Russian chikhalidwe cha 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20. Features chikhalidwe Russian

Kuti bwino kumvetsa peculiarities chikhalidwe Russian kumayambiriro kwa XIX-XX zaka. Muyenera Kuganizira malamulo m'banja, zachuma ndi ndale nyengo. Ichi ndicho chifungulo. Udindo wa chikhalidwe Russian sitingalephere kukambapo. Ndiyamika kusintha Petulo Ufumu wokhazikitsidwa ndi mafumu mtheradi, komanso legislating bureaucracy. Izi makamaka zikupezeka mu "m'badwo golide" wa Catherine II.

Events chiyambi cha m'ma XIX

Century chinali kusintha othandiza a Alexander I. Zochita izo ikuchitika kuti kulimbikitsa kuti ang'onoang'ono-absolutist. Pa nthawi yomweyo m'pofunika kuganizira zotsatira za latsopano "mzimu wa nthawi." Choyamba, anati chinyezimiro cha French kuukira boma mu chikhalidwe Russian. Chikondi cha ufulu ndi imodzi mwa archetypes ake. Izo chikondwerero mu ndakatulo Russian ku Pushkin Tsvetaeva ndi kuwamaliza. Pambuyo Utumiki chitakhazikitsidwa, panali bureaucratization zina kulamulira. Komanso kusintha zida chapakati cha Russian Ufumu. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa bungwe la State - ndi mbali yofunika ya Europeanization ndi wamakono wa dongosolo lonse. ntchito zake zazikulu ndi: kuonetsetsa kugwirizana kwa malamulo malamulo ndi centralization zokhudza malamulo.

Golden Age

Russian chikhalidwe cha 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20 Kutacha intensively kwambiri. A zimakhudza kwambiri ndondomeko patsogolo ganizo Western ndi dziko chosintha patsogolo. Komanso anati ubwenzi wabwino ndi ena Russian chikhalidwe. Izi zinali nthawi imene French anayamba zosatheka sosholisimu ndi German nzeru zachikhalidwe. maganizo zatchuka kwambiri boma. chikhalidwe Russian m'zaka za m'ma 19 anali kwambiri ndi cholowa anasiyidwa ndi mibadwo yapita. Latsopano mphukira wa zilandiridwenso mabuku anakwera kumuyamikila. Izi imakhudzanso minda ya chikhalidwe, luso komanso ndakatulo. Ntchito ya Fyodor Dostoevsky, P. Melnikov-Pechersky, Leskov ndi Gogol zinapatsira ndi miyambo ya chipembedzo cha chikhalidwe wakale. Komanso tisaiwale ntchito geniuses ena zolembalemba, amene maganizo kuti mafundewo Orthodox adali maganizo. Tikuyankhula zokhudza Blok, L. Tolstoy, Alexander Pushkin, ndi zina zotero. Mu zilandiridwenso kunachokera ndi chidindo kukoma izo zikusonyeza Orthodox mizu. Inu simungakhoze Musaiwale amakayikira Ivan Turgenev. Mu ntchito yake umaimiridwa ndi chifanizo cha chiyero anthu "Mphamvu moyo". Komanso chidwi chachikulu Russian luso chikhalidwe cha nthawi. Ichi ndi chithunzi cha K. Petrov-Vodkin, Vrubel, M. Nesterov. Magwero a zinthu bodza mu Orthodox chizindikiro-kupenta. Ancient mpingo kuimba anali chodabwitsa chapadera cha mbiri ya chikhalidwe nyimbo. Komanso zikhoza kuganiziridwa kenako zatsopano ndi Rachmaninov, Tchaikovsky ndi wotchedwa Dmitry Bortniansky.

zopereka Major

Russian chikhalidwe cha 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20, odzipereka zomwe yabwino ya anthu ena ndi mayiko. Komabe, iye sanataye umunthu wawo. Komanso amakhudza kwambiri pa chitukuko cha mbewu zina. Koma mbiri ya anthu a ku Ulaya, iwo anasiya chizindikiro ndithu. Choyamba, tikulankhula za Russian achipembedzo. Inakhalapo mchikakamizo cha Kumadzulo. Nawonso Azungu European anakopeka ndi zachipembedzo komanso nzeru. Izi zimaonekera makamaka zoyambirira za XX atumwi. Chochititsa chidwi chopereka kwa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe Russian apanga ntchito za M. Bakunin, Berdyaev, Florensky, S. Bulgakov, Vladimir Solovyov, komanso ena ambiri. Tisaiwale za "chaka mkuntho akhumi". Tikulankhula za kutsogolera amphamvu chitukuko cha chikhalidwe Russian. World nkhondo II ndi inextricably zogwirizana ndi kukula kwa chikumbumtima dziko ndi mapangidwe "Decembrists". Komanso bwanji Russian chikhalidwe mwambo. Belinsky analemba kuti chaka Agwedeza dziko lonse, pamene analimbikitsa kunyada dziko ndi chikumbumtima.

