Mafumu a France. Mbiri ya France. Mndandanda wa mafumu French

Mafumu a ku France amagwira ntchito chitukuko cha dziko lino kwambiri. Mbiri yake kunayamba woyamba Zakachikwi BC. Poyamba, mu dera la lamakono tinkakhala mafuko Aselote, ndipo ambiri madera Greek ili m'mphepete mwa nyanja. Malinga ndi mabuku akale, pa nthawi yomweyo Yuliyu Tsezaryu anatha pogonjetsa gawo anthu ndi Gauls. Mkulu kwambiri anapereka dzina m'mayiko anachira - Gallia Komachi. Atagwa France ku Roma anali lidzasinthidwa boma wokonzeka, ndi iwo, nawonso, anali mofulumira utaposedwa Afulanki.

azambiriyakale Baibulo

Panopa izo amakhulupilira kuti French tsogolo anafika pa dera la kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ku Nyanja Black. Anayamba zidzaze dziko lapansi ku mabanki wa Rhine. Pamene Julian Afulanki anapereka madera akuluakulu a dziko, ndi palibe changu zochepa anayamba kufufuza m'dera la kum'mwera. Mwa 420 chaka TH ambiri a Afulanki anawoloka Rhine. mtsogoleri wawo anali Pharamond.

Kukhalabe pa magombe a mtsinje Somme amuna kutsogoleredwa ndi mwana wake Chlodio. Apo iye anakhazikitsa ufumu wa Afulanki. likulu analengeza Turin. A zaka zochepa Chlodio mwana anaganiza mapangidwe a banja lachifumu. Dzina munthu uyu - Mabwanankuba ndi mamembala a mafumu anapanga anayamba kutchedwa Merovingians. Ndi momwe nkhaniyo anayambitsa mafumu a France.

zochitika zina

M'zaka wachisanu Korol Hlodvig woyamba kwambiri kukodzedwa umwini franc lapansi. Tsopano iwo anapatsa Loire ndi khoka. Mafumu a France anakhala olamulira zonse za lonse chapamwamba ndipo pakati Rhine. Mu 469 Clovis anaganiza zosintha chipembedzo. Iye ndi anthu ake ambiri anakhala Akhristu. Zathandiza kupititsa patsogolo polimbana ndi olamulira a akunjawo, amene anatenga chisokonezo. Atafa Mfumu ya dziko kugonjetsa anagawanika pakati pa ana ake anayi. Zitatero, ana a Clovis anawonjezera mphamvu zawo pa Gau, Bavaria, Alemannia ndi Thuringia.

wogwirizana

franc zana makumi asanu boma anapezanso mgwirizano malo. Clotaire II - wolimba Mfumu ya France, amene analephera kuzindikira kuti chabe sanayese n'komwe kuti akalambula wake. Pamene mphamvu wake unali ufumu waukulu wa mayanjano ndale ndi akazembe ambiri, ndipo kenako analandira maudindo a udindo. Ndiye iye anakhala wolamulira wa Dagobert I.

Mwatsoka, ana ake osati kuyika pa mtima wa mphamvu ya boma, koma chifukwa pambuyo pa imfa ya bambo ake gawo molimbika logwirizana kachiwiri kugawidwa m'magulu anayi. Kenaka mndandanda wa nkhondo zapachiweniweni, chifukwa ana sakanatha kusankha kuti amene apeza. Chifukwa cha zonse ndewu franc mphamvu pa Bavaria, Alemannia, Thuringia, ndi Aquitaine anatayika.

kuwonongeka

M'nthawi ya chiwiri, zinaonekeratu kuti mafumu a ku France mofulumira m'malo awo. Iwo lokhuzana ndi mphamvu zenizeni. Impso mphamvu wadutsa mu manja a meya a nyumba yachifumu. mafumu otsiriza, amene anali wa mafumu Merovingian, ndi French akudzipeza okha akuitanidwira "aulesi". M'kupita kwa nthawi, malo kukhala woyang'anira nyumba yachifumu tinatengera. Onse anazindikira kuti mafumu awo mu mphamvu yake ya mmwamba ndi mfumu.

