Kizhi churchyard. Karelia: zokopa

Kodi Russian si amve chimene Kizhi churchyard Kizhi? Kumene, kamodzi pali bwino kuyanjana ubwana: kowonera zakale wapadera wamba chikhalidwe cha Russian North, zovuta za mipingo choyambirira Russian chipika, amene makoma anamanga popanda misomali. Wapadera kamangidwe gulu loyimba wa Mpingo wa atumwi XVIII, anamanga pachilumba cha matabwa, imatengedwa cholowa cha World Heritage Cultural ndi muyezo UNESCO. Tiyenera kuvomereza kuti Russia kwina anakhalabe nyumba tanthauzo, ntchito wowerengeka zomangamanga matabwa (ngakhale akadali m'ma XIX iwo anali ochuluka kwambiri).

Characteristically, anthu bwino yodziwa mbiri ya Karelia, dzina la nyumbayi, monga ulamuliro, ndi odabwitsa. "Ndipo ali mawu churchyard?" - anafunsa mnyamata, ndi kuzizwa amaona matabwa makomo arched, ribbed chipika makoma, zazikulu wazikang'a mzikiti. "Ndipo osati kuti" - anayankha kuti Zhvanetskogo. Ichi ndi original wakale Russian tanthauzo la mawu akale. Mu Karelia mu XIII - zaka XV, monga poyamba chinali monga likulu la boma, zokha kusanduka pa makumi angapo kapena mazana midzi yozungulira. Ndipo amakhutira imeneyi ikufanana ndi za monga malo Kizhi yaikulu Spassky Kizhi.

Komanso, tatchulawa mfundo chiyambi cha zazing'ono kusintha tanthauzo wapachiyambi. Iwo "mizu" monga khalidwe ku mudzi waukulu (sakutanthauza likulu, koma ndi mpingo wake ndi manda.) Ndi kuyambira cha m'ma XVIII kunakhala kopanda mpingo ndi manda pafupi kwa iye.

Kizhi - chodabwitsa cha dziko, dera

Monga mmene mbiri, Kizhi Pogost 130 ogwirizana midzi yozungulira. Komanso, yaikulu ya iwo - Velikaya Guba, Kosmozero, Sennaya Guba, Tipinitsy - ndipo panopa ndi midzi yake yogwira ntchito. Chotero midzi mbiri olemera panopa Karelia. Zosangalatsa za zomangamanga m'deralo - makamaka anthu adziwa bwanji. Kwa XVIII m'ma pa dziko pano anasankha kumanga si akulamulira boma ndi anthu ammudzi, limene mbali anali amalonda - ndi ogula chachikulu. Amisiri bwino anatengedwa pomanga makachisi kwa iwo kusonyeza chikhulupiriro m'midzi. Iwo anali, monga ulamuliro, anthu "ndi chiphunzitso cha" ndi dzina la pomanga akumanga ngati kuyimba nyimbo. cholinga Only iwo sanali ovomerezedwa ndi loweruza kapena kuponyera iliyonse. Ayi, iwo anali zokoma ndi ofunika kwambiri: Kulemekeza anthu, woonekeratu chosonyeza woyenera kwambiri. Nthawiyi - siteji ya "zomangamanga m'dera" - ukhoza kuitana maluwa a Russian zomangamanga matabwa.

Chosiyana chikhalidwe cha Karelia

mitunda chosiyana ndi zochititsa chidwi zokongola wotchuka Karelia. Zosangalatsa za am'derali odziwika bwino. Chikhalidwe m'deralo kuitana ndi okhazikika nyanja m'nkhalango. Nayonso limakula kuchokera pansi m'dera miyala. Ankalamulira Karelia ena a lofunika kwambiri mu Europe nyanja - Ladoga ndi malo a 17 700 Km Kuwapeza ² ndi Onezhskoye (9900 mamita ^2).

makilomita zosakwana 70 likulu lake, mzinda wa Petrozavodsk, akukhatira ndi madzi a Nyanja Onega, ndi chilumba cha Kizhi (mu zaka Russian "Kizhi" amatanthauza "kusangalala".) Mudzi yapafupi pa njira m'nyumbayi kamangidwe, mwachirengedwe zokhudza Medvezhegorsk tsa-bwino, - m'mudzi Velikaya Guba.

