Kodi anapanga sopo? kupanga sopo

Mwina, monga mwana mayi anga nthawi zambiri mafunso ena kufunsa kuti: "? Manja ndi sopo ndi kusamba madzi" Kunena zoona, tonse tikudziwa kuti zauve (kapena bwino anatsuka) manja zingachititse monga kudzimbidwa pang'ono, ndipo ngati matenda aakulu, monga matenda m'mimba, kolera, matenda a chiwindi a, poliyo ndi zina zotero. d.

Kwa ambiri a ife kufunika kuchita ukhondo si chipeneko. Kusamba m'manja pambuyo kuyenda, asanayambe kudya, akachoka ku chimbudzi - monga miyambo kuvomerezedwa Mwachitsanzo, moni anzawo. Koma si onse kuganizira zimene kupanga sopo kuti tikugwiritsa ntchito.

sopo ndi chiyani?

Ife ndaphunzira kuti sopo - izo ndi onunkhira brusochek, amene mchikakamizo cha madzi sungunuka ndi foams. thovu Izi amatsuka kutali dothi, ndi manja oyera. chidziwitso Basic zimapangidwira amalola momveka yeniyeni zambiri molekyulu limene limapangidwa sopo, pamodzi ndi tinthu zinthu apolar anagwira pa manja (mafuta, dothi, etc ...). mamolekyulu sopo izi zikhoza chikugwirizana ndi mamolekyulu kumalo ozizira madzi. Iwo likukhalira kuti zikuchokera mankhwala sopo - mtundu wa mkhalapakati madzi ndi aliwonse kudziwonengera. Sopo chikugwirizana ndi tinthu dothi ndi "uthina" madzi. madzi a m'thupi, amachotsa mankhwala ndi manja.

mankhwala terminology

Kumbali ya umagwirira sopo - emulsifier kwa dongosolo mafuta-madzi. Sopo molekyulu ndi elongated mwa njoka kuti ali ndi mchira hydrophobic ndi mutu - hydrophilic. Hydrophobic, kuti ndi mafuta-sungunuka mchira, zimalowera dothi mwamphamvu chokhudzana ndi izo. Mutu amakopeka ndi tinthu madzi. m'njira imeneyi imatchedwa micelle akutsikira. Mafuta mu mankhwala amenewa sankaonanso ndi ife monga "poterera".

Zotsatira wochuluka filimu pa madzi akamaphwera yomweyo pamene ananenanso mu pang'ono izo sopo (ngati olimba kapena madzi). Micelles anapanga pomwepo ndi kukhalitsa maselo mafuta. Madzi mchikakamizo cha womwe wapangidwa sopo, kumakhaladi lililonse limatisokoneza ndi zambiri "n'kakang'ono". katundu atsopano kuwalola angatithandize kudzifufuza minofu ndi kusamba kunja mitundu yonse ya kuipitsa.

Monga kupatulira zotsatira madzi chingapezeke basi magetsi. Zipangizo ndi pamwamba osakhala porous ndi zokwanira otentha madzi kuchotsa litsiro lonse aliwonse. Inu mukhoza bwinobwino kutsuka mbale popanda sopo m'madzi otentha, koma manja mwasambitsidwa pa sopo mafuta.

Kodi yaitali kodi sopo

Kotero ife tikudziwa kale kuti micelles - sopo pawiri ndi madzi ndi mafuta - m'malo khola m'malovu. Ndipo kukula ndi ochepa chifukwa zotsatira za kutentha. Kodi mungadziwe m'mene mukufunira sopo? Chophweka njira - kukwaniritsa thobvu. Inde, pamaso pa suds limasonyeza kuchuluka kwa tinthu unbound mafuta mu micelle mapangidwe sopo. Popeza micelles onse zoipa mlandu, iwo amawateteza mzake ndipo akhoza chikulephera. Koma ndi wokwanira kuonekera dontho laling'ono la mafuta, ndi mamolekyulu unbound wa njira sopo adzakhala kuphatikiza ndi mu kugwirizana wolimba kwambiri. A mamolekyulu detergent zogwirizana zingathandize thovu mapangidwe.

Mipweya ya sopo

Pofuna kumvetsa zimene anapangidwa kuchokera sopo, ndi pang'ono kukumbukira umagwirira sekondale. Sopo - mchere mkulu (carboxylic, sodium kapena potaziyamu).

Salt amazionera kuphika ife kumvetsa. Ndipo umagwirira? Zimenezi katundu wa soda ndi acid. Mu chikhalidwe, timalakwitsa kukumana mosiyana ndi yoyamba ndi yachiwiri. Koma sopo m'chilengedwe. Ndipo ngakhale kupanga sopo - ndi losavuta mokwanira, koma kudziŵa zina ndi luso.

