Ndege zotayidwa: makhalidwe

Chifukwa omasuka, ductility ndi kukana kwa dzimbiri zitsulo zotayidwa wasanduka chuma chofunika m'mafakitale ambiri. Ndege zotayidwa - gulu la kasakaniza wazitsulo zimasiyanasiyana kulolerana wa mkulu mphamvu magnesium, pakachitsulo, mkuwa, ndi manganese. Zimapatsa mphamvu zina aloyi njira m. N. "Munthu wokalamba zotsatira" - njira yapadera ya kuumitsa mchikakamizo kwa nthawi yaitali ndi mwamakani mumlengalenga chilengedwe. aloyi The kupangidwa mu m'ma 20 pansi pa dzina la duralumin, tsopano umatchedwa pansi pa dzina "Avial".

Tanthauzo. mbiri

Chiyambi cha mbiri ya aloyi ndege zotayidwa akuti ndi 1909. German zitsulo injiniya Alfred Wilm empirically anakhazikitsa, ngati aloyi zotayidwa ndi Kuwonjezera ka mkuwa, manganese ndi magnesium pambuyo kuumitsa pa kutentha 500 ° C ndi kuthetsa kuima pa 20-25 ° kwa masiku 4-5, izo pang'onopang'ono molimbika mphamvu, popanda kutaya kusinthasintha. Ndondomeko amatchedwa "ukalamba" kapena "kukhwima". Pa oipa izi mkuwa maatomu mudzaze kuchuluka zing'onozing'ono n'kupita ku malire tirigu. The awiri a atomu mkuwa n'chochepa kuposa zotayidwa, chifukwa pali psinjika nkhawa, potero kukula mphamvu zakuthupi.

Kwa nthawi yoyamba aloyi anali katswiri pa mafakitale German Dürener Metallwerken ndipo analandira chizindikiro Dural, choncho dzina "duralumin". Kenako, American metallurgist R. B. ndi woponya Dzhafris zikuchokera bwino ndi kusintha kuchuluka makamaka magnesium. The aloyi atsopano otchedwa 2024, kuti zosintha zosiyanasiyana ankagwiritsa ntchito lero, koma banja lonse la kasakaniza wazitsulo - "Avial". dzina "ndege zotayidwa", aloyi izi walandira pasanapite nthawi kuchokera kutsegula monga kwathunthu m'malo nkhuni ndi zitsulo pomanga ndege.

The mitundu ikuluikulu ndi makhalidwe

Pali magulu zazikulu zitatu:

• Banja la zotayidwa-manganese (Al-MN), ndipo zotayidwa-mankhwala enaake a (Al-mg). Khalidwe lalikulu - mkulu, nkomwe wolephera koyera kukana zotayidwa dzimbiri. kasakaniza wazitsulo amenewa amalabadira kuwotcherera ndi soldering, koma odulidwa zoipa. Osati kuumitsidwa kutentha mankhwala.
• Dzimbiri zosagwira zotayidwa-dongosolo kasakaniza wazitsulo ya magnesium-pakachitsulo (Al-MG-Si). Kuumitsa kutentha mankhwala, ndicho othetsa pa 520 ° C akutsatiridwa ndi madzi othetsa ndi ukalamba Mwachibadwa 10 masiku. The kusiyanitsa khalidwe la gulu la zipangizo - mkulu dzimbiri kukana pamene ntchito zinthu zachilendo, ndipo wapanikizika.
• Kandalama kasakaniza wazitsulo, zotayidwa-mkuwa mankhwala enaake a (Al-Cu-mg). maziko awo - doped mkuwa, manganese, magnesium ndi zotayidwa. Mwa kusinthasintha anapangira wa alloying zinthu kukonzekera ndege zotayidwa, makhalidwe amene zingasiyane.

Zida za Sichanzeru adzatenga katundu wabwino makina, koma timakhala kwambiri dzimbiri kuposa banja loyamba ndi lachiwiri la kasakaniza wazitsulo. Mlingo wa chiwopsezo kuti dzimbiri amadalira mtundu wa mankhwala pamwamba, limene m'pofunika kuteteza penti kapena anodized. Kulimbikira dzimbiri ndi chinawonjezeka ndi kuyambitsa mbali ya aloyi manganese.

Kuwonjezera pa mitundu itatu waukulu wa kasakaniza wazitsulo komanso amadziŵika kulipira kasakaniza wazitsulo, kutentha zosagwira, mkulu-mphamvu structural neri Al. Kodi zofunika kuti katundu makamaka ntchito.

Kulemba kasakaniza wazitsulo ndege

Mayiko mfundo yoyamba ndege zotayidwa chodetsa manambala limasonyeza lalikulu alloying zinthu za aloyi ndi:

• 1000 - wangwiro zotayidwa.
• 2000 - duralumin aloyi, alloyed ndi mkuwa. Pa zina nyengo - ambiri Azamlengalenga aloyi. Chifukwa tilinazo mkulu nkhawa dzimbiri akulimbana ndi chinasiya ndi 7000 zino kasakaniza wazitsulo.
• 3000 - alloying mchitidwe - manganese.
• 4000 - alloying mchitidwe - pakachitsulo. Kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi amatchedwanso Silumin.
• 5000 - alloying mchitidwe - magnesium.
• 6000 - ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo kwambiri pulasitiki. Alloying zinthu - magnesium ndi pakachitsulo. Termozakalke adzatengedwe nkhati kuonjezera mphamvu, koma otsika ku chizindikiro ichi 2000 ndi 7000 zino.
• 7000 - thermally anaumitsa kasakaniza wazitsulo, kwambiri cholimba ndege amasankha zotayidwa. Waukulu alloying zinthu - nthaka ndi magnesium.

