Mitundu wakale wa dziko: dzina, mbiri ndi chidwi mfundo

Anapeza kuti mitundu kwambiri wakale wa dziko amakuonani ena zikwi zisanu zapitazo, ndi ambiri a iwo mbisoweka ku nkhope ya dziko lapansi, kusiya pokumbukira ana mu nkhani yabwino, mayina awo. Koma pakati pawo pali anthu amene adapyola zaka zambiri, atha pamisinkhu yakale atengere zenizeni zikusintha ndi kukwaniritsa masiku athu.

Dziko loyamba la World Ancient

palibe kugwirizana monga kumene ndi pamene anakhala chitukuko yoyamba padziko lonse ofufuza, koma zambiri zimagwirizana pa mfundo yakuti, zikuoneka, zinali boma la Sumer. Anapanga kumapeto kwa BC IV m'ma m'dera la kum'mwera kwa Mesopotamiya (kum'mwera Iraq) inatenga zaka zoposa zikwi ziwiri, wasoŵa pa powonekera, kusiya kwambiri misewu ya chikhalidwe chawo, anatulukira pa zofukulidwa. Monga mafuko ena ambiri wakale wa dziko, inagwa pozunzidwa mwankhanza ndi Aisiraeli.

Kumayambiriro kwa boma chitukuko, monga ulamuliro, iwo amakhala ndi malo ochepa kwambiri ndipo sanali amasiyana ambiri. Amadziwika Mwachitsanzo, kuti pakati pa wachinayi Zakachikwi BC mu Nile Valley yekha kumeneko adali woposa makumi anayi. Likulu aliyense wa iwo anali mzinda yamalinga, lomwe linaikidwa pa okhala wolamulira wa Kachisi ndi ambiri akulemekezedwa mulungu m'deralo.

Adzalowemo pa Zamphamvu

mitundu wakale wa dziko sizinasokonekere Sipadzakhalanso kulimbana kupulumuka, monga nthaka yachonde anali osowa, ndipo ofuna kukhala nawo - kwambiri. Chifukwa cha nkhondo wosatha itayamba, imene kazembe m'dera wakhala monga mtsogoleri, ndipo mu nkhani ya bwino anatsogolera ntchito ulimi wothirira. powagwiritsa ntchito ankagwiritsa ntchito pang'ono, chifukwa chifukwa primitiveness zida kusunga ambiri akaidi anali oopsa. Iwo kawirikawiri kuphedwa, kusiya akazi ndi achinyamata okha.

Education of Ancient Egypt State

Chithunzi asintha chiyambi cha chachinayi Zakachikwi BC, pamene bwino kwambiri za potentates m'deralo, anapita mpaka mu mbiri pansi pa dzina la Farao Minesa anakwanitsa agonjetse anthu angapo kukhala limodzi. Mayina a mayiko wakale dziko, agwirizana Ufumu yatsopano, ambiri a iwo akhalabe osadziwika, koma limene lachititsa chitukuko chachikulu chimene Egyptologists ano amachitcha ufumu Early.

Ndi mayiko onse alipo, Egypt imatengedwa wamkulu. Mbiri yake amabwerera zaka zambiri, ndi za makumi ofufuza kugawidwa mu magawo angapo, omwe ali peculiarities yakeyake boma ndi vuto la zachuma. Wapadera mu chikhalidwe chake cha dziko la Iguputo wandikhutiritsa dziko la mitundu yambiri ya luso, ndiye anawonjezera kuti m'mayiko ena.

Armenia, wochokera m'mbuyomu

Dziko loyamba la Kale, zisungidwe kuti masiku athu, ambiri a iwo anali chosiyana zikuchokera mitundu ya anthu poyerekeza ndi tsiku panopa. Chitsanzo ndi Armenia, analipo awiri ndi theka zaka zikwi za mbiri yake, koma, malinga ndi ofufuza ena, zinayambira kale kwambiri ndi zochokera ku ufumu wakale wa Armagh, Shubra, omwe analipo mu XII m'ma BC.

Masiku amenewo anali osakaniza zovuta ochepa, koma limati palokha ndipo mitundu zikusintha mzake. Chifukwa cha yaitali njira mbiri ya mtundu Chiameniya unakhazikitsidwa m'Malemba. Dzina la boma phokoso yake yamakono anali woyamba kutchulidwa chikalata zokhudza 522 BC. Pali Armenia akufotokozedwa ngati malo Kumvetsela ku Persia ndi ili pa dera la mbisoweka ndi nthawi ya boma lakale la Urartu.

Old aku Iran boma

Wina wa boma lakale la dziko ndi Iran. Wachibale kwa nyengo ya chiyambi chake, asayansi amavomereza kuti aumbike ku alipo mu dera limodzi zaka zikwi zisanu zapitazo, ndipo anatchula boma Baibulo Elamu. Mu VII m'ma BC, boma aku Iran ali kwambiri kukodzedwa m'gawo lake, imalimbitsa zachuma ndi lidzasinthidwa ufumu wamphamvu ndi pankhondo Mediya, malinga ndi kukula kuposa panopa aku Iran gawo. umatha asilikali kunali kwakukulu moti nthawi, Amedi anali adzawina undefeated mpaka ndiye Asuri, ndipo muliyang'anire anzawo ozungulira.

