Mankhwala osakanizidwa ndi madzi. Mafuta apadera ndi alloys. Kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito alloys osagwira kutentha

Makampani amakono sangathe kulingalira popanda zinthu monga chitsulo. Timakumana nawo pafupifupi pa sitepe iliyonse. Mwa kuyambitsa zinthu zosiyanasiyana zamagulu muzipangidwe zake, zomangamanga ndi zomangamanga zimatha kusintha kwambiri.

Kodi chitsulo n'chiyani?

Chitsulo ndi alloy omwe ali ndi kaboni ndi chitsulo. Ndiponso alloy (chithunzi chiri pansipa) chingakhale ndi zonyansa za zinthu zina zamagulu.

Pali zigawo zambiri zolemba. Ngati mpweya uli ndi 0.025-0.8%, ndiye kuti deta imatchedwa pre-eutectoid ndipo ili ndi perlite ndi ferrite mumapangidwe awo. Ngati chitsulo ndi hypereutectoid, ndiye kuti perlitic ndi cementite phazi zikhoza kuwonedwa. Chizindikiro cha pulasitiki ndi lalikulu pulasitiki. Cementite ili ndi khama lalikulu. Perlite mawonekedwe onse magawo oyambirira. Zingakhale ndi mawonekedwe a granular (pamtunda wa ferrite muli inclusions ya simenti, yomwe imakhala yozungulira) ndi lamellar (magawo onsewa ndi ofanana). Ngati chitsulo chikuwotcha pamwamba pa kutentha kumene mapulitsikidwe amatha kusintha, chimangidwe chimasintha ku chilengedwe. Izi zili ndi pulasitiki yowonjezereka. Ngati zokhudzana ndi mpweya zoposa 2,14%, ndiye kuti zipangizo zoterezi zimatchedwa iron.

Mitundu yachitsulo

Malingana ndi mawonekedwe ake, chitsulo chikhoza kukhala kaboni ndi kupangidwa. Mpweya wochuluka wosakwana 0.25% umakhala wotsika kwambiri. Ngati kuchuluka kwake kukufika pa 0.55%, ndiye kuti tikhoza kulankhula za alangizi-kachipangizo. Chitsulo, chomwe chimapangidwe chake chili ndi carbon oposa 0,6%, chimatchedwa mkulu-carbon. Ngati, monga alloy amapangidwira, teknoloji imaphatikizapo kuyambika kwa zinthu zinazake zamagulu, ndiye chitsulo ichi chimatchedwa chololedwa. Kuyamba kwa zigawo zosiyanasiyana kumasintha zinthu zake. Ngati chiwerengero chawo sichiposa 4%, ndiye kuti alloyyo ndi ochepa. Chitsulo chamagetsi ndi chuma chapamwamba chimakhala ndi 11% komanso kuposa 12% inclusions, motero. Malingana ndi malo omwe amagwiritsira ntchito zida zazitsulo, mitundu yawo imasiyanasiyana: zida, zomangamanga ndi zapadera.

Makina opanga zipangizo zamakono

Ndondomeko ya smelting steel ndi yovuta kwambiri. Zimaphatikizapo magawo angapo. Choyamba, zipangizo ndizofunikira - chitsulo chamatabwa. Gawo loyamba limaphatikizapo Kutentha mpaka kutentha kwake. Kutsekemera kumachitika. Pachigawo chachiwiri, kutentha kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri. Njira zomwe zimapangidwanso ndi carbon dioxide zimakhala zovuta kwambiri. Zowonjezerapo zowonjezera mpweya wabwino zimatheka. Zosafunikira zosafunikira zimachotsedwa mu slag. Chinthu chotsatira ndicho kuchotsa mpweya kuchokera ku zitsulo, chifukwa zimachepetsa kwambiri mawonekedwe. Izi zingachitidwe mwa kufalitsa kapena mphepo. Ngati mankhwalawa sakupezeka, mankhwalawa amatchedwa otentha. Mpweya wabwino wa mpweya sukhazikika, mpweya umachotsedwa kwathunthu. Malo apakati amakhala ndi chitsulo chosungira khola . Kupanga zitsulo zachitsulo kumachitika mu zitseko zotseguka, zitsulo zopangira, oxygen converters.

Alloying zitsulo

Pofuna kupeza izo kapena zida zina zazitsulo, zopereka zapadera zimayambitsidwa. Ubwino waukulu wa alloy woterewu ukuwonjezeka kukana zofooka zosiyanasiyana, kudalirika kwa zigawo ndi zinthu zina zomangidwe zimakula kwambiri. Pakutha, chiwerengero cha ming'alu ndi zolakwika zina zimachepa. Kawirikawiri njira yotereyi yokhala ndi zinthu zosiyana imagwiritsidwa ntchito popereka chida cha mankhwala. Koma pali zolephera zingapo. Amafuna kuthandizira kwina, pali mwayi waukulu wa gulu. Kuwonjezera apo, mtengo wa zinthuzo umachulukanso. Zomwe zimafala kwambiri ndi chromium, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, cobalt. Malo awo ogwiritsira ntchito ndi aakulu kwambiri. Izi ndi zomangamanga, ndikupanga mbali za mapaipi, zomera, ndege ndi zina zambiri.

