Zojambula ndi mitundu ya milatho

Bridges - lingaliro zofunika pafupifupi aliyense mtsinje, amathandiza kulimbana ndi mavuto chifukwa mtunda awo amasandulika ang'onoang'ono, ndi kuti mfundo "A" kuwalozera "B" ndi omasuka ndi mofulumira. Mkubwela kwa zipangizo zatsopano ndiponso sayansi ziwembu zovuta kuwoloka chikukwaniritsidwa.

Kodi Bridge

Bridges - kupitiriza msewu pa vuto la. Nthawi zambiri, iwo balala mwa chotchinga madzi, koma angathe kulumikiza m'mbali mwa chigwa kapena njira. Mogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha zomangamanga zoyendera m'madera matauni kumanga mlatho kwa kayendedwe ka misewu, n'kupanga kutonthozana lalikulu. Mfundo yaikulu ya zomangamanga awo ndi utali, ndi zogwiriziza.

Gulu la milatho zomangamanga

Mitundu ya milatho akhoza wachinsinsi monga muyezo zingapo:

• pa cholinga chachikulu cha ntchito;
• zaphindu njira;
• zomangira;
• malinga ndi kutalika;
• Zikugwira ntchito tsiku lomalizira;
• malinga ndi mfundo opaleshoni.

Popeza anthu imawazidwa mtengo banki limodzi la mtsinje kufika zina, zinamutengera nthawi yaitali ndipo anaika kwambiri khama pa ntchito yomanga nyumba zomangamanga. Chifukwa, pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya milatho. Tiyeni tione iwo mwatsatanetsatane.

mtengo

Zipangizo zomangira nyumba zawo monga zitsulo ndi kasakaniza wazitsulo ake, analimbitsa simenti, ndi zakuthupi mtengowo. Zinthu zazikulu kusenza nyumba ya mtundu umenewu ndi matabwa, zitsulo zopangira denga kudzanso, amene kusamutsa katundu thandizo m'munsi mwa mlatho.

Matabwa ndi zitsulo zopangira denga kudzanso ali mbali ya dongosolo osiyana lomwe limadziwika ndi dzina lakuti "zouluka". Utali ndi kugawikana, kutonthoza osati kudula, malingana ndi kugwirizana chiwembu ndi zogwiriziza. The oyamba mapazi awiri mbali iliyonse uncut angakhale ndi ambiri mizati, malingana kufunika, pamene cantilever mlatho chimakwirira kupitirira mfundo kutchulidwa, kumene akulowa ndi utali wotsatira.

arched

Pakuti kupanga zitsulo awo, kuponyedwa chitsulo, castings simenti kapena atilakwira. Zipangizo woyamba kwambiri kumanga milatho wa mtundu uwu miyala, boulders kapena wapangidwa midadada izi monolithic.

maziko ndi Chipilala kapangidwe (Chipilala). Pawiri arches angapo msewu kapena sitima bedi ndi arched mlatho. Panjira mwina malo awiri: pa ndondomeko kapena pansi.

mtundu umodzi uli wosakanizidwa - Chipilala-cantilever mlatho, kumene poluarki ziwiri zolumikizana pamwamba ndi kuyang'ana ngati kalata "T". Kapangidwe arched chingakhale wa chikhato chimodzi, kenako imagwera pa waukulu katundu zimakhudza kwambiri. Ngati mlatho wapangidwa ndi nyumba zingapo zolumikizana, ndiye katundu ndi anagawira kwa onse wapakatikati ndi mapeto thandizo.

kuyimitsidwa milatho

zipangizo Main yomanga Pankhaniyi - zitsulo analimbitsa simenti. Zomangamanga anamangidwa mu malo sikutheka kukhazikitsa wapakatikati zogwiriziza. Pylons akuthandiza membala ogwirizana ndi zingwe. Kusunga mlatho chikhalidwe khola, ndi pylons ali wokwera pa zomenyanazo, pakati pawo chingwe Tambasula opareshoni kugwirizana kwa dziko lapansi, kumene adzatsekeredwa Ufumuyo. Mwa anatambasula yopingasa waya atathana vertically, nawonso anayamba unyolo kuti azitithandiza chinsalu mlatho. The stiffness wa tsamba Ufumuyo matabwa ndi zitsulo zopangira denga kudzanso.

