February 19, 1861. Wamba kusintha mu Russia. Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom

mu ulamuliro wa Alexander II (1856-1881) anapita mu mbiri monga nyengo ya "kusintha kwakukulu". Makamaka zikomo kwa mfumu anatenga chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ku Russia mu 1861 - chochitika chimene, ndithudi, ndi kupindula waukulu, umene zatenganso mbali mu chitukuko tsogolo la dziko.

ANAKULIRA chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom

M'zaka 1856-1857 angapo zigawo kum'mwera linagwedezeka wamba zipolowe, zomwe Komabe, mofulumira chinazilala. Koma, koma, atumikira monga chikumbutso kwa mphamvu kulamulira, kuti malo omwe anthu wamba, pamapeto angachotsedwe mavuto aakulu kwa iye.

Komanso, serfdom panopa kwambiri mochedwa patsogolo dziko. The axiom kuti ntchito ufulu bwino amakakamizidwa anawonetseredwa mu zonse: Russia kwambiri lagged kumbuyo mayiko a azungu ndi mu chuma ndi dera umoyo ndale. Izi anaopseza chakuti fano kale analenga a boma wamphamvu akhoza kungoyankha kupasuka, ndi dziko akhudzidwe m'gulu la zazing'ono. Osanenapo chakuti serfdom zikufanana kwambiri ukapolo.

Pofika kumapeto kwa 50s wa anthu miliyoni 62 pa chifundo cha ambuye awo amakhala kuposa wachitatu. Russia Zinkafunikiradi wamba kusintha. 1861 ayenera chaka cha kusintha kwakukulu kuti tizigwiritse kotero kuti iwo samakhoza kugwirana maziko okhazikika autocracy ndi anthu otchuka anapitiriza udindo lalikulu. Choncho, ndondomeko ya chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom amafuna kupenda mosamala ndi kuphunzira, ndipo ichi ndi chifukwa cha kupanda ungwiro boma zida zidabweretsa mabvuto.

Zoyenera kusintha tsogolo

Chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ku Russia mu 1861 kunathandiza kwambiri pa maziko ofunika kwambiri a dziko lalikulu.

Komabe, ngati States moyo pa malamulo pamaso amathera ena kusintha ndi kuphunzira mautumiki ndi zokambirana mu boma, ndipo kenako kusintha wokonzeka ntchito amapatsidwa yamalamulo, kupirira chigamulo chomaliza, ndi Russian kapena mautumiki kapena thupi nthumwi si kumeneko. Koma serfdom anali legislated pa mlingo boma. Kuletsa izo unilaterally Alexander II sakanakhoza, monga chosemphana ndi ufulu wa otchuka, ndilo maziko a autocracy.

Choncho, dziko kulimbikitsa kusintha chinali mwadala kulenga unit makamaka polimbana ndi chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Iwo anali ankaganiza kuti mudzangokhala mabungwe bungwe m'munda, amene bwana ayenera anagonjera ndi kukonzedwa mu Komiti ya Central, amene nawonso, ziyenera kulamulidwa ndi mfumu.

Popeza kuunika kwa kusintha adzaimira landlords ambiri anali kutaya izo, ndiye Alexander II, yabwino yothetsera adzakhala ngati kanthu kuti amasule wamba inali nkhani ya otchuka. Posachedwa mphindi panapezeka.

"Watsimikiza Nazimova"

Pakati pa kugwa 1857 anafika ku St. Petersburg General Vladimir Ivanovich Nazimov - Bwanamkubwa wa Lithuania, amene anatenga chopempha pa kupereka ufulu, ndi abwanamkubwa a Kovno ndi Grodno zigawo kupereka serfs awo ufulu wawo, koma popanda kuwapatsa dzikolo.

Poyankha, Alexander II anatumiza rescript analankhula Nazimova (Imperial payekha kalata), zomwe akulangiza m'derali bungwe makomiti zigawo. Ntchito yawo inali kukhala Mabaibulo awo tsogolo la kusintha wamba. Mu kalata mfumu ndipo anapereka malangizo ake kuti:

• Kupereka ufulu wonse wa serfs lapansi.
• ziwembu onse a m'dziko zikhale landlords kusunga umwini.
• Zikuthandiza wamba ukapolo kupeza ziwembu dziko phunziro kwa malipiro a mangawa kapena ntchito mwa serfdom.
• Yambitsani alimi kugula munda wawo.

