Treblinka (yozunzirako): mbiri. Chikumbutso pa Treblinka

Treblinka - yozunzirako pafupi Warsaw (Poland), kumene mu nthawi kuchokera 1942 mpaka 1943, Anazi anawononga anthu achiyuda anali linalanda dzikoli. Ochita kafukufuku amakhulupirira kuti adaphedwa amuna pafupifupi mazana asanu zikwi, ndipo ambiri a iwo - Ayuda. Tsopano zokhudza anthu zoopsa amatikumbutsa chikumbutso pokumbukira amene aberedwa wa Nazi.

Opha nyama unathandizira pa mode mwachinsinsi: kukafika kutsogolo kwa kilometre imodzi kuchokera msasa wonse anakoloweka chitetezo, kutsegula moto pa wina aliyense amene anafika malo pafupi. njanjiyi ndi asilikali kuperekezedwa convoys sankaloledwa msasa ululu wa imfa. Komanso, ngakhale ndege Luftwaffe ankaletsedwanso kuuluka ndondomeko izi.

Ayuda a Poland

Poland - Dziko limene yaikulu m'dera Ayuda anali anaikira. Ndi chiyambi cha ntchito German wa anthu ake anali anthu opitirira mamiliyoni atatu. Ena mwa iwo anali kwambiri asayansi, aphunzitsi, akatswiri ojambula - palibe wina chisoni makina Hitler.

Ena poona kuopsa nthawi anasamukira ku dera la USSR ndi Belarus, mbali ina anathawira ku Vilnius. Choncho, pansi Ofesi ya Nazi pa September 1 1939 zaka (tsiku la adani Poland a) yansiya miliyoni 2 Ayuda. Onse anali pansi "njira komaliza." Kale September 21 ankati gulu ntchito, zomwe waganiza kulenga malo, kumene Ayuda ochokera m'madera wotanganidwa adzawonjezeka.

Mwachitsanzo, mu Poland izo amalenga ghettos atatu - malo wapadera komwe Nazi anaika Ayuda. Moyo mu ghetto - njala, matenda, kukanidwa ndi manyazi. Koma sanali kuthetsa nkhani chiwonongeko. Choncho wokhala dongosolo - otchedwa Opaleshoni Reinhard, imene pa chimake ndipo akuwononga malo, kuphatikizapo yozunzirako Treblinka. Ayuda awa anawatumiza makamaka Warsaw Ghetto. Koma ife pofotokoza pansipa.

Mbiri ya chilengedwe

Pamene anamangidwa Treblinka? Kundende ina, amene mbiri okhumudwa, akuyamba kukhalapo mu 1942. Mwa dongosolo la Reichsführer Genriha Gimmlera pa April 17 anayamba kumanga misasa awonongedwe. Udindo anaikidwa Aripadi Wigand - Nazi bwanamkubwa wa Warsaw.

Pambuyo chigamulo cha kuchedwa malamulo, kumapeto May anayamba kumanga, ndi 22 July chaka chino, woyamba yozunzirako Treblinka anatenga Warsaw Ayuda. Poyamba wosasangalala osati awonongedwe mu manambala ngati oopsa, koma posakhalitsa, ndi October 1942, pambuyo yomanga zipinda zina gasi ndi crematoria, makina infernal chiwonongeko ntchito mu mphamvu.

Anapulumuka Treblinka (yozunzirako) mpaka 1943. Zinthu zinasintha kugalukira akaidi ntchito mu msasa, kenako ndi eerie malo inathetsedwa.

zomangamanga

Kodi malo awa ntchito? Monga Nazi anatha kuwononga nthawi imodzi zikwi za anthu: akazi, ana ndi achikulire? The nyimbo za ngolo makumi awiri, tikulephera, adatuluka pomwepo kuwonongedwa kwa zipinda za mpweya. Mwa njira, anthu d / f "Treblinka" limafotokoza bwino mphindi awa, kulola kuti agwera mu mantha zimene zikuchitika.

Taonani dongosolo Treblinka. Choncho, makilomita 80 kuchokera Warsaw pa munda, makilomita anayi ku mudzi wa dzina chomwecho, ndi malo Polish Ayuda anabweretsa chilango. munda waukulu mahekitala 24 wakhala wokhala ndi mpanda wolimba atatu-mita mpanda wa waya waminga, amene anali kutsatira voteji mkulu. Komanso, atatu-mita dzenje - njira zina chitetezo apulumuke. Gawo lake linali mu mphete mwa nkhalango. Kumsasa anapita nthambi ya sitima imene anatsutsidwa ndi kuperekedwa.

Mumsasa yokha unagawidwa awiri. Choyamba (Treblinka 1) anali anaikira akaidi, kupereka mbali ya zomangamanga msasa. Kumene ambiri a otchedwa "m'ndende" malo ngozi imfa yapang'onopang'ono. The chachiwiri - Treblinka 2 - anafuna yekha kuti kupha Ayuda. Pa gawo ake undressing m'misasa zipinda gasi, crematoria ndi maenje maliro. Komanso, apa moyo otchedwa Sonderkommando - Ayuda amasankhidwa kuti akatumikire kupha. Fupipafupi adasintha ( "lakale" Sonderkommando anali nsembe).