Pa nkhani imeneyi, mokweza yekha mkulu wa nyumba Pepin wa Herstal. Mu 680, manja ake anawoloka mu ulamuliro lamanja la lonse Wachifulanki ufumu. Ndi nthawi linaphatikizidwa khama la mfumu ofunda Theodoric III.

Zikamera la ufumu watsopano

Mu 751, Papa Zachary kuti andithandize kwa mfumu ya nyumba yachifumu Pepin. Sipanatenge zotheka popanda kugonjetsedwa uwu wa Lombards. Amayamikira thandizo lawo Zachary Pepin analonjeza korona wachifumu. A boma kale pa nthawi ya mtsogoleri Childeric III atula pansi.

Choncho panali mafumu a France, kuimira mafumu Carolingian. Iwo chikutchedwa Karla Velikogo, amene anali mwana wa Pepin Short. Komabe, ngakhale pamaso kulowa kwa Charles mpando wachifumu wa bambo ake obwezeretsedwa kuti mu ufumu Wachifulanki, kachiwiri m'mene anapambana Aquitaine ndi Thuringia. Komanso, iye ankatha kuponya kuthawa a Aluya, amene wotanganidwa Gau, ndi kutenga Septimania. Iwo anali maziko kwambiri pa chitukuko ndi kutukuka kwa ufumu.

Karl - Mfumu ya France, amene anali wokhoza kukwaniritsa kwambiri. Iye anawonjezera kwambiri malire a dziko. Choncho franc boma kumpoto kum'mawa anali kuwonjezera kwa Elbe, kum'mawa - kuti Austria ndi Croatia, kum'mwera chakumadzulo - ku North la Spain, ndi kum'mwera chakum'mawa - ku North la Italy. Patapita nthawi, Papa Leo III korona Charlemagne monga Roma.

Komabe, kuli ufumuwo sizinakhalitse. Rule anangokhala Louis wa achipembedzo (mwana wa Charles). Pambuyo pa imfa yake, ndi olowa anavomera lowani Pangano la Verdun. Zimenezi zinachitika chaka 843. Choncho, Karl ufumu anali chidagawika patatu - Lorraine, East Francia (pambuyo Germany) ndi boma West-Wachifulanki (ano France).

Kazembe womaliza wa Carolingian mafumu - Louis wa V - anafa 987. olowa Direct anali Choncho, m'malo ndi wachibale wa mfumu - Gugo Kapet. Iye anali Chiwerengero Duke wa Prague ndi French. The mfumu yatsopano anakumana thandizo la atsogoleri achipembedzo. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, boma chapeza dzina pano - France. Ine ndinabadwa mafumu atsopano - Capet. nthumwi zake analamulira dziko pafupifupi zaka (pa Valois ndi Bourbon offshoots chifukwa).

Kusintha mu

Change olamulira zinachititsa kuti kusintha kwa dongosolo la ndale. France chasanduka mu mkhalidwe tingachipeze powerenga ang'onoang'ono. Komabe, Mfumu tsoka anali unenviable: pansi pa ulamuliro wake mwachindunji anali malo ochepa pafupi likulu - Paris. zigawo zonse anali naye m'manja ubwenzi. Mwinanso kuposa ulamuliro wa bwanamkubwa wa dera wakhala waphindu ndi wamphamvu kuposa mfumu. Ndicho chifukwa palibe amene akulakalaka ankapita anagalukira ulamuliro alipo.

