Mankhwala makampani m'dzikoli. Chidule

makampani mankhwala ndi malonda zovuta zomwe alinga mlingo wa patsogolo sayansi ndi luso pamodzi ndi luso lopanga, komanso kupereka m'magulu onse a chuma, ndi zipangizo zamakono.

Makampani mankhwala dzikoli nthambi zikuluzikulu za makampani olemera, ndiponso ndi chuma ndi luso m'munsi mwa ntchito za sayansi ndi mankhwala a m'magulu onse a chuma. gawo ili la chuma ndi mbali yaikulu kulimbitsa imapanga chitetezo ndi mphamvu za asilikali lapansi kukhalabe zosowa pa moyo wa anthu onse. Mankhwala makampani ndi mafakitale zovuta dziko, ndi umisiri zikuluzikulu zomwe ndi njira zipangizo processing kapena zipangizo ndi mankhwala. Kudzera chitukuko cha makampani mankhwala kuoneka ndi kukhala kupanga Integrated mankhwala malonda; chopangidwa kuchotsa zipangizo zokwera mtengo yaiwisi mtengo ndi angakwanitse kwambiri; zobwezerezedwanso zinyalala mafakitale; pali ntchito Integrated a zipangizo. Mankhwala makampani a dziko ndipamene zovuta multifunctional kulumikizana dongosolo ndi kumabungwe ena a chuma, monga mafuta ndi mafuta kuyenga mafakitale ndi malasha, chitsulo ndi makampani zitsulo, komanso mitengo ndi kuwala. Osakaniza osiyana mafakitale ndi mankhwala athe chilengedwe cha maofesi lonse mafakitale.

Kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti makampani mankhwala dziko zizindikiro kwambiri chitukuko mpaka m'ma 70s. Mavuto mphamvu kwa nyengo ya penapake yafupika mayendedwe a chitukuko cha makampani, monga kubwezeretsa ndondomeko structural-kusintha anatenga nthawi zina makampani mankhwala a. pofuna kukwaniritsa makampani mankhwala anasonyeza zotsatira khola, ndipo panopa ndi zamagetsi makampani okha ndi patsogolo pa mitengo ya zinthu. The gawo mafakitale m'mayiko onse otukuka, makampani mankhwala ndi yokha luso lopanga.

Petrochemical makampani Russia ndi akonzedwa umodzi wa chuma cha dziko, migodi ndiponso pokonza wa mafuta ndi ena ofanana. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, mu khumi zapitazo wa mankhwala 20th Century petrochemical nkhani kuposa theka la zokolola za makampani mankhwala, ndipo oposa theka buku la yopanga zigawo organic mu dziko. kufanana amenewo anakhalabe ndi makampani petrochemical mu Russia.

Mankhwala makampani mu dongosolo lake ndi zovuta ali mamembala oposa 200 kum'mwera zamanja, ndi osiyanasiyana mankhwala chopangidwa ndi makampani mankhwala a amabwera kwa 1,000,000. The mankhwala makampani ku Germany, monga makampani mankhwala dziko ikuphatikiza boma Boma mu migodi ndi mankhwala makampani, mankhwala zoyambirira ndi mapulasitiki makampani.

Migodi komanso mafakitale mankhwala chokhudzana ndi m'zigawo, processing ndi patsogolo a mankwala, potashi, sulfure. Makampani zofunika mankhwala ukufanizidwa ndi kupanga feteleza, salt, alkalis, zidulo. A malonda polima zochokera kaphatikizidwe organic ndi zikuphatikizapo yopanga mapulasitiki ndi resins kupanga, ulusi ndi mphira, utoto, etc. Nthambi womwewo wa makampani petrochemical amapereka zosowa ogula la anthu ndi ntchito kupanga asatayike, photochemistry, detergents, mafuta onunkhira komanso zodzikongoletsera.