Maria Bochkareva. battalion akazi a imfa. Tsarist Russia. nkhani

Mkazi uyu chodabwitsa amayenda nthano ambiri, zimakhala zovuta kunena motsimikizira kotheratu zoona nanga zopeka. Koma amadziwika kuti m'mphawi wosalira zambiri koma pa mapeto a moyo kulemba ndi kuwerenga, King George V pa omvetsera payekha amatchedwa "Russian Joan waku Arc" ndi pulezidenti American WOODROW Wilson ulemu analandira mu White House. dzina lake - Bochkarova Mariya Leontevna. Tsoka wakonzera iye ndi mwayi waukulu wokhala mkazi woyamba kapitawo wa asilikali a Russian.

Childhood, wachinyamata, ndi chikondi

Akazi Battalion heroine tsogolo anabadwa mu m'mphawi banja m'mudzi wa chigawo St. Nicholas Novgorod. Iye anali mwana wachitatu wa makolo ake. Iwo ankakhala ku dzanja kukamwa ndi mwanjira bwino mavuto awo, anasamukira ku Siberia kumene boma zaka anapezerapo dongosolo lothandiza pokhala. Koma ziyembekezo sanali kukumana ndipo akufuna kugulitsa owonjezera kutali ndi ogula Mariya anakwatiwa oyambirira sakondedwa munthu, ndipo pambali, ngakhale ataledzera. Kuchokera kwa iye ndipo anapita dzina lake - Bochkareva.

Posachedwapa mtsikana adagawana muyaya zokhumudwitsa kuti mwamuna wake ndi kuyamba moyo kwaulere. Zinali ndiye kuti anakumana chikondi chake oyamba ndi otsiriza mu moyo. Mwatsoka, anthu Mary mnzake unlucky: ngati woyamba anali chidakwa, chachiwiri chinali wawachifwamba kwambiri weniweni amene anatenga gawo idzaperekedwa pamodzi ndi gulu la "hunghutz" - ochokera China ndi Manchuria. Koma iwo amati, chikondi choyipa ... dzina lake Yankel (Yakobo) mumamera. Kenaka anagwidwa ndi akumuperekeza ku bwalo mu Yakutsk, Mariya Bochkarova namtsata Iye, monga akazi a Decembrists.

Koma wosimidwa Yankel anali incorrigible ndipo ngakhale kuthetsa ankasakidwa kugula waba katundu, ndipo akuba ina. Kupulumutsa wokonda ake m'ndende zina, Maria anakakamizika cede kuvutitsidwa a kazembe m'deralo, koma iye sakanakhoza kupulumuka kusintha amakakamizidwa - anayesa kuipsa iye. Yatha nkhani ya chikondi chake chisoni mumamera kuphunzira zimene zinachitika kutentha kwa nsanje, iye anafuna kupha kazembeyo. Iye ankayesa ndipo anatumiza pansi kuperekezedwa ndi malo a phe akumidzi. More Maria anali atamuwona.

Kutsogolo ndi chilolezo la Mfumu

Uthenga wa mliri wa First World nkhondo anachititsa anthu Russian sikunachitekepo kukonda dziko lako kuchuluka. Kutsogolo watumiza zikwi ongodzipereka. Mwachitsanzo awo Pambuyo ndi Maria Bochkareva. Nkhani ya gulu lake asilikali ndi zachilendo kwambiri. Popeza analankhula mu November 1914 ku malo mkulu battalion amene anali Tomsk, izo anakanidwa ndi malangizo nditaona kupempha kwa munthu wa mfumu. Mosiyana ndi mkulu kuyembekezera battalion, iye anachita kulemba pempho kwa Mfumu. Ine ndikulingalira anadabwa aliyense pamene patapita kanthawi anafika ayankhe zabwino ndi kusainidwa ndi Nicholas II.

Patapita maphunziro mwachidule mu February 1915, Maria Bochkareva ndi kutsogolo monga wamba wantchito msilikali - anali ndi udindo wapamwamba asilikali zaka. Kuchitsatira mlandu nezhenskoe, mofanana ndi amuna mopanda mantha anayenda kuukira mpeni, anatulutsa wa moto, ndi ovulala anasonyeza ungwazi woona. Apa izo dzina Yasha, iye anasankha yekha kukumbukira wake wokondedwa - Yakove Buke. Mu moyo wake kunali amuna awiri - mwamuna wake ndi wokonda ake. Kuchokera choyamba anakhalabe dzina, wachiwiri - dzina lakuti.