Features za ndondomeko mbiri

mayendedwe ake anali chimaonekadi zolimira. Ichi ndi chifukwa zinthu zakumwamba. Pachimake zosiyanasiyana minda zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe. Izi zimaonekera makamaka sayansi. Izo komanso ndi kobvuta ndi ndondomeko chikhalidwe yokha. Iwo taonera mogwirizana kwambiri pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana. Makamaka zimenezi zikugwira ntchito nyimbo, mabuku, nthano ndi zina zotero. Komanso tisaiwale kuti njira itakula wa zimachitika pakati pa zinthu constituent chikhalidwe cha dziko. Ndi mbali nduna za izo, zomwe mbamphedza boma, ndipo dera misa (ie wowerengeka mapangidwe). Yotsirizira amachokera ku matumbo a East Asilavo mabungwe mafuko. wosanjikiza Izi unapangidwa Lazaro wakale. Iye kwathunthu wakhalapo m'mbiri yonse ya dzikolo. Pankhani chikhalidwe subsoil mwalamulo boma, pali unkagwiritsidwa pamaso pa "elitist" stratum. Iye anali kalasi olamulira. Izi kwenikweni chikutanthauza yachifumu ndi anthu apamwamba. wosanjikiza Izi zakhala amalabadira kwambiri ena luso. Mu nkhani iyi, m'pofunika kutchula kupenta chikondi Ivanov, K. Bryullov, V. Tropinin, A. Kiprensky ndi ojambula zithunzi zina kudziwika kwa m'ma XIX.

Ziphunzitso za m'ma XVIII

Mu zoyambirira zinaoneka luntha wamba. Pakutha zaka zana anaima ina gulu chikhalidwe. Ndi Dziko la anzeru a. Panali andakatulo, oimba, mapulani ndi amisiri. Ngati kumayambiriro a zaka zana otsogolera a anzeru apamwamba, kumapeto - wamba. The zikuchokera wosanjikiza izi zinayamba kuyenda anachokera Amaya. Izi makamaka anamva bwanji pambuyo chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Ndi wamba ankanyamula oimira ophunzira a bourgeoisie demokalase ndi owolowa manja. Kunali kosatheka kuti iwo a amazikonda anthu otchuka. M'malo mwake, iwo amaoneka kuti akhale osawuka, amalonda, bourgeoisie zazing'ono ndi bureaucracy. Ndipo izi n'zimene anthu amapereka mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri chikhalidwe Russian, monga chiyambi cha demokalase ake m'Baibulo. Kwenikweni awo ndi atsogoleri ophunzira si mamembala a magulu mwayi. Komabe, otsogolera akadali anali nawo. Kuwonjezera chiwerengero cha asayansi, analemba, akatswiri a zojambulajambula, olemba ndakatulo ndi wa anthu wamba. Makamaka ndi zolembedwa serfs, ndipo makamaka osiyanasiyana monga wamba.

Zipatso za XIX atumwi

Art chikhalidwe Russian akupitiriza kukhala. Literature amakhala mwini ulamuliro wake. Choyamba, apa unakopedwa mwapang'onopang'ono kumasulidwa mfundo. Ndipotu, ambiri a ntchito za nthawi ndizodzazidwa ndi kuyitana chosintha nkhondowo, komanso timabuku ndale. Pamavuta tanthauzo lalikulu la chikhalidwe Russian. Iye kwambiri anauziridwa ndi achinyamata patsogolo. Zinaoneka ulamuliro wa mzimu wa kulimbana ndi chitsutso. Iye atagonjetsa ntchito za olemba pang'onopang'ono. Choncho, mabuku ndi limodzi mwa magulu ambiri yogwira anthu. Inu mukhoza kutenga Mwachitsanzo, wolemera dziko upamwamba ndi kupanga kufanizitsa kwa chikhalidwe Russian. Ngakhale pa maziko ake mabuku Mu zaka zapitazo, yaima ndi chodabwitsa chapadera. Tolstovsky Pushkinian ndakatulo ndi prose angatchedwe chozizwitsa. Yasnaya Polyana unali likulu aluntha a ngozi.