Mwalandiridwa Kizhi!

Tsiku lililonse, m'nyumbayi mapulani ndi lotseguka kwa anthu onse amene afuna kudzamuona m'chilimwe kuyambira eyiti eyiti, m'nyengo yozizira - 10 ⁰⁰ 16 ^00. Mbiri yakale, chisumbu cha Kizhi angatchedwe mwambo malo, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito potumiza tchuthi cha miyambo wachikhristu. Pali anali kupita pa maholide wamba, ndiyeno apanga bungwe madyerero.

Chilumba chikhalidwe cha Kuwonjezera osiyana ku ntchito ya manja a anthu, wokongola alendo intricacies a zilumba miyala ndi gulfs buluu pakati pawo. Ngati tigwiritsa ntchito utumiki sanjira, mukhoza kuona: Kizhi pa mapu a Russia ndi osalumikidwa kumtunda misewu. Komabe, chisumbu, chifukwa cha zoyendera madzi m'zinenero. Masauzande alendo Russian ndi achilendo chaka chilichonse ulendo m'dera lino zodabwitsa. Mwa njira, mbiri ndi mapulani zovuta za Kizhi ndi woyamba pabwalo zakale, anatsegula mu Russia.

Ngati mwaganiza pa mota sitima sitima ku St. Petersburg ku likulu la zomangamanga akale, chisumbu cha Kizhi khadi udzapeza mphatso. Kuyambira May mpaka December, ndipo pano inu mukhoza kupeza "chammwamba" ndi "comets", chichokereni ku Petrozavodsk kwa Madzi Station.

Navigation pakati pa malo kwa Mlomo chapamwamba (sipangakhalenso anafika ndi galimoto) kotunga maboti amalonda. vnenavigatsionny kukayikitsanso panthaŵi imene nyanja kuzizira, ndinkakonda kupita kutsetsereka, ndi zosowa kuyenda - galu sledding.

alendo Russian

Kufika pa chisumbu, alendo amatha kusankha imodzi mwa atatu maulendo maola awiri. The choyamba - pa yaikulu mapulani zovuta (yaing'ono bwalo). lingaliro ndi kubwerezanso wachiwiri wowerengeka Russian ndi Karelian matabwa zomangamanga (bwalo lalikulu). Wachitatu anayamba midzi pachilumbachi. atatu nsanja chionetsero "Pryazhinskoye Karelia", "Russian Zaonezhye", "Russian Pudozh" kukhazikika m'midzi ya m'deralo. Midzi mbiri ya Fossa ndi Vasilyevo komanso likhale lapadera nyumba mapulani.

Administration cha nyumbayi komanso bungwe zambiri zina review, zokambirana, thematic maulendo alendo onse Kizhi. Zomangamanga, ndithudi, ndi kukopa chachikulu kwa alendo m'derali ndipo osati Russian, komanso ochokera m'mayiko. Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, akale nyumba zachipembedzo wa chisumbucho, kuyambira 50 ntchentche Mu zaka zapitazo, wodzilemekeza wobwezeretsedwa ndi ankamangidwanso nyumba zofunika oyeretsa chipika. Choncho, kuwonjezera pa chionetsero chachikulu, alendo kuona malo omwe izi zinachitika pa chisumbu cha moyo ndi chuma Amaya. Kwa madzi zambiri za moyo wa Russian m'mudzi wa XVII - XVIII zaka, m'nyumbayi-malo makonzedwe bungwe "Masiku a ntchito zamanja, anthu kusangalala ndi masewera" amachita folklore ndi ethnographic zisudzo, handicrafts chilungamo, ndi kumapeto kwa dzinja akuyamba Kizhi gululi.