Chodetsa chithunzi chachiwiri - zotayidwa aloyi zosintha pambuyo koyamba ndondomeko chiwerengero - chiwerengero "0". Chomaliza kanjedza awiri - wa nambala aloyi, mudziwe kuti ukhale woyera zosafunika. Ngati aloyi zinachitika anawonjezera kuti khalidwe chodetsa chachisanu "X".

Lero, ambiri kalasi ndege zotayidwa 1100, 2014, 2017, 3003, 2024, 2219, 2025, 5052, 5056. The mbali zimasiyanitsa kasakaniza wazitsulo awa: lightness, ductility, kulimba wabwino, kukana kuti kumva kuwawa, dzimbiri ndi maganizo apamwamba. Makampani ndegeyo kasakaniza wazitsulo Ambiri ntchito - mpweya 6061 ndi 7075.

kapangidwe

Waukulu alloying zinthu ndege zotayidwa ndi mkuwa, magnesium, pakachitsulo, manganese, nthaka. Chiwerengero mwa kulemera kwa zinthu izi mu aloyi ndi kudziwa makhalidwe monga mphamvu, kutakasuka, kukana kuti zotsatira makina, etc. The aloyi m'munsi - zotayidwa, zofunika alloying :. Mkuwa (2,2-5,2% ndi kulemera), magnesium (0, 2-2.7%) ndi manganese (0.2-1%).

A banja la ndege kasakaniza wazitsulo zotayidwa-pakachitsulo (4-13 misa%) ndi okhutira zazing'ono zinthu zina alloying - mkuwa, manganese, magnesium, nthaka, titaniyamu, beryllium. Ndi ntchito kupanga mbali zovuta, amatchedwanso silumin kapena kuponyedwa aloyi zotayidwa. Banja la aloyi zotayidwa-mankhwala enaake a (1-13% ndi kulemera) ndi zinthu zina ndi ductility mkulu ndi kukana dzimbiri.

Ntchito ya mkuwa zikuchokera ndege zotayidwa

Kupezeka kwa mkuwa zikuchokera kwa aloyi ndege kumathandiza kuti mtima wake, koma pa nthawi yomweyo zoipa chifukwa kukana ake dzimbiri. Akuponya pa malire tirigu pa Kuthetsa, mkuwa zimapangitsa aloyi atengeke pitting dzimbiri, nkhawa dzimbiri ndi intergranular dzimbiri. Mabacteria wolemera mkuwa ndi galvanically zambiri cathodic kuposa ozungulira zotayidwa masanjidwewo choncho kuti atengeke dzimbiri zikuchitika mwa njira electrochemical. Kuwonjezeka zili mkuwa kulemera aloyi kuti 12% kumawonjezera mphamvu katundu chifukwa particulate oipa pa ukalamba. Pamene zili mkuwa zikuchokera oposa 12% aloyi amakhala Chimaona.

Minda ya ntchito

Zotayidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi otchuka kugulitsa zitsulo. Kuwala kulemera ndege kalasi zotayidwa aloyi mphamvu kupanga izi wabwino m'mafakitale ambiri ku ndege kuti katundu wa m'nyumba (telefoni zam'manja, Zomvera m'makutu, flashlights). Zotayidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo ntchito shipbuilding, kupanga galimoto, zomangamanga, yakumadzulo / zoyendera D makampani nyukiliya.

Ambiri ankanena kasakaniza wazitsulo ndi okhutira zolimbitsa mkuwa (2014, 2024 etc.). Mbiri ya kasakaniza wazitsulo awa ndi mkulu dzimbiri kukana, workability zabwino, malo weldability. A iwo anapanga kapangidwe udindo wa ndege, magalimoto lolemera, magalimoto a asilikali.

Katundu ndege zotayidwa pawiri

Kuwotcherera ndege kasakaniza wazitsulo ikuchitika yekha mu zoteteza mpweya inert. mipweya adalipo ndi helium, argon kapena osakaniza zace. Iwo ali apamwamba matenthedwe madutsidwe wa helium. Kudziwa yabwino kwambiri kutentha khalidwe la chilengedwe kuwotcherera kuti amalola kukhala omasuka zokwanira kulumikiza wandiweyani mipanda structural zinthu. Ntchito zosakaniza mpweya kutetezedwa timapitiriza potulukira. Mwina mapangidwe pores mu china chotulutsa ndi yafupika kwambiri.

The ntchito makampani ndege

kasakaniza wazitsulo ndege zotayidwa pachiyambi analengedwa mwachindunji yomanga ndege. Awa, nyumba wapangidwa mbali ndege injini, galimotoyo, akasinja mafuta, ndi zipangizo zina yolusa. Tsatanetsatane wa zotayidwa ndege ntchito mkati chipinda anthu.

2xxx mndandanda zotayidwa kasakaniza wazitsulo ntchito yopanga mbali poyera kuti kutentha. Tsatanetsatane mopepuka yodzaza mfundo, mafuta, ndi kachitidwe hayidiroliki mafuta opangidwa aloyi 3xxx, 5xxx ndi 6xxx. Ambiri ntchito makampani ndege anali aloyi 7075. Kuyambira izo zimapanga anapangidwa ntchito pa katundu lalikulu, ndi otsika kutentha, kukana mkulu dzimbiri. Maziko a aloyi ndi zotayidwa, ndi lalikulu alloying zinthu magnesium, nthaka ndi mkuwa. Kuyambira zikhale Mbiri mphamvu ya nyumba ndege, mbali chipolopolo.