Lingaliro la kutentha kutentha ndi kutentha kutentha

Lingaliro la kutentha kutentha limatanthauza mphamvu ya chitsulo kapena alloy kuti asunge zizindikiro zake zonse zikagwira ntchito kutentha. M'madera otere, mpweya wa mpweya umapezeka nthawi zambiri. Choncho, mfundozi ziyenera kukhala ndi kukana kuchitapo kanthu, ndiko kuti, kusagonjetsa kutentha. Choncho, maonekedwe a alloys omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pa kutentha kwakukulu ayenera kuphatikizapo malingaliro onsewa. Pomwepo chitsulo choterocho chidzapereka zofunikira zogwirira ntchito kwa zigawo, zipangizo ndi zinthu zina zomangidwe.

Zida za chitsulo chosagwira

Zikakhala kuti kutentha kumafika pamtengo wapamwamba, kugwiritsa ntchito alloys kumafunika, zomwe sizidzawonongeka ndi zopunduka. Pankhaniyi, amagwiritsidwa ntchito mapeyala osagwira ntchito. Kutentha kwa ntchito zoterezi kuli pamwamba pa 500 ° C. Nthawi zofunikira zogwiritsa ntchito zitsulo ndizopirira, mapulasitiki, omwe amapitirira kwa nthawi yaitali, komanso kukhala bata. Pali zinthu zingapo zomwe zingasinthe kwambiri kukana kutentha: cobalt, tungsten, molybdenum. Chigawo choyenera ndi chrome. Sichimakhudza mphamvu monga momwe zimakhalira zovuta za slag. Ndiponso chrome imateteza kuwonongeka. Chinthu china chofunika cha zilembo za mtundu uwu ndizowonjezereka.

Chizindikiro cha zitsulo zopanda kutentha ndi dongosolo

Mankhwala osakanizika ndi otentha omwe ali otsika ndi a ferritic class, martensitic, austenitic komanso ndi ferritic-martensitic. Yoyamba imakhala yokhala ndi 30% ya chromium. Pambuyo pa chithandizo chapadera, kapangidwe kamene kamakhala bwino. Ngati kutentha kutentha kumadutsa 850 ° C, mbewu zimakula, ndipo zipangizo zotentha zotere zimakhala zowonongeka. Kalasi ya Martensitic imadziwika ndi chromium content: kuyambira 4% mpaka 12%. Komanso muzing'ono, nickel, tungsten ndi zinthu zina zingakhalepo. Mwa izi, zigawo za turbini, valves mu magalimoto amapangidwa. Zitsulo zomwe zimakhala ndi martensite ndi ferrite mumapangidwe awo zimayenera kugwira ntchito pa kutentha kwa nthawi zonse komanso ntchito ya nthawi yaitali. Chromium zili ndi 14%. Austenite imapezeka poika nickel mu alloys osagwira ntchito. Chitsulo chokhala ndi mawonekedwe ofanana ndizo zambiri.

Nickel-base alloys

Nickel imakhala ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza. Zili ndi zotsatira zabwino pazitsulo zachitsulo (zonse zotentha ndi kuzizira). Ngati gawo kapena chida chakonzedwa kuti chigwire ntchito pamalo ovuta, kutsegula dothi ndi chinthuchi kumapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke. Zida zosagwira ntchito zotentha zomwe zimachokera pa nickel zimagawidwa m'magulu otsatirawa: kutentha kwakukulu komanso kwenikweni kutentha. Wachiwiri ayenera kukhala ndi makhalidwe osachepera otentha. Kutentha kwafika kufika 1200ºС. Komanso, chromium kapena titaniyamu imaphatikizidwa. Ndizofunikira kuti chitsulo chokhala ndi nickel chokhala ndi zinthu zosafunika monga barium, magnesium, boron, kotero kuti malire a tirigu amaumitsa. Mapulogalamu apamwamba otentha a mtundu uwu alipo mwa mawonekedwe a forgings ndi zokulungidwa. N'zotheka kuponya ziwalo. Malo akuluakulu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kupanga mapangidwe a gasi. Zitsulo zosakanizidwa ndi mafuta otsekemera zimakhala ndi 30% ya chromium. Iwo ali oyenerera kupondaponda, kuwotcherera. Kuonjezera apo, kukanika kwapakati kumakhala pamwamba. Izi zimapangitsa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito muipi yamagetsi.

Chitsulo chosakanizidwa chokhala ndi titaniyamu

Titaniyano imayambitsidwa pangТono (mpaka 0,3%). Pankhaniyi, imapangitsa mphamvu ya alloy. Ngati zowonjezereka zikukwera, ndiye kuti katundu wina amatha kuwonongeka (kuuma, mphamvu). Koma pulasitiki nthawi yomweyo imakula. Izi zimathandizira kukonza zitsulo. Poyambitsa titaniyamu pamodzi ndi zigawo zina, ndizotheka kusintha kwambiri kutentha kwake. Ngati kuli kofunikira kugwira ntchito pamalo ovuta (makamaka ngati mapangidwe amatanthauza kuwotcherera), ndiye kuti doping ndi mankhwala awa ndi olondola.