Anthu a matabwa zomangamanga - cholowa cha Karelia

Kizhi ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zikuluzikulu kwambiri Russia m'madera mapulani motetezera, wonyada kwambiri Karelia. Zokopa anthu Russian mamangidwe a m'dera lino Komabe, sanalemberetu okha padzuwa anati; apa iwo ali ankatsogoleranso pachilumba cha Nyanja ya Ladoga (Valaam ansembe yotchedwa). Wake kamodzi anachezeredwa ndi mafumu Russian. Pali anapita Alexander Dumas. Ambiri lalikulu ojambula zithunzi Russian (Vasiliev, Kuinzhi Shishkin), olemba ndakatulo ndi (Tiutchev, Leskov, Shmelev) anapeza kudzoza pano. Mwachidule, Karelia map zowoneka (osati zomangamanga chabe - palinso nkhokwe chikhalidwe ndi zinyama) kudzakuthandizani malo kusankha chochita chidwi.

mipingo gulu loyimba

Koma kumbuyo kwa mutu waukulu kwa nkhani ino. Wapadera Kizhi anatsimikiza mtima kokha ambiri ozungulira Chiwalitsiro Mpingo wa dziko, tamanga munjira mwambo Russia - popanda misomali limodzi. Pambali ake kuchita ntchito m'nyengo yozizira (kumpoto pambuyo onse) ndi wina mnogokupolny kachisi, mkangano, - Mpingo wa Kupemphera kwa Virgin. Wachitatu nyumba zofunika kwambiri za gulu loyimba zazikulu ndi belfry Kizhi. Mozungulira zinthu zitatu zimenezi zomangamanga Russian wowerengeka tsopano anabwezeretsa mpanda, koma osati anapanga mitengo, monga chinali pachiyambi, ndi boulders.

Mbiri mkulu wamphamvu mpanda ndi wogonjera zofunika kwa malire ndi Sweden Russian manda. dongosolo A limodzi nyumba pamwamba ndi zina nsanja alonda - m'matchalitchi Chilumba cha Kizhi, ili pa malo wodziwika bwino ozungulira thandizo chilumba.

Bakuman wa wamanga Nestor

Nkhani Lacy zomangamanga lodabwitsali nkhuni ukanafunabe kuyamba ndi nthano. Pambuyo Kizhi Pogost - dziko la nthano, mmodzi amene kutiuza kuti munthu wa talente chidwi, kulenga weniweni opangidwa chozizwitsa - chodabwitsa 22 ozungulira mpingo. Tinali omanga wakale kumanga izo, kapena "mitengo ulemerero banja", palibe udindo boma. Ankavala kwambiri mu zaka biographies zawo ndi maina. Koma dzina la zodabwitsa Russian mbuye Nestor akadali zilipo.

Malinga ndi nthano otchuka, iye anayizindikira malo kumangira mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro, kunyalanyaza ikuchitika mwa Iye anauzidwa ndi dziko pakati pa m'nkhalango ya mlombwa. Apa prolamyvayas kudzera m'nkhalango (mu njira zachinsinsi zilandiridwenso), anyalanyaza ndi Kizhi churchyard, anapeza buku loyera, kuwerenga ikuchitika usana ndi usiku.

Mu kuwala kwa kotulukira dzuwa mbuye, kuyang'ana kwa masamba buku pakati pa m'malovu mame pa chithunzi udzu anaona tsogolo la mpingo ... analengeza monga Nditatsegula: "Kumanga adzakhala pano"

Pamene chozizwitsa mpingo inamangidwa ku matabwa mwapadera okonzeka wa paini, spruce, Aspen, popanda misomali, woyamikiridwa Nestor anapanga kuchita chodabwitsa, ngati kujambula mzere anapeza Luso. Madzulo wa kudzipereka kwa ana awo ndinakwera ku mzikiti ndi wodzipereka nkhwangwa ake okhulupirika, anayang'ana Kizhi churchyard, womangidwa pa chofiira riboni mtanda. Kenako anamuphimba nkhwangwa m'nyanja ndipo kutchulidwa kuti Mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro - kachisi wokongola kwambiri mu dziko, ndipo ngati izo sizidzachitika. M'tsogolo, makachisi wamanga kwambiri si anamangapo ngakhale zopempha zambiri. Choncho anaganiza - zothawa ntchito pa cholemba kwambiri. Sichoncho ayenera akwaniritsidwa Master?