Posachedwa rescript zinaoneka womkanikizawo, amene anapereka kutsogolera zokambirana ambiri funso serfdom.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwa makomiti

Oyambirira mu 1857 Mfumu, potsatira njira chake, olengedwa komiti chinsinsi pa funso wamba, amene mobisa chinkhoswe mu chitukuko cha kusintha kupasula serfdom. Koma patapita "rescript Nazimova" anakhala pagulu, bungwe la yapindula mu mphamvu. Mu February 1958 iye anachotsa ndi mobisa onse, renaming Komiti Main pa Affairs wamba, yemwe walunjika ndi Prince AF Orlov.

Pamene analenga Mkonzi Commission, omwe ankaona kuti ntchito yanuyi ndi komiti akuzigawo ndi kale pamaziko a deta analengedwa m'dzikolo Baibulo la kusintha m'tsogolo.

Wapampando wa ntchito wavomerezedwa kukhala membala wa State Council General YI Rostovtsev, amene imayendetsedwa lingaliro la chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom.

Zotsutsana ndi ntchito imene imachitika

M'kupita kwa ntchito makomiti waukulu ndipo ambiri a mumzinda akuzigawo opanda zotsutsana kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, landlords kunena kuti Kumasuka wa serfs anali malire ndi makonzedwe a ufulu ndi dziko kumbuyo iwo akhoza wotetezedwa yekha pa ngongole popanda malipiro. Komiti komanso ankafuna kupereka mwayi kugula serf wakale wa dziko anakhala mwini zonse.

Mu 1860 Rostovtsev kufa, choncho mutu wa ntchito nyuzipepala, Alexander II chimaika Chiwerengero VN Panin, amene poyamba anali ankamuona ngati mdani wa serfdom Kulipira. Kukhala N'ZOSACHITA kufunsa executor chifuniro zachifumu, anakakamizika kumaliza ntchito kusintha.

Mu October wa gulu drafting inatha. Total makomiti akuzigawo anapatsa kuganizira za chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom ntchito 82, pachikhalidwe ndi buku la 32 mabuku osindikizidwa. Chifukwa cha ntchito mwakhama lapelekedwa kwa mbali Council boma, ndipo pambuyo umwana wake limaoneka kuti umboni mfumu. Mutawerenga iwo yosainidwa ndi yoyenera Manifesto ndi Malamulo. February 19, 1861 linali tsiku lanuli chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom.

March 5, Alexander II panokha kuwerenga zikalata pamaso pa anthu.

The chakudya chachikulu cha Ndondomeko ya February 19, 1861

The chakudya yaikulu ya chikalata zinali motere:

• Serfs wa ufumu analandira wathunthu munthu payekha, iwo tsopano amatchedwa "ufulu okhala kumidzi."
• Kuyambira tsopano (ie, February 19, 1861) serfs ankatengedwa nzika zonse ndi lamulo zogwirizana a dziko.
• Katundu makina a wamba, komanso nyumba ndi nyumba anazindikira kuti katundu wawo.
• Kwa nzika kusunga ufulu kwawo, koma anayenera kupereka alimi uchikumbe ndi ziwembu munda.
• Ntchito malo wamba anali kulipira dipo ndi mwini mwachindunji m'gawo ndi boma.

Zofunika kusintha Osanyengelera

The kusintha latsopano sakanakhoza kukwaniritsa zofuna za mabungwe onse. Anali osakhutira ndi anthu wamba okha. Choyamba mawu onse amene anapatsidwa m'dziko limene, kwenikweni, ndiyo njira yaikulu ya kukhalapo. Choncho, kusintha Alexander II, kapena kani, ena mwa madalitso ake ndi osokoneza.

Motero malinga Manifesto, ndi gawo lonse la Russia inakhazikitsa pazipita ndi osachepera kukula kwa wambiri dziko pa munthu, malingana ndi makhalidwe zachilengedwe ndi zachuma a zigawo.

Iwo anali anaganiza kuti ngati wamba gawo anali kakang'ono kuposa ikani chikalatacho, izo obliges ndi mwininyumba kuwonjezera m'dera chosowacho. Ngati chomwecho - lalikulu M'malo mwake, kudula muyeso ndi, monga ulamuliro, mbali yabwino gawo lapansi.

The magawo malamulo operekedwa

Manifesto ya February 19, 1861 anaswa gawo Loona za dziko pa lobes atatu: steppe, dziko wakuda ndi Nonchernozem.