Treblinka - yozunzirako, amene anatumikira 30 SS asilikali, kuwonjezera, anabweretsa Ukrainians, ndi andende nkhondo, anagwirizana ndi mdani. Anaikidwa commandant Franz Stengel. Nkhondo itatha, iye anali m'ndende kwa moyo.

Wotchuka akaidi: J. Korczak

anthu ambiri ankanena Treblinka. Ndende wakumanitsa dziko ndi anthu otchuka. Pali anafa kwambiri Polish pedagogue, wolemba wa "Mtima linapatsidwa kwa ana," Janusz Korczak. Ana moyo wake wonse, ndipo pamene chipani cha Nazi atayamba kulamulira, Korczak mbamphedza munjira ina iliyonse ana awo - ana a Ana Home. Choyamba, mu ghetto ndipo patapita nthawi Treblinka.

Iwo ankafuna kuti apulumutse, kuti atenge mwa ghetto, ndiyeno panali mwayi wina - Korczak anali okonzeka kutenga ndi galimoto, wotumidwa kuchokera Warsaw ku otsiriza mpumulo -Treblinku. Iye anakana. Alimba mtima Korczak anapita ndi ana kuti zipinda za mpweya, kunditonthoza ana, kulimbikitsa achikulire.

S. Pullman: kuzunzidwa woimba

Simon Pullman - woimba kwambiri ndi mphunzitsi - wina amene anali anafupikitsa Treblinka. The yozunzirako anali womaliza siteshoni pambuyo moyo mu Warsaw ghetto iye. Pali analenga oimba symphonic, ndiyeno pamodzi ndi anzanga oimba anafa pa chipinda mpweya. Ndithu tsiku imfa osadziwika woimba, komanso zinthu zimene patsogolo izo.

Zipolowe mu 1943

Mu 1943, m'misasa imfa ndi ghettos likuthandiza funde la kuukira. Ambiri mwina, ndi kutsogolera anali kuponderezedwa mwankhanza anagalukira mu Warsaw ghetto. Ngakhale akaidi ndipo anamvetsa kufooka kwake poyerekeza ndi makina German nkhondo, iwo anasankha kufa pankhondo ufulu.

The kupanduka Treblinka poyamba silingayende bwino. Ndithudi, zingapangitse ntchito ndi kutha njala amuna onyamula yekha ndi pickaxes mafosholo, ndi mamembala a msasa ndi mfuti za makina? Koma akaidi mwadala anapita pa izo.

Mwambowo unali otchedwa "Opaleshoni 1005". Atatengedwa kupita kwa sitima yapamtunda yomaliza kwa Ayuda ku Warsaw Nazi anali mosamalitsa monga zotheka kubisa kuda milandu awo. Otsala 1,000 akaidi anakakamizika kukumba ngalande ndi akuvutika m'manda ndi kuwotcha theka lawola mitembo.

Pang'onopang'ono zifika kuzindikira wosasangalala kuti akangokhala akatha, iwo adzaphedwa. Choncho anabadwa lingaliro la kupanduka. Pa msasa mutiny anatenthedwa pafupifupi mwathunthu. Ambiri mwa akaidi anawomberedwa pamene zothaŵa, ena anagwira mu nkhalango, ndipo anakakamizika kumaliza ntchito, nayenso, anawomberedwa. Ochepa anakwanitsa kuthawa. Mmodzi mwa iwo anali Samuel Willenberg.

Samuel Willenberg - mmodzi amene anapulumuka

Serendipitously sanali kumana moyo Samuila Villenberga Treblinka. Ndende (chithunzi wake mukhoza kuona m'nkhani), pamene iye anafika pa chimodzi cha sitima, basi zinkaoneka zachilendo Samueli. Kotero iye anamvetsera malangizo mmodzi wa greeters kuti adzatchedwa zomangamanga. Motero, iye anali ochitidwa yekha wa zikwi wathedwa wa zikuchokera wake.

Iye ankakhala mu Treblinka, akuchita zosiyanasiyana ntchito, ku Chipangizochi zinthu kwa anthu Sonderkommando. Kuthawa Willenberg mwayi - iye anawomberedwa mwendo, koma athe kuzemba. Kuposa kuti, Samuel anapeza atate wake moyo ndi kulumikiza mobisa. Iye anafa pa mapeto a February 2016. Willenberg anasiya buku la Maulendo, "The Rise of Treblinka."

chikumbutso

Kuti tsopano ali Treblinka (kundende ina)? Chikumbutso pa malo zoopsa mphamvu kupha kukumbukira zonse za zoopsa za Anazi. Iwo chinamasulidwa mu 1964. Ndi chipilala, ndi kuzungulira 17 zikwi miyala - wophiphiritsa. Kuti chiwerengero cha anthu awonongedwe mu msasa nthawi.

malo akuti ndi kutengeka pacimake, komwe mu 1943, anatentha matupi - ndi njanji ochepa, oumitsidwa ndi lokutidwa ndi wosanjikiza wakuda mwaye.

Mofanana 1964 Treblinka, anatsegula Museum wa chikumbukiro akuvutika cha Nazi.