali kumva ndi tsiku.

Bungwe asilikali Starish

Mtengo wa nkhondo kumpoto ndi chidwi kwambiri, aliyense nuance mukopedwe zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo, 11-13 September 1708 m'mudzi waung'ono wa Smolensk bungwe la nkhondo la mfumu Swedish ndi ankhondo ake. Zinali mfundo kum'maŵa ya kayendedwe Swedish asilikali pa nkhondo ya Russia.

Asilikali anaganiza funso kayendedwe winanso wa asilikali Swedish. Ena anapereka kupita ku Moscow kudzera Smolensk, pamene ena akufuna kusamuka kum'mwera, Ukraine. Mwatsoka, asilikali Swedish zofunika mpumulo: asilikali inatha ndi chakudya ndi zipolopolo olema, ambiri a iwo odwala. Komabe Hetman Ivan Mazepa Dziwani asilikali a Sweden pothandizira anthu Chiyukireniya, ndi iwo asankha kayendedwe mu Ukraine.

Poltava

Kumene, tanthauzo la m'mbiri la Wamkulu kumpoto Nkhondo lalikulu kwambiri Russian. Iwo anapambana June 27, 1709 mu Nkhondo ya Poltava, amene amazikhulupirira mwachabe ndi zomvetsa olimba woterowu ndi asilikali a Sweden.

Amadziwika kuti pambuyo nkhondo yaikulu Karl XII kukabisala Ottoman, amene nakopa Sultan Ahmed III kutenga nkhondo ndi Russia. Menshikov, mmodzi wa wolimba, anagonjetsa mfumu asilikali a Sweden, Mfumu Peter Ine ankachita nawo Nkhondo ya Poltava ankalemekeza udindo wa Field kulamulira.

Zotsatira zake za nkhondo

The zotsatira za nkhondo Kumpoto osamveka ndipo ayesedwa mosiyana. Ena amanena kuti kugonjetsedwa kwa Sweden, makamaka gawo la mphamvu Mgwirizano (Saxony, Denmark, Rzeczpospolita), ndipo athe kupeza ku Russian Baltic Nyanja zaka makumi awiri si chofunika.

Ambiri kuzindikira kuti nkhondo ukasintha anasintha muyezo wa mphamvu mu nyanja ya Baltic: Russia tsopano m'dera limeneli anasangalala kwambiri zochita. Ntchito kiyi anapereka Peter Ine, kumene, wakhala anatsimikiza - Russia ankalowa nyanja ndipo anayamba kukhazikitsa malonda apanyanja ndi Europe.

Kodi khama kusintha kwa Peter Wamkulu kumpoto nkhondo? Kusintha, chifukwa chake, koma adapindulapo zina patsogolo. Tikumbukenso kuti Petro sanali wina wachiwiri sanaleke zoyesayesa zake kusintha. kusintha wake kupitirirabe anali chifukwa mavuto usilikali.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, Wamkulu kumpoto Nkhondo ya 1700-1721 ndithu kwambiri ndi Russia - dziko anakumana aakulu azachuma ndi mavuto zaziwerengero. Ndipo mu mbiri ya Finland, ovuta kwambiri nthawi ya nkhondo - kuchokera 1714 mpaka 1721 - anapita pansi pa dzina la kudana. Sweden watwya mphamvu zake zakale ndipo inasanduka boma zazing'ono.