Chilamulo cha spikelets (lamulo "7-8"). Amapanga njala mu USSR, okhudzidwa ndi za Holodomor

Kutsimikizira nkhanza ndi wamagazi Soviet boma akatswiri kuti ntchito ngati mkangano chilamulo "pa spikelets atatu". Malinga ndi ena olemba, lamulo limeneli anali mwachindunji umalimbana ndi chiwonongeko cha anthu wamba a. Komabe, mu ntchito ofufuza ndipo amaona mosiyana zinthu.

ziganizo Features

Mu zaka za Stalinist kupondereza zinthu RSFSR Wachifwamba Code. Kusonyeza zilango zosiyanasiyana pa milandu yosiyanasiyana. Udindo kuba azungu anali yaing'ono, mungathe kunena kuti chophiphiritsa. Mwachitsanzo, kuba katundu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira luso ndi wopanda kuipitsidwa ndi anthu ena kwa nthawi yoyamba envisaged ntchito yokakamiza kapena m'ndende kwa miyezi 3. Ngati mchitidwewo anachita mobwerezabwereza kapena nkhani nkhanza ndi chuma chogwirika, zomwe ndi zofunika kwa woberedwa, chilango ntchito m'ndende kwa nyengo mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Kuba mobwerezabwereza kapena yofunika ntchito njira luso komanso ndi pangano asanayambe amayenera m'ndende mpaka chaka. The chilango chofanana anaopseza nkhani kuba anachita popanda anati zinthu pa wharves, okwerera sitima, mahotela, sitima ndi sitima. Kuba kwa anthu kapena Boma yosungiramo katundu, zapamwamba pogwiritsa ntchito njira luso kapena kuipitsidwa ndi anthu ena paudindo kapena kuumirizidwa mobwerezabwereza ntchito kwa chaka kapena kumangidwa kwa malita kwa 2. A chiganizo ofanana anafuna kuti anthu popanda kuchita mchitidwe mwachindunji zinthu ngati ali ndi mwayi wapadera kwa zinthu kapena kuwateteza, ndi pa madzi osefukira, moto kapena ngozi zina. Kuba makamaka lalikulu la anthu malo / boma ndi maofesi yosungirako, komanso ndi chikuonetseratu wapadera iwo, pogwiritsa ntchito njira luso kapena kuipitsidwa ndi zigawenga zina unafunika zaka 5 m'ndende. Monga mukuonera, chilango anali zofewa mokwanira, ngakhale pamene pali mavuto aakulu. Kumene, ziletso izi sanaleke akuba. vutolo kulimbikitsa mfundo yakuti mtundu watsopano wa chuma anali chifukwa cha collectivization - pagulu. Ndipotu, anakhalabe opanda chitetezo chilichonse malamulo.

lamulo 7-8

M'dziko panali vuto kuba. I. V. Stalin mu kalata Kaganovich kukangana kufunika kukondweretsa lamulo latsopano. Makamaka, analemba kuti masiku ano akhala kwambiri kawirikawiri kuba katundu m'sitima / sitima. kuwonongeka Akuti pa mamiliyoni ambiri rubles. Milandu ya kuba kolkhoz ndi katundu amandimvera. Kuba, malinga ndi kalata, bungwe ambiri anakhomerera ndi zinthu zina amene ankafuna kumasula dongosolo boma. Malinga ndi Code Wachifwamba, maphunziro awa ankatengedwa monga mbala wamba, analandira zaka 2-3 "ofunda" m'ndende. Zochita pambuyo 6-8 miyezi. iwo amnestied bwinobwino. I. V. Stalin anatchula kufunika kumangitsa udindo. Iye ananena kuti kuphatikizidwa zina kungachititse kuti mavuto aakulu kwambiri. Zotsatira zake zinali zochita za CEC ndi SNK pa August 7, 1932 ndi chilango kuba kwambiri omangika. Malinga ndi mchitidwe normative, kuti kuba kolkhoz ndi katundu amene mukupanga anapereka kwa zaka 10 m'ndende pamaso pa zochitika mitigating. Ngati yotsirizira zinakambidwa, Kwalamulidwa chilango chachikulu. Pakuti kuba amayenera anawomberedwa ndi katundu. Kufunika kufalitsa mchitidwe normative amachititsa kusakhazikika mu boma. anthu ambiri, okonda ndalama, anayesa mwa onse amatengerapo mwayi ndi kupanga akupeza kwambiri.

