Amene poyamba anabwera dziko: Magellan ulendo

Funsani wophunzira aliyense za amene poyamba anabwera dziko, ndipo mudzamva: ". Inde, Magellan" Ndipo anthu ochepa anayamba kukayikira mawu amenewa. Koma Magellan bungwe maulendowa, motsogoleredwa, ndipo malizitsani ulendo sakanakhoza. Choncho amene anali kuyenda panyanja oyamba zombozi lonse?

Magellan a Travel

Mu 1516, ndi zosamveka bwino m'banja lachifumu Ferdinand Magellan anafika Chipwitikizi Mfumu Manuel Ine ndi lingaliro kukhazikitsa dongosolo la Columbus - kuwafika Islands zonunkhira, monga icho chinali kutchedwa ndiye ndi Moluccas, kuchokera kumadzulo. Monga tikudziwa, Columbus ndiye "kupewedwa" America, amene anaonekera pa njira yake, anaganizira kuzilumba za kum'mwera chakum'mawa kwa Asia.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, Chipwitikizi apanga chilikupita ku zilumba za East Indies, koma anyalanyaza Africa komanso kuwoloka nyanja ya Indian Ocean. