Chuma cha anayamba sosholisimu - tebulo. Chuma cha sosholisimu anayamba: ubwino ndi kuipa

The vuto wosakhazikika chuma dziko kumayambiriro 60 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo chabutsa kukayikira mphamvu ndi kuthekera kwa kupondereza utsogoleri, ngakhale mu utsogoleri kwambiri ya boma. Ngakhale mu nthawi ya Khrushchev pa TV kusindikiza anayamba kukambirana za zolimbikitsa latsopano kupanga. watsopano akuti anaonekera pa masamba awo - "chuma cha anayamba sosholisimu." Kusintha (tebulo kusonyeza kusintha kwakukulu idzaonetsedwa kenako m'nkhani ino) wonse sanakane malangizo chitsanzo. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo inayambitsa zina kudziletsa lamulo asilikali, komanso zolimbikitsa mfundo opanga mu dzuwa. Tiyeni tione zina zomwe zimapanga chuma cha anayamba sosholisimu, ubwino ndi kuipa kwa kanthu kucitika.

Kusintha ulimi

Kodi zinthu m'gulu chitukuko cha chuma cha sosholisimu? Kusintha makamaka anakhudzidwa ulimi. zisanayambe analengeza mu March 1965. Tinawandandalika miyeso umalimbana kuthetsa mavuto okhala kumadera akumidzi, kumayambiriro zolimbikitsa ndalama ntchito. mitengo kugula anali atachuluka, anayambitsa 50 peresenti surcharge mtengo zofunikira kugulitsa malonda pa dongosolo. Pa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo inachuluka ndalama. Chuma cha anayamba sosholisimu mu USSR ikukhudza kukhazikitsidwa kwa zaka khumi dongosolo olimba zogula anthu. Kulimbikitsa zolimbikitsa anali kusanduka yosaloledwa khalidwe la ulimi payekha.

kusintha kuipa

Chuma cha anayamba sosholisimu anadalira levers ntchitoyi. State akuluakulu adakali kuyesetsa kulimbitsa udindo wa nduna za ulimi mu kasamalidwe ndi mapulani a zochita za gawo la ulimi. Ikufotokozanso kuwonjezeka ndalama ndi chithandizo ngongole minda. Pa chitukuko cha mafakitale ulimi ndalama zambiri anapita. Komabe, akhala inefficiently kwambiri. Gawo la ndalama ankagwiritsa ntchito yomanga chimphona zovuta, mtengo zida zogula, ntchito kudwala-ankaona mankhwala ndi reclamation nthaka. The gulu khola malipilo ndalama kuyamba. Pakati pake penipeni - ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zomwe zofunika kwambiri dera chikhalidwe. Komabe, pambuyo makonzedwe anayamba kukhala wodalira. Kodi kwachititsa chitukuko cha chuma cha sosholisimu? Yankho zokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Chifukwa, amasintha ntchito za boma ndi minda gulu anakhala opanda pake. Kwa zaka 25, kuchokera mu 1964 mpaka 1988., Panali kuchepetsa olimapo owomboledwa ndi mahekitala 22 miliyoni. Kwambiri anali zomvetsa mu ulimi. Losses mu gawo ili ranged 20 mpaka 40%. A dziko kuti ali chonde wakuda nthaka, wakhala padziko lonse lapansi importer chakudya ndi tirigu.

gawo mafakitale

Chuma cha anayamba sosholisimu mu magawo oyambirira njira kukonza limagwirira zachuma kapena zolimbikitsa kwa antchito osauka. Mu September 1965, atsogoleri a kusintha anayesera kuphatikiza njira izi. Choncho anayamba kusintha mu gawo mafakitale. Mosiyana ndi kusintha kwa Ulimi sanakukane maziko a zachuma lamulo. Mfundo yaikulu ya ntchito ndi kusintha mapulani ndi kuonjezera zinthu chingatilimbikitse. Chuma cha anayamba sosholisimu anakhalabe mfundo kuyeza mawu a linanena bungwe. Pa nthawi yomweyo ife anayambitsa miyeso latsopano umalimbana kuonetsetsa khalidwe katundu. Kuonjezera zolimbikitsa kwa alimi kuloledwa kutuluka gawo la disposable ndalama amakampani. Zasungidwa ogaŵikana ndalama:

• Yopanga wodzilamulira ndalama.
• Zoweta, moyo ndi chikhalidwe chitukuko (yomanga nyumba yogonamo, zibonga, nyumba ndi zina zotero).
• Zofunika zolimbikitsa.

Chuma cha anayamba sosholisimu ankaganiza kuti mzere mautumiki, amene anakonza kuti abwezeretse, amachita monga kale "wolamulira", ndi alangizi ndi ogwira ntchito. Iwo ankayenera kupereka kwa gulu kupanga pa zinthu ndi kudzikonda ndalama, zochokera kulimbitsa wodzilamulira kudziletsa ndalama ndi Kudzidalira. Monga mbali ya zinthu zimene m'gulu chitukuko cha chuma cha zokomera onse, anapereka osakaniza ndi mapulani boma limodzi kanthu wamba. Pankhaniyi, ufulu kusintha zofuna zapita azikondedwa yekha ku makampani okha.

Chuma cha sosholisimu anayamba: ndi chidule cha zotsatira za kusintha mafakitale

Ngakhale zotsutsana onse ndi zofooka, kutembenuka zinachititsa chifukwa kwambiri. Kumapeto kwa chitatu dongosolo zaka zisanu kuchokera 1966 mpaka 1970 anali kuwonjezeka mu buku la mafakitale ndi nthawi 1.5. Dziko inamangidwa mu 1900 ndi makampani aakulu. Pakati pawo, mwachitsanzo, Volzhsky zomera Togliatti. Koma kumapeto kwa Inde 60 cha kusintha ali mochedwa. Ichi chinali chifukwa zifukwa cholinga ndithu. Mu malo oyamba, mu dziko wakhala utachepa chiwerengero cha anthu ntchito. Komanso, miyambo m'munsi gwero wakhala zatha, wawuka zikuchepa, chuma migodi, zida chakale, kuonjezera ndalama asilikali. Koma vuto yaikulu inali chitsanzo zachuma kwambiri, amene anakana zaluso yonse wotopa palokha - chitukuko akhoza kupita inertia nthawi zina, koma yaitali, dongosolo udzatha basi.

The mavuto chachikulu

Kusintha wafunsira mavuto ena. Makamaka, yomanga maofesi chimphona mafakitale zinachititsa kuti monopolization malonda. Zimenezi, chifukwa cha khalidwe osauka mankhwala ndi kusowa kwa ogula kusankha. Chiyambi cha zizindikiro poona khalidwe la mtengo wa katundu osati zinachititsa kuti kuwuka kwake mu mtengo, komanso kuchepetsa kwambiri buku kupanga. Zotsatira zake zinali kusowa mankhwala. Chaka chilichonse, anawonjezeranso kukweza kwa imports katundu, amene sanali kubala makampani zoweta.

Conservation za ndale

Chuma cha anayamba sosholisimu akugwedezeka. Kodi iwo unkatchedwa? Malangizo zida retold Brezhnev maganizo pa lipoti zotentha ndi Kosygin pa chigawo plenary mu September 1965. Mabwalo kulamulira kukhulupirira kuti kusintha anabwera kanthu patsogolo. Ndipo izo sizinali mu kusintha, ndi wosafuna ntchito. Malinga ndi ena olemba, tilingirire ichi chinali chifukwa kusintha insolvency. Posakhalitsa, cholinga analimbikitsidwa chuma latsopano zipangizo, amene anali otseguka kum'mawa kwa dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo anaganiza kusintha ulamuliro zachuma. Mu 1979, pofuna anapangidwa kutsitsimutsa zinthu mwa kuwongolera levers zachuma ndi chikoka kukula kwa mtsogoleri wa MCP. Koma zonsezi sanathe kuthetsa mavuto alipo. Mabwalo kulamulira kuti anayambiranso kulankhula za ubwino nzothandiza abwino pa nkhaniyo. Azilipira zolakwa za kupanda ungwiro kwa limagwirira zachuma nakhalanso mpikisano zokomera. Only mu 1983, pambuyo pa imfa ya Brezhnev, Andropov - mtsogoleri wa dziko - anatenga "zikuluzikulu kuyesera." Mu mwachidwi, kufooketsa yogawa centralized kukonzekera bwino, nambala ya kusintha kwa mitengo ya mlingo wa m'madera ena ndi mabizinesi. zonsezi zathandiza, koma mmene yochepa ankakhala ndi iwo. Pali vuto mwamsanga anakhalabe kusintha levers zachuma.