nthawi yovuta

M'ma chinayi ndi lakhumi, anakhala pa mlatho kwa dziko. Nthawi imeneyi, pa nyanja kumpoto French anayamba anabzala lalikulu zedi Scandinavia. Anayambitsa Duchy cha Normandy, ndipo pambuyo adani anayesa wa Paris, koma sizinathandize. Pankhondo Scandinavia anatha kunena yokha mu England mu 1066, William (Duke cha Normandy) anakwanitsa kutenga mpando wachifumu English. Kenako anayambitsa mzera wa Normandy.

m'zaka khumi

Henry II - English wanzeru yemwe anatha kukhala kwambiri olemera ang'onoang'ono Ambuye. Iye ankapita zonse ndipo sanabwerere ku moto kwawo komanso ndi manja kanthu. Komanso, anapanga mabanja ena zaphindu kwambiri ndipo anagonjetsa Normandy, Aquitaine, Brittany ndi Guyenne. Kulola kuti ndi County wa Anjou. Komabe, olandira cholowa cha wolamulira wamkulu sizikanati zigwirizane pa mphamvu kugawana. Ndewu anapangitsa chifooke boma. French Mfumu Philip anapezerapo mwayi pa zimenezi. Iye anagonjetsa pafupifupi zigawo. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa England anapitiriza yekha Guyenne.

m'ma chakhumi ndi chitatu

M'zaka za zana lino mwayi kwa France. Mafumu a France, lomwe ndi mndandanda wa onse yaitali, anakwanitsa tipezekemo thandizo kwa mapapa, kenako molimba mtima anatembenuka mphamvu zawo motsutsa Cathar ampatuko. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, Languedoc unagonjetsedwa, koma Flanders Kodi sangachitenso.

zana lakhumi

Mu 1314 anamwalira Philip Fair - Mfumu ya France kuchokera Capetian mafumu. Iye anali ndi ana atatu ndi mwana wamkazi mmodzi. Isabella anakwanitsa kukwatira Edward II - English wolamulira. Mwatsoka, ana onse a Philip anabadwa atsikana wobadwa yekha, kuti France anakumana ndi mavuto dynastic, pamene ana onse mwachindunji za munthu wamwamuna anapeza mpumulo wosatha.

Olemekezeka anali kusankha mfumu yatsopano. Kunapezeka kuti Filipp Valua. Edward ndi Chachitatu - mwana wa Isabel - anayesa kumukopa lingaliro ili, koma Chilamulo Salic pa kulanda mpando wachifumu kudzera mu mzere wa mkazi ndi koletsedwa. The chifukwa wosakhutira wake anali zaka mazana nkhondo. Kupambana limodzi ndiye France, ndiye England. Komabe, njakata mbisoweka pamene asilikali analanda impso luso mkulu Henry V. Pa nthawi yomweyo pampando wachifumu wa France Charles IV zinkapita, odziwika kuti vutoli wake. Ubwino asilikali potsiriza anatumizidwa ku British.

1415 zinali zodzaza ndi kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali French pa Agincourt. Heinrich V apambana ndipo analowa Paris. mfumu anakakamizika kuvomereza wolandira mwana wa Henry wachisanu.

Mu 1429 iye anavekedwa Charles VII. Iye akutchedwa kucheza French. Ichi ndi chifukwa dziko, anapangana ndi Charles wa Burgundy. Mu 1437, iye anabwerera ku Paris mu 1450 - Normandy mu 1453 - Guyenne, mu 1477 - Burgundy, kenako Brittany. Calais kunangotsala muulamuliro British.

Francis - Mfumu ya France, amene anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu 1515. bambo ake anali Werengerani Angulenskim, msuwani Louis akhumi. Wolamulira acemeresa resumption a Mapangano ananena ndi Henry VIII. Mfumu ya Navarre anafuna reconquer ufumu wa Castile ndi kutenga Duchy wa Milan, ndi thandizo la Venice. Motsogozedwa wake, ulendo wa Grand Canyon Argentiyskoe kwa Italy anapangidwa. Ankhondo anasamutsa zida zankhondo pa manja ake ndi analiza miyala kuti njira zawo. Francis adakwanitsa kupambana ndi Savoy ndi Duchy wa Milan. Kudzera ntchito imeneyi mfumu ankatchedwa ngwazi woona. Iye mpaka anayamba kuyerekeza ndi Kaisara.