Athandiza Pushkin

Ndi zovuta kunena kodi chikhalidwe cha Russia popanda iye. Pushkin - woyambitsa wa Kuzindikira Russian. Wokwanira kukumbukira, "Evgeniya Onegina". buku ili mu vesi dzina lake wotchuka wotsutsa Buku la moyo Russian. Ndi chimaonetsera Kuzindikira ntchito za mwapang'ono. Palinso chitsanzo chapadera cha kukuchititsa zimenezi akhoza zimachitika buku mabuku "Dubrovsky", "Mwanawe The Captain wa," sewero "Boris Godunov." Pankhani tanthauzo lonse la Pushkin, izo inextricably zogwirizana ndi nzeru za mwambo wa mtengo chilengedwe chimene chakhala zidalengedwa mwa iye. Iye chinabweretsa Chekhov zolembalemba, Tolstoy, Dostoevsky, Turgenev, Gogol, Lermontov. Iye anakhala mfundo zonse kunachitika chikhalidwe Russian. Komanso, msewu uwu ndi yofunika kwambiri kukula mwauzimu anthu.

chopereka Lermontov a

Iwo angatchedwe m'malo achinyamata ndi moyo m'nthawi ya Pushkin. Woyamba ndi kuunikila "Hero Nthawi". N'kosatheka kuona consonance ake ndi buku "Eugene Onegin". Pakali pano, "Hero Nthawi" - pamwamba Kuzindikira Lermontov a. ntchito yake akuimira chimbuzi cha kusanduka poslepushkinskogo nthawi ndakatulo. Ndiyamika njira atsopano chitukuko cha prose Russian anatseguka. Byron Timagalasi - waukulu zokongoletsa chikhomo. Russian chikondi anthu azikhala imasonyeza kukhalako kwa mwambo wa Titanic zikhumbo. Komanso kuno akhoza zimachitika m'nyimbo akuti ndi umphawi wadzaoneni, amene pamodzi amalingalira aumunthu. Choncho, zimaonekeratu kuti kukoka Lermontov ndakatulo ndakatulo, chikondi ndi ballad. A malo apadera izi ndicho chikondi. Komanso musaiwale za "dialectics zakukhosi" - Lermontov njira ya kusanthula maganizo, zomwe zinathandiza kuti mabuku wotsatira.

Gogol kafukufuku

ntchito yake zachitika motsogozedwa mitundu ya chikondi cha Kuzindikira. zolengedwa Gogol akhala anabweretsa kwambiri kutukula mabuku Russian. Mwachitsanzo, tenga "madzulo pa Farm pafupi Dikanka". Apa ophatikizidwa mfundo ya Ukraine - mtundu wa Asilavo Ancient Rome. Iye ali ngati Africa yense pa mapu a chilengedwe chonse. Dikanka - pakati wapachiyambi, malo a tsogolo dziko ndi abwino auzimu. Komanso, Gogol anayambitsa "sukulu chachibadwidwe". Ndi Kuzindikira yovuta. chikhalidwe Russian kwa zaka za m'ma 20 zinali zodzaza ndi kuzindikira lonse la Gogol. Kuyambira pamene anakhala udakali kukula mbali ya dziko patsogolo zolembalemba. ntchito yake ali kwambiri nthanthi osiyanasiyana, amene amaimira pang'onopang'ono.

chopereka Tolstoy a

ntchito yake wanzeru kuliganizira wapadera. Ilo linali gawo latsopano mu chitukuko cha dziko ndi Russian Kuzindikira. Choyamba, ndi kupereka mphamvu ndi zachilendo wa zilandiridwenso Tolstoy a. Iwo kwambiri ankadalira mizu demokalase cha ntchito zake, Pofunafuna khalidwe ndi dziko chikumbu mtima. Kuzindikira Tolstoy chimasiyanitsa oona wapadera. Komanso ndikofunikira kuonetsetsa mukamamasuka nawo ndi kuwauza ndi kudzipereka kwa kamvekedwe. Chotsatira ndi lakuthwa zotsutsana chikhalidwe ndi kudziwika juggernaut. "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" - chodabwitsa wapadera mu dziko ndi mabuku Russian. Ichi ndi chinthu wapadera luso Tolstoy. Ndi kuphatikiza wanzeru wa Mipikisano asanaganize epic "murals" ndi buku maganizo m'njira chachikulu. Mbali yoyamba ya ntchito linasindikizidwa kalekale. mibadwo ingapo owerenga kwa nthawi ino. Komabe, "Nkhondo ndi Mtendere" ndi mankhwala apakhungu kwa mibadwo yonse. Yu Nagibin, wolemba yamakono otchedwa ntchito iyi ndi mnzake wosatha wa munthu. Iwo ali odzipereka kwa nkhondo zoopsa za m'ma XIX. Iwo ananena mfundo khalidwe la kupambana kwa moyo pana imfa. Russian chikhalidwe cha m'ma 20 pakupereka tanthauzo kwambiri.