Pamene March 1916 mkulu kampani anaphedwa, Mary, amene anatenga malo ake, anauka omenyana mu zolawula, amene anakhala koopsya kwa mdani. Chifukwa cholimba mtima Bochkareva anali kupereka kwa George Cross ndi mendulo atatu, ndipo posakhalitsa zinabala mu junior alonda sanali analamula. Kukhala pa mzere kutsogolo, mobwerezabwereza wovulalayo, koma anakhalabe mu zigawo, ndipo okha ndi bala mu ntchafu anatsogolera Mariya kuchipatala kumene iye anagona kwa miyezi inayi.

Chirengedwe cha loyamba mu mbiri ya Battalion ya Amayi

Kubwerera ku malo a Mary Bochkarev - George Knight ndipo anazindikira womenya - anagwira Regiment wake mu mkhalidwe kuwonongeka. Pamene ine kulibe ake panali pa February utasintha, ndipo misonkhano wosatha anali mwa asilikali alternated fraternization ndi "Germany". Kwambiri sankasangalala ndi ichi, Mariya anali kufunafuna mpata Zimene zikuchitika. Atangochoka iyi inali kuperekedwa.

Chifukwa chochita misonkhano yokopa kutsogolo anafika wapampando wa Komiti wogwirizira wa State Duma Rodzianko. Ndi thandizo lake, Bochkareva kumayambiriro March anali mu Petrograd, komwe anayamba nthaŵi yaitali loto lake - chilengedwe mayunitsi lankhondo la akazi zosonyeza kukonda anthu odzipereka amene ali okonzeka chitetezo cha Mama. Kuchita zimenezi zili ndi Nduna ya nkhondo ya Provisional boma Alexander Kerensky ndi Mtsogoleri Wamkulu General Brusilov.

Poyankha kuitana kwa Marii Bochkarovoy zoposa zikwi ziwiri Russia akufuna awo m'manja kuti ndikhale wa kwaiye. Ndi kuchilingalira chakuti mbali yaikulu ya iwo anaphunzira akazi - ophunzira omaliza maphunziro a Bestuzhev maphunziro, ndi wachitatu wa iwo anali ndi sukulu ya sekondale. zizindikiro chonchi pa nthawi imene sanathe popitilira wagawo iliyonse munthu mmodzi. Pakati pa "troopers mantha" - chili kwa iwo dzina - anali oimira amayendedwe onse a moyo - kuchokera wamba apamwamba atavala loudest ndi otchuka mayina Russian.

Mkulu wa battalion ndi akazi Maria Bochkareva anakhazikitsa mwa atumiki chitsulo chilango ndi okhwima subordination. Kukwera anali asanu m'mawa, ndipo tsiku lonse mpaka teni koloko madzulo anadzazidwa ndi maphunziro wosatha, linasokonekera yekha ndi lalifupi zina. akazi ambiri, makamaka mabanja olemera, akuyesetsa kuti azolowere losavuta msilikali chakudya ndi chizolowezi zovuta. Koma izo sizinali za iwo vuto lalikulu.

Amadziwika kuti posachedwapa dzina la Kazembe Wamkulu anayamba Kulandila madandaulo za mwano ndi mwankhanza ya Bochkareva. Ngakhale akulozera mfundo omenyerapo. Komanso, Mary kunali koletsedwa kuonekera mu malo battalion agitators ndale zake, oimira mabungwe zipani zosiyanasiyana ndipo uwu ndi kuphwanya mwachindunji kuti wokhazikitsidwa ndi February zisinthe. Chifukwa wosakhutira ambiri mazana awiri ndi makumi asanu "troopers mantha" unachoka Bochkareva ndipo anagwirizana kuti nyumba ina.

Kutumiza kutsogolo

Ndipo adadza kwa nthawi yaitali tsiku pamene June 21, 1917 pa lalikulu kutsogolo kwa Cathedral St. Isaac pa confluence a zikwi za anthu latsopano wagawo asilikali analandira nkhondo mbendera. Pa lidalembedwa: "The woyamba wamkazi timu Marii Bochkarovoy imfa." Nkosafuna kunena mmene chisangalalo zambiri anakumana mbuye mokondwera ataimirira pambali mu yunifolomu latsopano? Madzulo a wake chopatsika udindo wa kapitawo chilolezo, ndi Maria - woyamba kapitawo wamkazi wa asilikali a Russian - anali ndi zifukwa zomveka heroine wa tsiku.