Henry 2 - Mfumu ya France, amene ulamuliro inayamba mu March 1547. Iye anayesera mitundu yonse ya njira yochotsera Chiprotestanti. Uyamiko kwa Iye, mu 1550 dziko la anabwerera kumzinda wa Boulogne. Komanso, Henry 2 - Mfumu ya France, linachita kukhala mdani oopsa amene Charles wachisanu. Iye analamulira mpaka 1559.

Mfumu ya France, Henry anali wolandira cholowa. Komabe, pa nthawi ya imfa ya atate ake anali ndi zaka khumi zokha. Komabe, anakwera wachifumu Karl 9. Mfumu ya France anali membala wotsiriza wa mtundu Valois. Mpaka 1563, mayi ake - Ekaterina Medichi - anachita monga regent. Ulamuliro wa Charles chinayi zinali zodzaza ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomvetsa chisoni, Pakati nkhondo yapachiweniweni ndi St. Bartholomew (misa kuwonongedwa kwa mtundu wa Huguenots).

Pambuyo pa kubwera kwa banja lolamulira la Habsburg mavuto mphamvu inayamba mu dziko. Pa Reformation, Achiprotestanti chinawonjezeka chiwerengero. Makamaka, panali skirmishes pakati pa anthu a strata osiyana siyana. "Lamulo wololera", anaganiza kufalitsa kwa kubwezeretsa mtendere. Ngakhale malamulo a Henry the Third. Iye anaphedwa mu 1589 Iye analibe wolowa nyumba, kotero wachifumu Genrih Navarrsky (wachinayi). Iye anachoka chikhulupiriro Chiprotestanti ndi Chikatolika pofuna kupewa kuphana. Komabe, mofulumira kuletsa otsutsa akadali sizinachitikebe.

XVII-XVIII atumwi,

Nthawi imeneyi dziko unakhazikitsidwa absolutism. Pambuyo Louis 13, anakwera wachifumu Louis 14 Mfumu ya France analimbitsa gawo zopatsidwa kwa iye. Dziko wakhala mphamvu kwambiri ku Ulaya. Chathandiza chifukwa Kuwonjezera Burgundy, West Flanders ndi Artois. Maonekedwe a madera yoyamba North America ndi ku India komanso anapereka Louis 14 Mfumu ya France anamanga wofuna mapulani lachifumu, koma Zisanu Zaka nkhondo ndi mtsutso wa Kusinthana Austria sanamulole kukwaniritsa kufunika. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, ulamuliro wa madera onse anatayika.

Mu 1715, anakwera ku mpando wachifumu, Louis 15 - Mfumu ya France, amene anali wa Bourbon mafumu. Panthawiyo iye anali ndi zaka zisanu zokha. Young wolamulira mbamphedza wa regent Filipp Orleansky. Iye anali ndi malamulo a Louis 14, chotero mgwirizano ndi England ndipo anapita kukamenyana ndi Spain. Ngakhale pambuyo zaka mphamvu wolamulira wachinyamata anakhalabe m'manja mwa amalume ake Philip. Mu 1726, Louis 15, komabe ananena kuti zimatengera impso Komatu dziko ankalamulidwa ndi Cardinal Fleury. Izi chinakhalapo mpaka 1743. Dziwani kuti ulamuliro wotsatira wa Louis 15 pa dziko akhudzidwa kwambiri zikuwononga.