jurisprudence

Tikumbukenso kuti chilamulo "za spikelets atatu" (monga anaitanidwa ndi anthu) anayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri motentheka akuluakulu. Popeza chiyanjo yake January 1, 1933 anaweruzidwira:

1. Kuimfa - 3.5%.
2. Kwa zaka 10 - 60,3%.
3. Pasanathe Chilango chaukali analandira 36,2%.

Koma ziyenera kuti si ziganizo zonse imfa ananyongedwa Soviet Union. 1932 anali kumlingo nthawi iyambe ntchito ya lamulo latsopano. Akuluakulu General inagamulidwa mu 2686 analamulidwa kuti likulu. A ambiri zochita anali kumakhoti liniya zoyendera (812), ndi mabwalo a asilikali (208). Komabe, RSFSR Supreme Soviet anaikonzanso pafupifupi theka la ziganizo lapansi. CEC Presidium chikalata acquittals kwambiri. Monga Krylenko kujambula, Commissar of Justice, chiwerengero cha anthu anaphedwa Sichinatsitsidwe kuposa 1,000.

Nthawi

Pali funso ndithu zomveka: chifukwa Supreme Court anayamba kuonanso zosankha za makhoti m'munsi? Zimenezi zinachitika chifukwa chakuti yamasika, kutsatira lamulo la "spikelets atatu" anamva zina mpaka absurdity. Mwachitsanzo, chilango Chaukali akaweruzidwa wamba zitatu yodziwika ndi loya ngati chibakera, ndipo umene iwo zikalata - monga wamba pakati. Iwo anali okhudzidwa chifukwa adatenga bwato a zaulimi, ndi kupita kukawedza. chiganizo aakulu anali ndi akapolo monga banja lonse. Anthu analakwa chifukwa chimene iwo anali kusodza mtsinje umene unali pafupi yolima. chinthu china chotheka anapangidwa ndi nkhani ya mnyamata. Iye "dabbled ndi atsikana mu khola, potero kupangitsa nkhawa nkhumba a ulimi." Popeza chuma losonkhanitsidwa anali inviolable ndi wopatulika, woweruza alamulidwa mnyamatayo zaka 10 m'ndende "kwa vuto lake." Monga tanenera mu kapepala wake Wyszynski - wotchuka Loya wa nthawi - onse a milandu ankawaona oweruza ngati siudzalandilidwa ngathi lamulo la chuma pagulu, koma kwenikweni iwo sanali. Pa nthawi yomweyo, wolemba anawonjezera kuti njira amenewa zonse zalephereka, ndi oweruza eni kuchotsedwa malo awo. Komabe, monga taonera ndi Wyszynski, onsewa ndithu yodziwika ndi msinkhu osakwanira ozama, zochepa M'maso mwa anthu amatha kupanga zotere.