Koma iyi ndi mbali ya maholide onse - kusintha moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. M'malo mapwando mu Cathedral St. Isake anadza imvi osati chikondi ngalande moyo. Young kumbuyo kwa Lathu anakumana ndi chowonadi umene ndinalibe lingaliro patsogolo. Iwo anali m'gulu la oipa ndiponso makhalidwe achinyengo misa msilikali. Bochkareva iye amanditcha asilikali "mosadziletsa Shantrapa" mu Maulendo Ake. Kuteteza akazi chiwawa nkotheka, anali kuima pafupi nyumba ya nthawi.

Komabe, pambuyo opaleshoni yoyamba ankhondo, zomwe panafika battalion Marii Bochkarovoy, "asilikali mantha", kusonyeza mtima woyenera ankhondo weniweni, amakakamizidwa kuchitira nokha ndi ulemu. Izi zinachitika m'masiku oyambirira a July 1917 mu Smorganyu. Pambuyo zozizwitsa, chotero chiyambi ngakhale odana wamkazi nawo mayunitsi mu maudani, monga General A. I. Kornilov, anakakamizika kusintha maganizo ake.

Hospital ku Petrograd ndipo anayendera mayunitsi latsopano

battalion akazi anamenyana pa mawu ofanana ndi madipatimenti ena onse ndipo ngati iwo kuitenga lapansi. Popeza mwakhalapo mu umodzi wa nkhondo imene inachitika pa July 9, concussion kwambiri, Maria Bochkareva anatumidwa chithandizo Petrograd. Pamene iye pa yakutsogolo likulu Anthu ambiri anayamba anayamba akazi ake kukonda dziko lako kuyenda. Latsopano battalions inakhazikitsidwa, n'zochititsatu zokometsera zaufulu wa Dziko Lathu.

Pamene Bochkareva nane kuchipatala, dongosolo la yemwenso Mtsogoleri Wamkulu L. Kornilov, iye anauzidwa kuti afufuze mayunitsi. zotsatira zinali zokhumudwitsa kwambiri. Palibe battalion sanali nkhondowo-wokonzeka unit chokwanira. Komabe, vuto la chosintha chipwirikiti analamulira ku likulu, nkomwe kuloledwa kukwaniritsa pa nthawi yochepa zabwino ndiponso anafunika ndi ichi.

Posachedwa Maria Bochkareva anabwerera wagawo wake. Koma kuyambira nthawi imeneyo Changu ake gulu penapake utakhazikika pansi. Iye wagwiritsa ananena kuti anakhumudwa akazi kupitiriza osaganizira n'koyenera kuwatengera kutsogolo - ". Wachikazi ndi n'ngoliralira" Zikuoneka kuti Kumvetsela zofuna zake zinali kwambiri mkulu, ndipo ilo linali mphamvu izo - mkulu wa asilikali, ndi kupitirira maluso a akazi wamba. Cavalier Cross wa St. George, Maria Bochkareva anali ndi ndiye ankalimbikitsa ku Mulingo wa mkulu.

Features za "Battalion Amayi Imfa"

Popeza mibadwo ya zotchulidwa pa malowedwe athu kwa yanthaŵi wotchuka wa chitetezo nyumba yogonamo lotsiriza la Provisional Government (Zima Palace), ayenera, ndiponso zimene kwenikweni pa nthawi imene gulu lankhondo, amene amalenga Maria Bochkareva. "Battalion Amayi Imfa" - choncho anaganiza kuzitcha izo - malinga ndi lamulo, iye ankaona ngati ankapoperamo palokha usilikali ndipo anali ofanana udindo kwa Regiment lapansi.

Chiwerengero cha asilikali akazi anali chikwi. Alonda kwathunthu anamaliza kwa anthu, onse amene anali odziwa atsogoleri amene anapambana amadzibisa wa First World nkhondo. Battalion anaima pa Levashovo siteshoni kumene koyenera kuti ndondomeko za pa ntchito zinalengedwa. Malo gawo anali m'gulu zoletsedwa mabodza ndi chipani chilichonse ntchito.

battalion sanali kukhala ndi apamaliro ndyale. Kusankhidwa Wake unapangidwa kuteteza dziko adani achilendo, ndi kupewa m'nkhondo mkati ndale. Battalion mkulu anali, monga tatchulazi, Maria Bochkareva. Wambiri ndi limodzi kuchokera mawonekedwe nkhondo. M'dzinja onse ambulansi kuyembekezera anatumiza kutsogolo, koma palibe chimene chinachitika.