The kumapeto kwa m'ma chakhumi ndi chisanu ndi chitatu chinali chiyambi cha Choonadi. France anali m'manja mwa mfumu. Lamulo la mfumu yatsopano - Louis XVI - zinachititsa kuti mavuto azachuma, njala ndiponso kuchepa kwa ulimi. Chifukwa cha convening ya General Wogwila (1789), mphamvu anali mu National Assembly. mamembala ake anali mu mtima wa chiyembekezo chakuti ufulu ang'onoang'ono, kulandidwa kwa anthu otchuka ndi atsogoleri a maudindo onse, komanso kuchotsa Mpingo ku zochitika boma.

dziko unagawidwa m'madipatimenti (okwana 83). Korol Lyudovik anathawa, koma anagwidwa ndi anabwelera ku dzikoli. Mutu wa Mfumu ya France, anataya. Iye pang'ono mudzalipidwa mphamvu mwadzina: Louis anapatsidwa udindo wa mfumu French. Iye vetoed malamulo angapo latsopano, koma sanapeze thandizo mwa anthu. Posachedwa Louis mlandu woukira boma. Iye anaphedwa 1793.

Pa njira dziko

M'mayiko ambiri, kutsogozedwa ndi mafumu achifumu, kumenyana France. Mu 1799, molamulidwa ndi zokhumba Napoleon Bonaparte wa chachikulu asilikali unapangidwa bungwe. Chiwerengero cha ankapitabe uyu anali zovomerezeka chifukwa wamba kale m'malo ndatopa ankhondo zonse mu mzinda wosatekeseka.

Malinga ndi zotsatira za referendum unachitikira mu 1802, Napoleon anapatsidwa udindo moyo wa kazembe Choyamba. Mwamsanga anachitira ndi adani onse anapezanso mphamvu zopanda malire. Dziko anakhala mafumu. Mu 1804, Napoleon anavekedwa. Posachedwa Austerlitz anagonjetsedwa ndi asilikali a Austria. Mu 1806, ku French anapereka ku Prussia.

Yasintha ndi kupambana kwa Napoleon analengezeratu anatseka misewu chokhala la England. Mu 1807, boma la Britain otchedwa thandizo kwa Russia. Napoleon, izo sindinadandaule, iye analandira mwansangala ndi mdani watsopano ndi gawo lalikulu, lomwe anaganiza chilichonse chinali. Chakumapeto kwa chaka cha 1812 asilikali French anali kale mu Moscow. Zinaoneka kuti Russia wagwa. Koma Kutuzov kunapezeka kuti nzeru kuposa Bonaparte. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, asilikali French zowawa linagonja. Kuchokera makamu kamodzi lalikulu anali achisoni nyenyeswa.

Mu 1814, France anali opanda mtsogoleri - Napoleon antchito. Anaganiza zobwerera impso mphamvu manja a Bourbons lapansi. Anakhala mfumu Louis XVIII. Iye ankayesetsa kuti abwezeretse kuti lakale, koma French anali kwathunthu motsutsa izo. Ndiye Napoleon, kusonkhanitsa ankhondo zikwi, anapita adzapezanso mphamvu. Iye anali wokhoza kukhazikitsa dongosolo lake. Komabe, pa msonkhano wa mafumu mu Vienna, anaganiza korona wa ku warlord wofuna. Pomaliza, Napoleon anali wandende pachilumba cha St. Helena.

Mafumu a France, mndandanda wa zomwe pambuyo Bonaparte akadali kudzadza, analamulira ku mavuto adzaoneni. Choncho, Napoleon II unagonjetsedwa masiku angapo pambuyo chitunda mfumuyo, Louis Philippe anakakamizika yomweyo aleke mutu aulemu ndi kukhala mfumu ya French, koma osati French. Napoleon III anatengedwa m'ndende ku Prussia ndi kutsitsidwa. Akuluakulu kachiwiri anali kukhala mafumu, koma anaika amati wachifumu wa Charles X, Henry V ndi Philip VII sangakhoze kugwirizana pakati pawo. olamulira a korona tagulitsidwa m'madera mu 1885. France wodzilamula.