Chingwe-anakhala mlatho

Yomanga zipangizo - zitsulo, analimbitsa simenti. Monga Akhristu onyenga, zinalengedwera amafuna pylons ndi zingwe. kusiyana ndi kuti chingwe-anakhala pawiri yekha amene chimamanga dongosolo lonse mlatho, zingwe mwachitsanzo ali ananamizira kuti onyamula horizontally anatambasula, koma mwachindunji zogwiriziza yotsiriza, kupanga kapangidwe umakhala okhwima.

pontoon

"Zoyandama" akuwoloka alibe chimango okhwima ndi kulankhulana ndi kumtunda. yomanga awo anasonkhana ku zigawo zosiyana ndi kugwirizana makina. inanso mtundu wa milatho ndi naplyvnye kuwoloka. Nthawi zambiri iwo ndi nyumba zosakhalitsa kuti ntchito kukhazikitsa nthawi ayezi zopinga madzi. Amakhala oopsa m'nyengo ya chisangalalo chachikulu pa madzi, navigation zovuta ndi kayendedwe pa iwo okha kuti magalimoto Mipikisano matani.

milatho zitsulo

milatho ambiri masiku ano zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zitsulo mu chotengera cha kamangidwe. Pakuti ndithu nthawi yaitali, mlatho zitsulo ankaona mtundu kwambiri cholimba maofesi. Pakali pano, nkhaniyi ndi yofunika, koma si zikuluzikulu za Kuthana ndi.

Mitundu ya milatho zitsulo:

• Arched kamangidwe.
• Viaducts ndi utali.
• Kupachikidwa, ameneyo.
• Trestle ndi kumakula zipilala konkire, chimene chimakwirira anasonkhana kwa mankhwala zitsulo.

zitsulo zomangamanga mwayi wa chomasuka zosonkhanitsira, ndiye pafupifupi mitundu yonse ya mlatho sitima zimamangidwa kwa nkhaniyi. mbali zitsulo ndi chopangidwa ndi njira mafakitale pa fakitale, kukula zikhoza kusintha. Malinga ndi mphamvu njira imene adzakhala kusonkhana, anapanga preform tsogolo fakitale olimba pawiri.

Wiritsani Kapangidwe ka mbali angathe kukhala mwachindunji pa malo a msonkhano komaliza. Ndipo ngati inu kale kuti agwire kugwirizana ndalama ya ndege, tsopano Crane ndi zochotsa mphamvu matani 3600, tikhoza kusuntha ndi kukhazikitsa pa zitsulo zimakhudza chikhatho chimodzi.

Ubwino wa nyumba zitsulo

Ngati mfundo kumanga milatho chitsulo sikawirikawiri ntchito chifukwa cha kukana ake osauka dzimbiri. Zithunzi zatchuka mkulu-mphamvu zitsulo ndi mankhwala ake. ntchito zake zabwino akhoza imawunikidwa ntchito monga mitundu chingwe-anakhala mlatho, ndi utali yaikulu. Chitsanzo ndi Moscow ulalo Dnieper mtsinje Kiev kapena Obukhov mlatho St. Petersburg.

Pomanga mlatho sitima chimagwiritsidwa ntchito zitsulo nyumba ndi zitsulo zopangira denga kudzanso. The mwayi waukulu njira izi ndi mogwira ntchito, liwiro ntchito yomanga ndi dismantling mbali payekha, mtengo wotsika mafuta, n'zotheka yomanga maofesi a posachedwapa pa malo zilipo ndi malo alionse m'mayiko ambiri.

milatho matabwa

Mlatho yoyamba m'mbiri ya anthu zinamangidwa nkhuni. Long nyumba sangathe ntchito popanda yokonza yoyenera, zonse yokonza ntchito ndipo m'malo mbali ndi fasteners. Zinali zovuta kumanga, ndi fragility zakuthupi. Panopa tikukonza zotsatirazi mitundu ya milatho matabwa:

1. Malinga ndi dongosolo - mtanda, strut.
2. Malinga ndi kapangidwe - dongosolo paketi ndi utali, milatho truss.

Matabwa Kapangidwe ka zophweka kwambiri, choncho mwamsanga dongosolo mountable. Thandizo matabwa ndi anakhoma mu nthaka kuti akuya 4 m. Pa malekezero chapamwamba za milu ndi zikhomo zitsulo zikugwirizanira nozzle, ndi milu onse omangidwa amodzi, yaikidwa pamwamba pa intaneti kuyenda. Pomanga mlatho matabwa ndikofunika kuti akonze amphamvu Kumuyika kapangidwe ndi zambiri za pansi pa malekezero onse, timachitira ndi kuonetsetsa kuti mlatho anali m'khola.