Zitsanzo njira

Tallyman mmodzi wa minda kwa kunyalanyaza zipangizo zaulimi, zimene ndi zimenenso tsankho tidamsiya panja, zinaperekedwa 10 m'ndende. Pankhaniyi, khoti sichinayambe anakhazikitsa ngati mwalandira Zida tsankho kapena wathunthu kupanda pake. Volovschik mmodzi wa minda kuti tiyeni ng'ombe kuchokera pa kukonza. nyama anali ndinazembera ndipo anathyola mwendo wake. Mwa dongosolo la gulu la ng'ombe inaphedwa. Court anthu alamulidwa volovschika kwa zaka 10 m'ndende. Mmodzi wa atumiki pansi pa lamulo la "spikelets atatu". Kukwera nsanja kuchotsa chisanu kuchokera kumeneko, anapeza chimanga pa matumba 2. Mtumiki uyu Mwamsanga anauza bwalo la mudzi. Kuyesa anthu anali wotumidwa kukabyala thumba wachitatu wa chimanga. Mtumiki anali m'ndende kwa zaka 10. Mutu wa nkhokwe anali m'ndende kwa zaka khumi zimene ankati kulemera cholakwika anthu. kafukufuku anasonyeza limodzi la repositories 375 makilogalamu ya tirigu owonjezera. Mu Kuthi pamaso Court Anthu sankaona mawu a mutu wa yotsimikiza ku phompho otsala. Wotsutsana ankanena kuti chifukwa cha malongosoledwe molakwika wopezeka zapamwamba osiyana ayenera kukhala kupanda tirigu yofanana. Pambuyo chiganizocho linatsimikizidwa ndi mutu mawu. Mmodzi mwa alimi m'ndende zaka 2 m'ndende chifukwa cha zimene anali m'dzanja la ochepa tirigu ndi kudya chifukwa ine ndinkafuna kukhala ndi ntchito, sangathe kugwira ntchito. mfundo zonsezi ikhale umboni wa nkhanza za ndiye boma. Komabe, oletsedwa ndi nonsensical ziganizo tinabadwa zimafika pasanapite nthawi kuchokera umwana.

malamulo aboma

Ziganizo "chifukwa makutu" ndi kusonyeza mwankhanza ndi kusayeruzika. boma anafuna kuti ogwira chilungamo salola ntchito mchitidwe normative pamene kungabweretse chonyozetsa wake. Makamaka, lamulo "za zitatu spikelets 'sakanatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuba mu miyeso yaing'ono kwambiri kapena zovuta vuto ndalama wolakwa. ndodo Local milandu anali opanda luso kwambiri. Pamodzi ndi changu kwambiri kunadzetsa chachikulu "kumwa." Komabe, pa mlingo boma anali yogwira kulimbana ndi iwo. Makamaka, ndi anthu udindo chofunika kutsatira zolakwa zazing'ono Art. 162 ya Code Wachifwamba wa RSFSR, kupereka chilango ufulu wochulukirapo. akuluakulu anasonyeza kuti panafunika kuti ufulu ayenerere mchitidwewo kuchepetsa. Komanso, ananena za si ntchito zinthu zimene watipatsa n'kosaloleka kuti tisaletse ziletso mu malo aakulu moyo.

Njala USSR mu 1932-1933

Zimene zikuchitika ku dziko kunali kovuta. Vuto taonera RSFSR, ndi Byelorussian SSR, mu North Caucasus, dera Volga, ndi Urals Southern, Western Siberia, North Kazakhstan. Mu USSR magwero boma anatchula dzina la "njala." Mu Ukraine, mu 2006, Verkhovna Rada, anamuzindikira guwalo monga fuko. Kutsogolera Republic wakale wa boma la Soviet mlandu mokonzekera kupulula anthu. magwero anafotokoza kuti "yokumba njala" kwachititsa yaikulu Mipikisano miliyoni akuvutika. Patatha kugwa ndi zinthu chimagwiritsidwa ataphimbidwa ndi atolankhani ndi zolemba zosiyanasiyana boma. Holodomor anali awaona akuluakulu ambiri achikulire chimodzi cha mawonetseredwe za ndondomekoyi aukali mphamvu ya Soviet Union. Komabe, monga zinanenedwa pamwambapa, mavuto zinachitika mu mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo RSFSR lapansi.