Kutetezedwa kwa Zima Palace

Mwadzidzidzi, tinalandira lamulo mmodzi wa mayunitsi a battalion kuti afike pa October 24 Petrograd kutenga nawo mbali pa perete lapansi. Ndipotu, iyo inali chabe chochitira kukopa "akazi asilikali" kuteteza Zima Palace kuyambira chiyambi cha ntchito zida za Bolsheviks. Pa nthawi imeneyo, asilikali yachifumu inkakhala mayunitsi anamwazikana wa Cossacks ndi cadets sukulu zosiyanasiyana usilikali ndipo sanena chilichonse mphamvu kwambiri usilikali.

Akazi anafika ndipo anaika mu malo kanthu kwa zogona kale achifumu, analangiza chitetezo kum'mwera kum'mawa phiko la nyumbayi kwa Palace Square. Pa tsiku loyamba adakhoza kulikankhira kumuwombera Red ndi kulanda utsogoleri wa Nicholas Bridge. Koma tsiku lotsatira, 25 October, nyumba yachifumu ya kwathunthu atazunguliridwa ndi asilikali a Komiti Chiwukirano usilikali, ndipo posakhalitsa kuwombera anayamba. Kuchokera nthawi imeneyi, zokometsera wa Zima Palace, osafuna kufa boma wogwirizira, anayamba kuchoka m'malo awo.

The cadet woyamba Michael sukulu, ndipo iwo inatsatana ndi Cossacks. Akazi unachitikira motalikitsa ndi khumi okha koloko parlimentaire madzulo anatumiza mawu kugonja ndi pempho kuti tizimasule ku nyumba yachifumu. Iwo anapatsidwa mwayi kupita, koma ndi Kusiya mokwanira. Patapita kanthawi mkazi wagawo pa mphamvu zonse anaikidwa mu nyumba ya Pavlovsky Regiment wa malo, ndiyeno anatumiza kwa malo analamula awo okhazikika Levashovo.

Kulanda mphamvu ndi Bolsheviks ndi zochitika wotsatira

Pambuyo pa October zokhumba zida anaganiza kuthetsa battalion akazi. Komabe, kubwerera ku nyumba zawo zinali zoopsa kwambiri yunifolomu. Gwiritsani ntchito "Komiti ya Public Safety" akuchita Petrograd akazi anakwanitsa kufika zovala wamba ndipo mwa njira imeneyi kuti kunyumba kwawo.

Mwamtheradi kuti pamene zochitika, amene tinakambirana, Bochkarova Mariya Leontevna anali kutsogolo ndipo palibe okhudzidwa amawaganizira sanamvere. Zimenezi zalembedwa bwino. Komabe, chosasunthika nthano zimene iye analamula amateteza wa Zima Palace. Ngakhale wotchuka Eisenstein filimu filimu "October" mu mmodzi wa anthu a mosavuta anapeza njira zake.

Tsoka zina za mkazi uyu akupita zovuta. Pamene Civil nkhondo inayamba, Russian Zhanna Mdima - Maria Bochkareva - inali kwenikweni wagwidwa crossfire lapansi. Amveka za ulamuliro wake pakati pa asilikali ndi luso nkhondowo, awiri chikumenyana mbali anayesera kubweretsa Mary m'maudindo awo. Poyamba, mu Smolny oimira akuluakulu a boma latsopanolo (m'mawu ake, Lenin ndi Trotsky) kukopa mkazi kuti atenge lamulo la mmodzi wa mayunitsi Red Alonda.

Ndiye Marushevsky ambiri amene adalamulira asilikali White Alonda kumpoto kwa dziko, anayesa kumukakamiza iye kugwirizana ndi kuwalangiza Bochkareva mapangidwe mayunitsi nkhondo. Koma nthawi zonse, iye anakana: chinthu chimodzi - kulimbana ndi akunja ndi kuteteza Mama, ndipo pagona - kukweza dzanja motsutsa compatriot. chokana ake anali categorical mwamtheradi, umene Mary pafupifupi anataya ufulu wake - kunakhumudwitsa ambiri analamula kuti amumange ake, koma mwamwayi, walowa ndi ogwirizana English.