Pakuti saponification (kubala thobvu zinthu ndi katundu detergent) m'pofunika kuti ife mafuta zidulo mwachizolowezi ali anachita ndi soda. The yopuma yamasika pansi zidulo mafuta mu glycerol ndi mafuta zidulo. The ndi sodium (potaziyamu) soda chigawo amachitira ndi asidi ndipo anapanga ndi sodium (potaziyamu) mchere wa zidulo mafuta, amene timawadziwa monga sopo.

Natural kapena kupanga sopo

Pamene inu kutenga kuchokera maalumali brusochek detergent mosamala proofread, kumene kupanga sopo, mulibe nthawi zonse amapezeka zikuchokera kokonati achilengedwe kapena mafuta. Makampani, sopo zinachitika ku fakitale zinyalala. Likukhalira detergents, zomwe ziribe sopo zachilengedwe ndi chochita. Pa dzanja limodzi, apanga mankhwala zatizungulira kulikonse, ndipo palibe cholakwika ndi zimenezo. Pa zina - mukufuna kugwiritsa ntchito, ndiye pali mankhwala achilengedwe. Monga tanenera kale, mankhwala amapezeka mu ndondomeko ya "saponification" kapena sopo kupanga. Zochita zovuta kuchotsa glycerin ku sopo, kotero sopo zachilengedwe ndi lililonse limatisokoneza ndi bwino zotsatira pa khungu. Glycerol - lalikulu chigawo cha sopo kuyambira humectant zachilengedwezi amatha chinyezi chopezeka mpweya kusamutsa kwa khungu. Choncho khungu si youma ndi kukhala zotanuka zokwanira.

A zosiyanasiyana mafuta chifukwa sopo

Aliyense mafuta zachilengedwe ali ndi makhalidwe yake. Opatsa katundu yeniyeni sopo kuwiritsa sopo wa mafuta achilengedwe.

mafuta kokonati kwambiri thovu, mwachitsanzo. maolivi A lili chiwiya zinthu mchere ndi zidulo mchere khungu. canola More zosowa (rapeseed mitundu) ndipo mwachizolowezi kanjedza mafuta - ndi wochititsa kwambiri zakudya mu khungu. Mpendadzuwa mafuta nthawi zambiri kukhitchini brusochkov sopo. Koma kirimu-sopo izo - ndi chigawo kwambiri.

zigawo kupanga

M'mafakitale zinachitika sopo ndi yosiyanasiyana. Mtundu, fungo, katundu, etc. Koma tikumbukire kuti fungo sopo ndi mtundu - .. Ndi mankhwala basi analenga zasayansi. Kumene, opanga mobwerezabwereza anayesedwa zotsatira za zigawo zikuluzikulu zonse za pa khungu, koma nthawi yapadera n'zotheka mbali yapadera ya zinthu payekha.

N'chimodzimodzinso anati kwa mafuta zachilengedwe zofunika. Ngakhale zonse, n'zotheka munthu zoipa anachita mbali zenizeni. Komabe, sopo m'nyumba ali aang'ono kwambiri kungasokoneze matenda a khungu.

The chachiwiri zofunika chenjezo - mtundu wa sopo ndi. Angagwiritsidwenso analandira synthetically kapena ku utoto achilengedwe. mitundu Natural "turbid" ndi "zimitsani", koma, ndithudi, iwo ndi chabwinobwino poyerekeza ndi mankhwala mpikisano awo.

sopo zovala

Mylovar kusiyanitsa zodzikongoletsera ndi sopo. Monga dzina zikusonyeza, zovala sopo cholinga kusamba ndi kuchapa zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku, osati khungu. Komabe, beauticians amalangiza osati kusiya ntchito sopo kubwezeretsa tsitsi ndi khungu.

Zikuchokera sopo (GOST akusiyanitsa mitundu 3) amakhala ndi okhutira mkulu zidulo mafuta ndi soda. Ndipotu, zili zidulo, mbewu zachilengedwe ndi mafuta nyama ndi sopo zamchere ndi magulu amenewa: osachepera 70,5%, osachepera 69% ndi osachepera 64%. Mtundu uwu wa sopo sanazichite chifuwa, zikhoza kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngakhale zinthu ana.

Zovala sopo kuoneka ngati antiseptic achilengedwe. Ndi cholinga ichi ntchito kukonza mu zipatala. Mano amalangiza nthawi iliyonse ntchito sopo wamsuwachi zilibe kukhala kuswana pansi tizilombo.