Mpingo wa kusandulika

Izi kachisi 37 mita, anakhazikitsidwa mu 1714, zimagawidwa monga gawo octagonal mpingo. Linamangidwa m'malo matabwa mpingo kuloŵedwa, kuwotchedwa ndi mphezi. Malo a nyumbayi ndi "octagon" - eyiti amaganiza chipika nyumba dzenje anayi, akulozera ku mbali zonse. Pamwamba pa m'munsi "octagon" kuika awiri, koma ang'onoang'ono awiri. Chimango m'munsi lili pa maziko wosazindikira - mwala Zabirko. ngodya kunja analaswa "mu oblo" mkati - "mphamvu" wa pine. Zolimira, ndi "Mosungira" mzikiti wa mitu anapangidwa wa Aspen. Zonsezi - nkhuni mitundu m'dera kukula pachilumba cha Kizhi. Karelia ndi zabwino wapadera iconography "Kumpoto Letters". Mu njira imeneyi, peyala ya zithunzi oyambirira Preobrazhenskaya Church ( "Cover" ndi "Transformation», XVII zaka) amene poyamba chokongoletsedwa guwa ili odulidwa kum'mawa kudzera ndikukhala ndi mawonekedwe a Pentagon. Iye - The zinayi mazana ndi adakonzeka ndi zithunzi ziwiri.

The refectory wa nyumba chipika ndi moyandikana nyumba yaikulu. Dulani kupyoza denga ndi octagons chokongoletsedwa ndi mitu makumi awiri-awiri. The maphunziro a nyumba iyi bwino kwa nzika iliyonse ya Republic of Karelia. Kizhi Island kwenikweni spiritualized mpingo uno, mofanana wokongola kuchokera kumbali zonse.

Mpingo wa Kupemphera kwa Virgin yozizira

Kachisi wamangidwa pa theka ya atumwi kenako, zomwezo kwa Mpingo Chiwalitsiro - mu 1764. Ganizo yomanga ake - kupitiriza Orthodox utumiki mkombero pa nyengo yozizira (mpingo heatable). nyumba yake anamangidwira ndi mapulani wotchuka ngati kutambasuka zachilengedwe a mpingo zomangamanga chilimwe. Iye mnogokupolna eyiti wa mitu yake ili pafupi ndi chinayi waukulu. Komabe, mu zonse mawonekedwe ake ndi ankaona kuti mpingo - ndi mapulani kusonyeza Chiwalitsiro. zanyengo wochenjera kwambiri si wachiwiri anatsindika wapadera wamphamvu mapulani zovuta.

mpingo uno pa Kizhi chilumba anamanga mu kwambiri wanzeru ndi losavuta zokongoletsa. Iwo decorates mwina gables yekha lamba ndi dongosolo imodzi.