• Norma magawo kwa steppe gawo - sikisi ndi theka maekala awiri.
• Ponseponse kuti zone chernozem ndi zitatu maekala anayi ndi theka.
• Omwe sanali chernozem lamba - atatu ndi kotala kuti maekala atatu.

M'dziko lonselo, dera anayamba zochepa kuposa kale kusintha, kuti wamba kusintha kwa 1861 analanda "omasulidwa" oposa 20% olimapo.

Komanso, panali gulu la serfs, amene ambiri, sanalandire kudziko lililonse. Izi bwalo anthu, osawuka amene poyamba anali anthu olemekezeka dziko anjala, ndi mafakitale ntchito.

zinthu kutengerapo dziko chuma

Malinga ndi kusintha pa February 19, 1861, Dziko linaperekedwa kwa osawuka osati chuma, koma ntchito. Koma iwo anali ndi mwayi kugula izo kwa mwini, ndiko, kulowa otchedwa chiwombolo ndikupeleka. Mfundo yomweyi iwo ankatengedwa mongoyembekezera ndi ntchito m'dziko kugwira ntchito serfdom, amene anali masiku zosaposa 40 chaka amuna ndi 30 - akazi. Kapena kulipira mangawa, kuchuluka amene anaikidwa kwa pamwamba 8-12 rubles, ndi poika msonkho chofunika kuganizira chonde nkhani nthaka. Pankhaniyi, mongoyembekezera mulibe ufulu kuti ndipereke pa gawo anapereka, ndiko kuti, serfdom akanakhalabe ndi ntchito.

Pambuyo chiwombolo ndikupeleka kukwaniritsidwa mlimi ukhala wodzaza mwini dziko.

Ndipo boma sakhala kanthu

Pa February 19, 1861, chifukwa cha Manifesto, boma lili ndi mwayi kubwezeretsanso chuma. chinthu ichi ndalama linatsegulidwa chifukwa cha njira ntchito kuwerengera kukula kwa malipiro chiwombolo.

kuchuluka mlimi amayenera kupanga dzikolo, anali ofanana ndi otchedwa likulu pokhapo titachitapo chosungikira mu Bank State pa 6% pa annum. Koma chiwerengero izi ukugwira ndalama zimene ali kale analandira kuchokera mangawa mwininyumba.

Ndiko kuti, ngati mwini malo anali moyo umodzi m'chaka cha 10 rubles mangawa, ndi mawerengedwe malinga ndi njira: 10 rubles anagawidwa 6 (chidwi pa likulu), kenako kuchulukitsa ndi 100 (kuchuluka okwana chidwi) - (10/6) X 100 = 166,7.

Choncho, chiwerengero cha zopereka anakwana 166 rubles 70 kopeks - ndalama "yauma mkulu" kwa serf kale. Koma apa amalowa wotuluka boma: mlimi amayenera kulipira mwininyumba pa nthawi yomweyo 20% wa mtengo wake woikidwiratu. Otsala 80% amachokera boma, koma osati kwambiri, ndi kupereka yaitali ngongole ndi kukhwima wa zaka 49 ndi miyezi 5.

Tsopano wamba alipire chaka ku State Bank 6% ya malipiro chiwombolo. Kunapezeka kuti ndalama kuti serf woyamba anali kupanga ku cuma kuposa ngongole katatu. Ndipotu, February 19, 1861 kunali tsiku pamene serf kale, amusankha ku ukapolo umodzi, anagwera mu lina. Ndipo ngakhale kuti kukula kwa chiwerengero chiwombolo kuposa phindu msika wa gawo lapansi.

Zotsatira za kusintha

Kusintha amawatenga pa February 19, 1861 (chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom), ngakhale zolakwa ndi, anapatsa mphamvu kolimba kwa dziko. Ufulu kwa anthu mamiliyoni 23, izi zinachititsa kusintha zikuluzikulu za zinthu zokhudza anthu Russian, ndi zina anazindikira kufunika kwa kusintha kwa dongosolo lonse ndale.

Panthawi yake Ndondomeko anamasulidwa February 19, 1861, yomwe zinthu kungachititse kuti mgwirizano lalikulu, anali chinthu takasa kuti chitukuko cha bizinesi mu boma Russian. Choncho, kuwonongedwa kwa serfdom, ndithudi, ndi chimodzi cha zochitika chapakati mu mbiri ya dzikoli.