Mary ulendo kutsidya kwa nyanja

Komanso ndi mapeto amatenga mosayembekezereka - Potsatira pempho la General Kornilov, Bochkareva cholinga cha kampeni ati America ndi England. Paulendo uwu, iye anapita, atavala mtundu wa anamwino, ndi kukhala nazo zikalata zabodza. Kukhulupirira, koma imeneyi wamba mkazi, sadzachitanso amadziwa kuwerenga ndi kulemba, ndiye woyenera kwambiri motsatira okha chakudya pa White House, kumene iye anapempha kuti Tsiku America wodzilamulira, Pulezidenti Wilson. Ine sindinadandaule kuti ndi omvera anam'patsa King George V. Mu BUCKINGHAM Dvorets Mariya anafika ku yunifolomu kapitawo ndi mphoto onse ankhondo. Icho chinali English mfumu otchedwa Russian Joan ake a Arc.

Mafunso onse adamfunsa atsogoleri a State Bochkarev, anapeza wovuta kuyankha chimodzi chokha: pakuti ofiira kapena oyera? Funso sichinali chomveka kwa iye. Kwa Mariya ndi iwo onse anali abale, ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni anachititsa chisoni chachikulu mu izo. Pamene anali ku America Bochkareva malinga mmodzi wa kwawo Russian kukumbutsidwa, umene lolembedwa ndi lofalitsidwa pansi udindo "Yasha" - dzina lakuti Bochkareva frontline. bukhu lofalitsidwa mu 1919 ndipo nthawi yomweyo anakhala bestseller.

Ntchito lomaliza

Posakhalitsa, Mary anabwerera ku Russia, anavutika ndi nkhondo yapachiweniweni. mabodza ake ntchito izo chitakwaniritsidwa, koma kutenga zida ndinakanitsitsa, zimene zinachititsa kuti yopuma mu kugona ndi lamulo la Angelo kutsogolo. kulemekezedwa wakale wachangu m'malo ndi chiweruzo ozizira. zokumana zokhudzana zinachititsa kuti maganizo, linanena bungwe limene Maria anali kuyesera kupeza mowa. Iye anagwa kwambiri, ndi lamulo kuti am'patse kuchokera kutsogolo ndi kumbuyo kwa mzinda wa Tomsk.

Apa Bochkareva ankapita kwa nthawi yotsiriza kutumikira Lathu - pambuyo zokopa Mkulu wa asilikali A. V. Kolchaka izo anavomera kupanga kumuwombera mongodzipereka ambulansi. Kulankhula pamaso pa khamu la anthu pa nthawi yochepa, Maria ali anakwanitsa kukopa anthu ongodzipereka oposa mazana awiri mabungwe ake. Koma isanayambike mofulumira wofiira amasiya kubweretsa nkhani imeneyi kumapeto.

Moyo anakhala nthano

Pamene Tomsk anagwidwa ndi Bolsheviks, Bochkareva mwaufulu anaonekera mu ofesi commandant ndi m'manja zida zawo. Kuyambira kupereka zake za mgwirizano, boma latsopano anakana. Patapita nthawi, iye anamangidwa ndipo anatumizidwa ku Krasnoyarsk. Ofufuza za Gawo Special anasokonezeka ngati kuti amuonetse choneneza iliyonse kunali kovuta - Maria sanali kutenga mbali pankhondo yolimbana ndi Maonekedwe osiyanasiyana. Koma vuto lake, iye anafika mu mzinda wa Moscow, kazembe mkulu wa dipatimenti wapadera wa Cheka IP Pavlunovsky - yosamveka ndi opanda chifundo wakupha. Popanda kulowerera mu akamanena za nkhaniyi, iye anapereka kuti - kuwombera, chidachitika yomweyo. Marii Bochkarovoy imfa zinachitika May 16, 1919.

Koma moyo wa mayi lodabwitsali zinali zachilendo kuti wafunsira nthano zambiri za imfa yake. Sizikudziwika pamene manda a Marii Leontevny Bochkarovoy, ndipo izi wafunsira mphekesera zoti iye pang'onong'ono kuphedwa ndiponso ankakhala pansi dzina ankaganiza mpaka mapeto a makumi anai a. Pali nkhani ina zosazolowereka kwaiye imfa yake.

Bukuli lili ndi funso lakuti: "Kodi Mary Bochkarev kuwombera?" Chifukwa mirandu mwachindunji iye silikanapereka. Poyankha, nthano wina akunena kuti mtima Yasha anabisala Tomsk American golide ndipo anakana kuulula kumene iye Bolsheviks. Pali zingapo nkhani zosaneneka. Koma nthano waukulu zoona, Mariya Bochkareva, yonena amene akanatha kukhala chiwembu buku yosangalatsa.