Nduna Roma ndi mphamvu zake

anthu ochepa chabe amene akudziwa kuti ambiri mwa mawu kutanthauza dongosolo ano ulamuliro zimene zimachokera ku Roma .... Mphamvu zapamwamba dongosolo kulamulira zikuchitika masiku amakedzana - monga Egypt, China, Greece. Komabe chipangizo monarchical kwathunthu subordinated chifuniro cha akalonga a Farao, kapena mfumu, ndi demokalase ku Greece anali ochepa okha kwa malire a malamulo (mzinda ndi madera ozungulira). Mu lothandiza kwa Republic kunayambitsa funso la kufalitsa udindo wa utsogoleri pakati pa nthumwi osankhidwa a apamwamba ndi anthu (plebs), komanso kupatsa mphamvu zawo ndi zofooka zawo. Inali nthawi imeneyi ndi anayambitsa mawu akuti "mdindo" - lingaliro kwambiri kwa ife tanthauzo lake.

Mu Russian, mawu kugwirizana ndi mawu akuti "ngongole". Koma, mosiyana ndi "ngongole", mfundo "positi" ndi "akapitao" ali ndi tanthauzo loipa positive. Munthu waudindo - nthumwi ya boma ku malo ena, okha mphamvu zake personifies mphamvu. The lonse a maudindo mu bureaucracy ali wolowezana lake (kwa mutu, kuti maguluwo ndi alangizi osiyanasiyana ndi ogwira) ndi yopingasa (ofanana boma akhoza suspend ndi asinthe chiwembu kusankha anzake).

Nduna Roma osankhidwa okha kwa anthu ufulu wobadwa (womasulidwa sanathe osankhidwa, koma Mwana wake) afika msinkhu winawake. Si zokhazo, udindo wina mosamala m'chilamulo zaka osachepera mphamvu, kotero amasonyeza nthawi imene kunali kotheka kuchita zimenezi, n'zotheka mpando ndi mavoti, ndi malire dera, amene anawonjezera ulamuliro wa positi. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya nthumwi za zinali zochepa malinga a mzinda, ndipo proconsuls analamulira kumidzi kupitirira. A bwana poyerekezera ndi ena wene, ngakhale mkulu kubadwa anali privati - anthu paokha, atumiki.

Zinali ku Rome, ndi nduna achikulire amatchedwa "Imperium", wapamwamba mphamvu - "potestas" - zinamuchititsa ku dorespublikanskogo nthawi ya mafumu. kupereka ndondomeko ulamuliro otero alembedwa mu lamulo wapadera curiata. akuluakulu ali ndi ufulu lachiweruzo ndi Senate ndi comitia (kukumana ndi anthu), kuti ngongole awo, ulaliki. Pamene dziko linali mu ngozi pa nthawi, anasankhidwa wolamulira, amene anapitirira mphamvu zonse wapamwamba. Mwamuna ameneyu anali ndi ufulu wodzilamulira dziko nokha. Nthawi zambiri zaikidwa mutu wake cholinga cha kusankha - mwachitsanzo, "wopondereza chifukwa cha nkhondo." Ena anasankha mwadzidzidzi posts ankati ndi moyo wonse adindo (Korneliyo Yosunga, Gayo Yuliy Tsezar). Positi anathetsa yekha Mark Avrely. Mwa njira, mphamvu zoterozo anapatsa akuluakulu osati pa nthawi ya ngozi utapachikika dziko. "Utsogoleri hammering msomali" - otchedwa malo a woyang'anira pa zikondwerero zachipembezo.

Nduna nthawi ya Republic sizinachitike analipira. Iwo linali dzina la ulemu. Aliyense udindo limafanana ndi toga ena - iwo unakasungidwa mu khamu, ndipo atachoka malo ake ndi kukaikwirira. Ena udindo anaukitsa banja lonse pamalo chikhalidwe - ndi ana a anthu amene anali mu curule udindo, ankaona olemekezeka; yekha chotengera cha udindo anadzakhala kholo la banja chake, chigoba sera imfa ndipo anapitiriza ana akulemekezedwa. olemekezeka analinso malo mu mabokosi pa Bwalo la maseŵera a. Kuyambira ndi Quaestors, amene anasiya malo a anthu anali ndi ufulu kusankhidwa ngati Senate.

Kukhala utumiki wa Republic, nduna zabwerera m'mbuyo lamanja la apilo ndi pempho. A Pempho kwa review za chisankho angagwire ntchito msonkhano dziko, Senate mnzake kapena woyang'anira anzawo. Akuluakulu akhoza kukhala okhazikika, si zokhazo nthawi n'loonadi, ngakhale ambiri udindo anthu anasankhidwa kuti palibe miyezi yoposa 36. M'mbali ankapatsidwa praetors, nthumwi, quaestors, aediles ndi censors. Kupatulapo owayang'anira pa, pa malo oterowo mu Roma, makamaka lolemera banja ankanena. ntchito zawo zinali zodziwikiratu: achinyamata udindo wa mkulu wa Legiyo, ndiye mu zaka 27 malo quaestor 37 - aedile 40 - Pretoria, 43 - kazembe kapena m'Chibama kwa akuluakulu.