Dostoevsky kafukufuku

Mpaka chidwi ndi Titanic chikhalidwe chawo. Dostoevsky ndi lalikulu Russian wolemba. Kafukufuku khalidwe osiyana ku Tolstoy. Choyamba, uyu akuwonekera, pakalibe kusanthula tinthu tating'ono. Kuti ndi kufotokoza za zomwe zikuchitika kumeneko. Tiyenera "kupita mobisa". Basi kotero inu mukhoza kuwona zomwe zikuchitika. Chifukwa ichi pali mwayi kudzipenda. Dostoevsky anali ndi luso kwambiri, umene unali malowedwe mu akamanena za moyo wa munthu. Chifukwa, iwo anapatsidwa kufotokoza nihilism ano. Mtima umenewu wa mumtima amanenedwa kwa iwo atumwiwa. Owerenga akadali ooneka zosamvetsetseka molondola ndi akuya. Koma nihilism zakale, anali inextricably zogwirizana ndi Epicureanism ndi wosakhazikika. abwino wake ndi kupanda mantha mfulu. Komanso amatanthauza kukwaniritsa mtendere wa mumtima kwa vicissitudes chuma.

Dzina lake Aleksandr Makedonsky kamodzi chidwi nihilism la India wakale. Kumverera chimodzimodzi ndi malo ake. Ngati ife kuganizira maganizo nzeru zaumunthu, ndi chinachake chofanana ndi udindo wa Pyrrho wa Elis. Chifukwa ndi opanda amalingalira. Koma Nagarjuna, ndiye, chifukwa iye ndi otsatira ake nihilism anali pakhomo la chipembedzo.

Modern kwa osiyana ochepa akale. maziko zake ndi chikhulupiriro chaluntha. Ndi osati dziko odalitsika a equanimity kapena nzeru zaumunthu dispassion. M'malo mwake, ndi kulephera kukhala ndi kutsatira. Izi si nzeru, koma vuto lauzimu.

Magawo yaikulu ya heyday luso loimba

XIX m'ma katswiri tima kukula mabuku. Pamodzi ndi kuwala kunaoneka Russian chikhalidwe nyimbo. Choncho anali limodzi ndi mabuku. Choncho, Russian luso chikhalidwe Polemeretsedwa intensively. Anaonekera zithunzi zatsopano. Yabwino zokongoletsa za Rimsky-Korsakov ndi maziko a luso lake loimba. Wangwiro luso kufunika mtheradi iye. masewero a wake ndizodzazidwa ndi zithunzi za dziko vysokopoeticheskogo. Izi zikusonyeza momveka bwino kuti luso kumakhudza wapawiri. Iwo amasintha ndipo amagonjetsa munthu. Rimsky-Korsakov, nchito imeneyi luso chikugwirizana ndi lingaliro lake la njira ungwiro m'makhalidwe. Izi inextricably zogwirizana ndi mwambo wa chikondi watero-Man Mlengi. Iye nawo nkhondo ndi zilakolako zosakwanira zakale. nyimbo iyi wodzikweza anthu onse. cholinga chake - kudzapulumutsa ku "mayesero yoipa" amene ali chibadidwe m'nthawi bourgeois. Ichi ndi mtengo wina wa chikhalidwe Russian. Zikomo phindu anthu ake ndipo anaphunziranso kwambiri chandamale boma. Zilandiridwenso Tchaikovsky anapanga zopereka kwambiri ukuyenda bwino chikhalidwe dziko nyimbo. Iye walemba ntchito zambiri zabwino. The sewero la "Eugene Onegin" anali wa khalidwe experimental. Komanso, wolemba akumasulira ngati "zithunzi m'nyimbo". Chikhalidwe nzeru za opera ndi kusonyeza mabuku atsopano patsogolo.

Russian chikhalidwe cha m'ma 20

Tikumbukenso kuti kumayambiriro kwa XIX-XX zaka. mu dziko muli zochitika zovuta zakale ndi andale. Ndi chifukwa iwo kuti chikhalidwe Russian m'zaka za m'ma 20, ndipo amatilimbikitsa zosiyanasiyana ndi malangizo. Iye anapeza mumaganiza latsopano, yomwe inkafuna kutanthauzira akuwuka mavuto ndi makhalidwe abwino. Izo ziyenera kuti pa chiyambi cha XX m'ma Russia linali dziko ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu osaphunzira. dongosolo la maphunziro nakhala magawo atatu: chapamwamba, pakati, ndi koyamba. Development wa chiyambi mochedwa chifukwa kanthu gulu la demokalase. Motero, sukulu inayamba kutuluka mtundu kusinthidwa. Russian chikhalidwe cha 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20 anali ndi chikoka chachikulu pa chitukuko cha maphunziro ndi kuonjezera kulemba. Pakati pa antchito maphunziro apamwamba tisaiwale magulu maphunziro ndi maphunziro, komanso kunyumba za anthu. Russian chikhalidwe cha 19 mochedwa - m'ma 20 kwakhudza osati moyo mwa boma komanso kunja.