Iran, komanso mitundu yambiri wakale wa dziko, ndi moto, ndi lupanga, ulendo wake m'tsogolo. Manda wamkulu mabuku akale aku Iran - "Avesta" - ilo likutchedwa "dziko la Aryans." Mafuko kenako anapanga mbali yaikulu ya anthu aku Iran, asamukira izo kuchokera kumpoto kwa Caucasus ndi steppes a ku Central Asia. Mwamsanga anaphatikizana m'dera anthu osakhala Aryan, iwo mosavuta anakwanitsa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa dziko lonse.

Chitukuko of Ancient China

Enumerating mitundu wakale wa dziko, ambiri anasintha kwa vicissitudes wa mbiri, munthu samaiwala China. Malinga ndi asayansi lalikulu kum'mawa dziko, chitukuko adanyamuka zaka palibe pasanafike zikwi zisanu zapitazo m'gawo lake, ngakhale nambala kulembamo olembedwa limasonyeza pang'ono m'munsi zaka - zaka zikwi zitatu mazana asanu. Nthawi imeneyi chinali ndi ulamuliro wa Mafumu Shang, dziko anakhazikitsidwa mu dongosolo okhwima utsogoleri, zonse bwino ndi kuphimba mbali zonse za anthu.

zinthu Natural mu China, kukhala mu beseni wa Yellow Mtsinje ndi Yangtze Mtsinje, ndi bwino ankaikira chitukuko cha ulimi, motero kumatanthauza, khalidwe ulimi chuma chake. Onse, limodzi ndi iwo mitundu wakale wa dziko inali ku mapiri ndi steppe madera zosafunika kwa ulimi.

Popeza penipeni, China anachititsa mfundo yogwira ntchito, kuti mungathe okwanira zachuma analola kuti kwambiri kuonjezera m'gawo lake kale lalikulu. Ambiri kudziwa mmene mkulu anali mlingo wa sayansi ndi chikhalidwe China wakale. Wokwanira amatchula kuti XI m'ma BC, anthu ake anasangalala mu kalendala ndi mfundo zoyambirira za kalembedwe kakale. Padziko nthawi yomweyo, dziko anaonekera asilikali zonse zinalengedwa pa maziko katswiri.

Chopunthira cha chitukuko European

mutu ili Greece mwa lamulo. Amadziwika kuti pafupifupi zikwi zisanu zapitazo, chilumba cha Kerete kunali kumudzi chikhalidwe wapadera, kenako kufalikira ku Chile. Pa anali koyamba anapanga maziko a statehood, anakhazikitsa malonda ndi ubwenzi zamtendere ndi mayiko a East, komanso kulemba unachokera mu mawonekedwe ake masiku ano ndi maziko a malamulo.

State ndi Chilamulo cha dziko wakale anafika chimbuzi cha chitukuko pa gombe Aegean, komwe m'nthawi ya Zakachikwi BC panali chitukuko patsogolo pa nthawi. Zinali bwino anayamba boma dongosolo, anamanga pa chitsanzo cha despotism Oriental , ndi chimene chinali nazo ake otukuka bureaucracy. Mphamvu ya Greece mu nthawi yochepa linafalikira m'madera ambiri a kumpoto kwa Black Sea Coast, South Italy ndi Asia Minor.

Ngakhale kuti kuyambira kale, dzina la Hellas limabweretsa Greece wakale, lero anthu a dziko lino ndi kugawira kwa lamakono, motero kugogomeza mogwirizana ndi chikhalidwe chachikulu chimene iwo olandira.

Dziko, umene unachokera mu zilumba

Ndipo pomaliza kwa nkhaniyi ndi zoyenera kukumbukira wina zambiri, nthawi iyi mtundu chilumba amene wabwera ku dziko kuyambira kale - ndi Japan. Mu 661 BC anayamba kulamulira ake a mfumu yoyamba Jimmu. Ntchito yake linayamba kukhazikitsa ulamuliro pa zilumba lonse, n'zimene wapanga osati kwambiri ndi mwankhondo, monga mayiko zachinyengo.

Mu chitukuko, Japan wadutsa m'njira yapadera. Ngakhale boma la Kale, mbiri ya amene zokhudza nkhondo, anaonekera pa dziko lonse, kenako osaonekanso popanda kufufuza ndi dziko la kotulukira dzuwa zaka zambiri wakhala anatha kupewa lalikulu mavuto ndyale ndi chikhalidwe. Mosakayikira, zimenezi kwathandiza kwambiri kuti pawekha Hrs ya boma. Kwenikweni, iye anali amene anapulumutsa dziko ku nkhondo Mongol, chinapululutsa mu nthawi yake mbali ina ya Asia.

Dziko akugwirabe yokha m'zaka

Japan - dziko yekha oposa awiri ndi theka zaka lili dynastic bwinobwino mphamvu lachifumu, ndipo pafupifupi sasintha malire a mawonekedwe. Zimenezi zimatithandiza kuona amakezana dziko anasunga pafupifupi mu mawonekedwe wapachiyambi, monga mafuko ena wakale wa dziko, ngakhale anakwanitsa kugonjetsa njira zaka zakubadwa, mobwerezabwereza anasintha complexion yake yandale.