Khomo kachisi kale ili kumbali yakumadzulo, motero, guwa - kum'mawa. Aphatikizidwa m'ndime yoyamba, ndiyeno refectory lapansi. Cholinga cha chipinda ichi ndi malo osiyana wamba kukambirana mpingo wa kukanikiza nkhani za chuma ndi zina, imachititsa ambiri a anthu. Apa panali loweruza mayesero, anabwereza malamulo a mfumu. Pamakhala zoona, chipinda yokha kachisi anadzipereka kuti akwaniritse utumiki pemphero - tchalitchi. Iwo - kwambiri wotakasuka ndi otakasuka, buku ake aumbike mwa chimango, chikugwirizana malinga chiwembu pansipa - "muyeso", pamwamba - "octagon". Izo zili ndi iconostasis tyablovym. Guwa okonzeka ngati wachinayi kwambiri kum'mawa chipinda. Ndi chimango pentagonal, pa msinkhu wa chamangidwa dongosolo elongated - mbiya, mathero mutu chinayi wa Mpingo wa Kupemphera kwa Virgin. mazenera onse a kachisi: mu holo ndi guwa lansembe - awiri; mu nyumba yopemphereramo ndi refectory - anayi (kuunikira zachilengedwe). Mkati mwa kupyolera chokongoletsedwa propyl ulusi, chinthu chachikulu cha zomwe - Orthodox mtanda.

belfry

The gulu loyimba kamangidwe ka Kizhi ndi zogwirizana lowonjezera ndi wina ndi nyumba lachitatu - hipped belu nsanja. Galimoto ndi chikhalidwe yomanga a zomangamanga matabwa: pansi "muyeso" pamwamba "octagon". Atatu tiers (by alipo) kugawidwa ndi matabwa ake mkati. "Chetverik" kudula kudzera kumpoto ndi kumwera khomo lililonse okonzeka ndi khonde ndi. Kum'mawa, ndi kumadzulo, pali arched psevdoportaly, kubwereza mtundu wa akuchita. The gawo m'munsi, "muyeso", lagawidwa ndime, pyatimarshevuyu staircase ndi kwapadera. Pamwamba pa "octagon" ndi belu nsanja, mkati limene - 9 zipilala. nyumbayi ndi korona ndi chimphika Ploughshare Orthodox mtanda pamwamba.

Current kubwezeretsa

Kizhi churchyard tsopano akukumana ndi kubwezeretsa anadzipereka kwa tercentenary wa Mpingo Chiwalitsiro, yokondwerera 2014. Ndi nthawi iyi ikuchitika 70% ya polojekiti. Kutsiriza icho zakonzedwa mu zaka 3-4. Akutsogolera pakati mapulani "Zaonezhie" wobala ntchito Vitaly Skopin. Pamodzi ndi kampani ichinso ntchito kalipentala Center owonetsera zakale ndi kampani St. Petersburg "ALEKON". Chaka chatha, Commission UNESCO, anafika pa malo a ntchito ndi kutamanda khalidwe lawo, ayenerere izo monga padziko lonse adaliuzira antchito.

Poyamba mpingo analimbikitsidwa ndi chimango zitsulo. Kodi zoona, kupulumutsidwa ku chiwonongeko. Poyamba, omanga Alimbikitsa maziko ndi zone m'munsi, zazikulu chifukwa mlingo wawo ndi refectory. Pakali pano, ntchito ikuchitika pa milingo wachinayi ndi wachisanu. Kumathandiza mwina kusunga zipika mbiri, m'malo latsopano zosalongosoka chifukwa cha kuwola kapena kukokoloka. Pali% 35 okha, kutanthauza kuti abwezeretsedwa Mpingo wa Chiwalitsiro pa 65% mudzangokhala cha mtengo mbiri.

Pomaliza

The pakati wakale wa Spassky Kizhi, ili mwachilungamo yaying'ono Kizhi chilumba, tsopano kudutsa gawo la chitsitsimutso. Chifukwa cha ichi ndi kukula kudziŵitsa anthu za kufunika yosungira kupitiriza ya cholowa mbiri, pamapeto, mizu.

Kodi kulenga Zaonezhye wauzimu, makhalidwe abwino a anthu anthu? Inde, mzere ndi kulenga chitukuko china ndi amene anadzatchedwa ya Pushkin kwambiri laconically - "Russian mzimu".
Zinali iye amene amapanga wapadera kudzachitika wolemera luso wowerengeka, zomwe zikuonetsa zipilala mapulani a zomangamanga matabwa, chokongoletsedwa chilumba cha Kizhi (chithunzi Ufumuyo).