Cobalt alloys

Kuchuluka kwa cobalt (mpaka 80%) kumapangidwanso kupanga zipangizo monga mapuloteni osagwira ndi otentha, chifukwa sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri. Kuyamba kwake kumawonjezera mapulasitiki, komanso kukana kugwira ntchito ndi kutentha. Ndipo pamwambapo, ndipamwamba kuchuluka kwa cobalt kumayambira mu alloy. Mu makina ena, zokhutira zake zimafikira 30%. Mbali ina yodziwika ndi ma steels monga kusintha kwa maginito katundu. Komabe, chifukwa cha mtengo wapatali wa cobalt, ntchito yake ndi yoperewera.

Zotsatira zake za molybdenum pa alloys apamwamba otentha

Izi mankhwala chimakhudza mphamvu ya mfundo pa kutentha. Makamaka amagwira ntchito pamodzi ndi zinthu zina. Amathandiza kwambiri kulemera kwa chitsulo (ngakhale pa zomwe zili ndi 0.3%). Mphamvu ya mphamvu imakula. Chinthu china chabwino, chomwe chimapezeka m'magulu opangira mankhwala omwe amapezeka ndi molybdenum, ndikumana kwakukulu ndi njira zowonjezera. Molybdenum imalimbikitsa kukonza mbewu. Zovuta ndizovuta kuwotcherera.

Mafuta ena apadera ndi alloys

Pochita ntchito zina, zipangizo zomwe zili ndi zinthu zina zofunika. Choncho, tikhoza kukambirana za kugwiritsa ntchito zida zapadera, zomwe zingakhale zomwenso zimakhala ndi dothi komanso carbon. M'kupita kwa nthawi, zida zofunikira zimatheka chifukwa chakuti kupanga mapulogalamu ndi momwe akugwiritsira ntchito zikuchitika pamakina apadera. Zida zamakono ndi zitsulo zimagawidwa kukhala zomangamanga ndi chida. Zina mwa ntchito zazikulu za zipangizozi zikhoza kudziwika izi: Kukaniza kutupa ndi kuvala ndondomeko, kukwanitsa kugwira ntchito m'malo ovuta, kuwonjezeka kwa mawonekedwe. Gawoli limaphatikizapo mafakitale omwe amatha kutentha kwambiri komanso kutentha kwambiri, komanso ma stelo omwe amatha kupitirira mpaka 29 ° C.

Zida zothandizira

Pofuna kupanga zipangizo popanga, zipangizo zamakono zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Poona kuti zikhalidwe zimagwirizana, zipangizo zimasankhidwa payekha. Popeza zida zogwiritsira ntchitozi ndizokwanira, zizindikiro zazomwe zimapangidwira zimakhala zofanana: ziyenera kukhala zosasunthika zakunja, inclusions, ndondomeko yowonongeka bwino imachitika bwino, ndipo mawonekedwewo ndi ofanana. Pofuna zipangizo, ndikofunikira kukhala ndi magawo osasunthika komanso kuthana ndi chovala. Ngati tikulankhula za zida zogula, zimagwira ntchito pamtambo wotentha (pali kutentha kwa m'mphepete mwake), kumangokhalira kukangana ndi kusintha. Choncho, ndikofunikira kuti iwo asunge kulemera koyamba pamene akuwotcha. Mtundu wina wa chida chachitsulo ndipamwamba kwambiri. Kwenikweni, ili ndi doped ndi tungsten. Kulimba kumasungidwa mpaka kutentha pafupifupi 600 ° C. Palinso zitoliro zokhazikika. Zapangidwira zonse zozizira ndi kuzizira.

Munda wogwiritsira ntchito alloys pofuna cholinga chapadera

Makampani omwe alloys omwe ali ndi makhalidwe apadera amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Poyang'ana makhalidwe awo abwino, ndizofunikira kwambiri pa zamisiri, zomangamanga, mafakitale a mafuta. Mankhwala osagwira ntchito ndi otentha omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mbali ya makina opangira, magalimoto osungirako magalimoto. Zitsulo zomwe zimakhala ndi zida zapamwamba ndizofunika kwambiri popanga mapaipi, sing'anga zamagetsi, ma diski, mitundu yonse ya mankhwala makampani. Zingwe za njanji, zidebe, mbozi kuti zinyamule - chifukwa cha zonsezi ndizitsulo zosagwira ntchito. Alloys of automata amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mabotolo, mtedza ndi ziwalo zina zofanana. Zitsime ziyenera kukhala zokwanira komanso zosagonjetsedwa. Choncho, mfundo zawo ndizitsulo zakasupe. Pofuna kukweza khalidweli, iwo akuwonjezeredwa ndi chromium, molybdenum. Zitsulo zonse zapadera ndi zitsulo zomwe zili ndi zizindikiro zina zingachepetse mtengo wa zinthu zomwe poyamba zidagwiritsidwa ntchito zitsulo zopanda chitsulo.