Tsopano pali chizolowezi chitsitsimutso cha yomanga milatho matabwa, omwe amagwirizana mkubwela kwa luso kupanga laminated maonekedwe matabwa, zambiri kugonjetsedwa ndi mapangidwe aukali, magulu kunja ndi torsion chokhalitsa ntchito, kupatula m'litali sikudalira kukula chilengedwe cha mtengo.

Poetics ndi Tsatani

Mu St. Petersburg pali 93 madzi, apa kuphatikizapo mitsinje, mitsinje, ngalande pafupifupi 100 madamu. kulankhulana momasuka pakati pa zilumba ndi mbali ya mzinda kupereka milatho, imene pali 800, zomwe 218 ndi anthu oyenda pansi. Chiyambireni cha yomanga mzinda wakhazikitsa mwambo wa nyumba milatho, popanda zomwe St. Petersburg kale zosaganizika. Ali mbali ya zomangamanga, mbiri, miyambo ndi chikhalidwe.

Mwina, mu mzinda uliwonse wa Russia kotero mwakhama ntchito razvodnogo kuwoloka, onse St. Petersburg.

Chizindikiro cha likulu kumpoto ndi imodzi mwa milatho wamkulu - Palace. Linamangidwa ndi injiniya Pshenitskogo A. P. ndi zikugwirizana Admiralty Island Muvi Vasilyevsky Island. Modern Nyamulani asilikali 700 matani chapakati chikhato dongosolo kuti muyende chombocho.

The drawbridge Alevi St. Petersburg dzina la Alexander Nevsky. m'litali ndi 905,7 m, ndi chosinthika chapakati ndimeyi amapangidwa ndi zitsulo, pamene dongosolo dilution mphindi 2 okha.

Mitundu ya St. Petersburg milatho monga mbiri yonse ya kumanga mlatho - kuchokera matabwa oyamba Mipikisano kanjira nyumba masiku chingwe-anakhala. Big Obukhov Bridge Mwachitsanzo, ali kutalika 2824 m, ndi lero ndi imodzi mwa nyumba zomangamanga yaikulu mu Russia. Iwo zigawo ziwiri kufanana zofanana, amene anakonza anayi magalimoto -way.

St. Petersburg nthano

Mu St. Petersburg, kuchuluka kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya milatho amene timapemphera, pali akale, akhala zizindikiro za nyengo makedzana, koma cholinga chawo sanasinthe ngakhale inamera Luso chibwenzi nkhani. Choncho, nampsopsonetsa mlatho Moika Mtsinje amakopa alendo ndi dzina lake, koma chinachitika kwa dzina la Potselueva wamalonda amene potatory nyumba "The kumpsompsona" inali pafupi ndi boti ndi kugula chikondi, dzina ziribe kanthu kochita.

Chidwi nthano anakulira Foundry Bridge, kumene nkhani zochititsa chidwi adawuka pomwepo pamene tabu. Iwo anakhulupirira kuti maziko zipilala mwala anakhala Nsembe mwala Atakan. Tsopano ogwetsa kuti odutsa ndipo imautsa kudzipha. Kuti asangalatse "wamagazi" changati chimwalacho, nzika zina ataponyedwa mlatho mumtsinje Neva ndalama ndi kutsanulira vinyo wofiira. Komanso, ambiri anganene kuti pa Foundry angapezeke mzimu Lenin a.

The asanu kwambiri Russian milatho motalikitsa

Ngakhale kuti amange ulalo Kerch Khwalala, asanu kuwoloka zikuluzikulu chiri motere:

• Russian mlatho mu Vladivostok. yomanga kutalika 3100 m, anatsegula mu 2012 kwa nthawi yoyamba za zosowa zake kuganiza mu 1939, koma anazindikira pa siteji pano.
• Yesetsani ku Khabarovsk. m'litali ndi 3891 m. Iwo ali tiers awiri. Kutsegula m'munsi mwa magalimoto sitima, ndipo pamwamba - galimoto. chifanizo Chake imakongoletsa bilu zikwi zisanu dollar.
• Yesetsani pa Mtsinje Yuribey. Malowa ali pamtunda pamwamba pa Arctic Circle mu Yamal-Nenets Autonomous District. Utali wa zomangamanga - 2893 m.
• Mlatho wa Amur Bay ali kutalika 5331 m. Iwo chinamasulidwa mu 2012. N'zochititsa chidwi kuyatsa dongosolo, amene amathandiza kupulumutsa 50% ya magetsi.
• Pulezidenti Bridge pa Mtsinje Volga mu Ulyanovsk. M'litali -. 5825 yomanga mamita zinachitikadi zaka 23.