nkhokwe yambewu

Malinga ndi kafukufuku wochitidwa ndi dotolo wa sayansi mbiri Kondrashin, njala USSR mu 1932-1933 anali chifukwa cha collectivization osati konsekonse. M'madera ena, mwachitsanzo, m'dera Volga, zinthu chifukwa cha amakakamizidwa procurements tirigu. view Izi yakale angapo mboni zochitika. Munagwa njala chakuti anasonkhana alimi tirigu amayenera kutenga. M'midzi kwambiri anadwala collectivization ndi dispossession. Mu Volga Commission dera pa zogula mbewu pansi pa utsogoleri wa Mlembi wa Communist Party Postysheva chikalata zochita pa achire m'matangadza kwa alimi munthu, alimi ndi alimi tirigu movutikira. Pansi ululu wa zilango chigawenga mpando, atsogoleri a maboma anakakamizika kusamutsa boma pafupifupi mbewu yonse. Onse asalandidwe malo izi m'matangadza chakudya kuti zinayambitsa njala. The miyeso chomwecho unatengedwa Kaganovich ndi Molotov. zochita za m'madera a North Caucasus ndi Ukraine. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, dziko anayamba imfa Unyinji wa anthu. Pa nthawi yomweyo ayenera kuti pa tirigu dongosolo zogula kwa 1932 ndi kuchuluka kwenikweni zokolola kwambiri poyerekeza ndi zaka zam'mbuyo ndi wotsatira. Total mbewu otalikirana ndi m'midzi njira zonse (misika, kugula, preform) anatsika ndi 20%. Voliyumu ya wolowa anagwa kuchokera matani mamiliyoni 5.2 mu 1931 ku 1,73 mu 1932. Chaka chotsatira, iye anapitiriza yafupika - matani mamiliyoni 1,68. Pakuti tirigu kubala waukulu zigawo (Caucasus ndi Ukraine North.) Quotas chiwerengero cha billets utachepa mobwerezabwereza. Mwachitsanzo, mu Ukraine nkhani kotala chimanjamanja mbewu, pamene mu 1930 chinali 35 buku%. Malinga Zhuravlev, njala anali amayamba ndi kugwa lakuthwa mu zokolola chifukwa cha collectivization.

Zotsatira za ntchito ya lamulo

Kalata wachiwiri wapampando wa OGPU ndi Prokofiev Mutu wa Dipatimenti Economic wa OGPU Mironov kuti Stalin ananena kuti milandu kuba, anafotokoza masabata awiri, mwapadera kucheza ndi milandu zikuluzikulu zimene zinachitika Rostov pa-Don. Kuba anafalikira m'dziko dongosolo, ndi ophika buledi m'deralo. Kuba anali mphero pa mbewu, Mikate Yapamwamba awiri, 33 masitolo, amene achite kugulitsa katundu kwa anthu. Chifukwa cha kuwonongedwa ndi mayesero izo wapezeka mapaundi zoposa 6 zikwi mkate, 1 000 -. Shuga, 500 -. Chinangwa, etc. chisokonezeko zimenezi zinkachitikanso chifukwa kupanda malipoti bwino ndi ulamuliro, komanso chifukwa antchito chigawenga kukondera. Ntchito mabwana, lomwe linali lofika maukonde malonda, cholinga chake si zabwino. Nthawi zonse, ochita chipikisheni anachita monga amathandiza kuti upandu, kuika anasaina awo pa kudziwika zochita fictitious wa nedovozu mkate, kulemba wolemera shrinkage, etc. Chifukwa cha kufufuza anthu 54 anamangidwa asanu omwe -. M'Bungwe CPSU (b). Dipatimenti Soyuztransa Taganrog gulu la anthu 62 yathetsedwa. Ena mwa iwo anali doko akuluakulu, odikira, madalaivala, ambiri amene kulaks kale, amalonda, ndi umbanda. Monga mbali ya gulu iwo anaba katundu chimadzera kuchokera ku doko. Buku kubedwa mwachindunji akulozera chakuti gulu milandu anali N'zoonekeratu wamba.

Pomaliza

Chifukwa cha kuba kuchita normative pa yakumadzulo / anthu d mayendedwe ndi kuba katundu wa boma munda, chuma cha cooperatives ndi cooperatives anayamba kutha. Mu January 1936 anayamba konzanso chachikulu cha anthu olakwa. Iwo anatengera kusamvana pa 16 January pa audited milandu ziwalo. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ena mwa akaidi zinthu zomwe mulibe zinthu zachiwawa, akhala m'ndende.