NTP

Pofika kumayambiriro '70s mu West anayamba siteji positi-mafakitale chitukuko. Izi zinafuna ndi zochita zokha njira kupanga ntchito yaikulu makompyuta ndi makina, kumayambiriro umisiri watsopano. Pa nthawi yomweyo anayamba kugwira ntchito individualization yokonza kukhala ntchito yolenga, lopanda malamulo. Mu USSR, tinakambirana kwambiri za NTP. Monga mbali ya akutulukira patsogolo zitsanzo sayansi ndi luso kwambiri makompyuta kulengedwa dziko. Mu 1971, pa msonkhano wotsatira wa CPSU walengezedwa ndi unsembe watsopano. Plan kwa zaka zingapo zotsatira ayenera zagwiridwa ndi kukwaniritsa patsogolo molumikizana ndi ubwino wa sosholizimu. Koma kuipa ulamuliro wa alipo kwambiri mochedwa patsogolo luso ndi sayansi, ntchito patsogolo kupanga ndondomeko. Nthawi pakhala malipoti a zinthu zazikulu ndi kutulukira. Komabe, ngati iwo Musatenge mtengo asilikali, iwo akhalabe unimplemented chifukwa cha kusowa ndalama komanso wosagwirizana ndi kutukula ziwalo zimenezo zimene waganiza tsoka la kutulukira.

Kuyesa vuto la STP

atsogoleri dziko ayamba kumvetsa kufunika kusuntha kwa ku njira mwapang'onopang'ono kupanga. Chifukwa, 4-khola kuchepetsa chiwerengero yomwe ikumangidwa iliyonse mabizinezi chaka lalikulu. M'malomwake, NGOs inakhazikitsidwa (sayansi yopanga kucheza), mafakitale latsopano anatuluka (nyukiliya zomangamanga, microelectronics, Makina, ndi zina zotero). Ngakhale kuti anthu anayesetsa awa, zizolowezi awa samakhoza kukhala lalikulu. Asayansi Soviet anali kalasi yoyamba, ndi zochitika zina wapadera mu sayansi zofunika. Komabe, mu moyo othandiza, sayansi ndi luso chitukuko pafupifupi sadamve. Ndi 80s tidakali ntchito ndi dzanja 40% ntchito 60% ya zomangamanga, 75% ya anthu ogwira ntchito kumidzi.

World anthu anachita

Tikumbukenso kuti mu 1985 mu United States, kunali 1.5 miliyoni kompyuta atsopano ndi anthu pafupifupi mamiliyoni 17 ma PC. Mu USSR, ndi nthawi iyi panali makumi angapo zikwi makina awa, ambiri amene anali zitsanzo achikale. The vuto akuchuluka zachititsidwa ndi ziletso womulera ndi West kumayambiriro 80 ntchentche. Chifukwa makonzedwe awo mu USSR inatsala pang'ono inatha zitsanzo patsogolo luso ndiponso sayansi mkulu ochokera m'mayiko. Motero, pofika m'ma 80s dziko kachiwiri, monga makumi, anali atamuopseza kusiyana latsopano ndi m'mayiko a Azungu.

Chuma cha sosholisimu anayamba (tebulo)

pomaliza

Kodi pamapeto pake zinachititsa chitukuko cha chuma cha sosholisimu? Tebulo pamwamba limasonyeza kuti chithunzithunzi chonse ogwetsa. Komabe, udindo wa mbali yaikulu ya anthu a boma bwino penapake. anthu ochepa anapitiriza kukhala nyumba limodzi nyumba anayamba kuoneka matelevizioni, refrigerators, makina ochapira. Zolemba ndiponso kuchuluka pang'ono malipiro. Komabe, mlingo wa mowa wa dziko lili pa nambala okha 77 m'dziko.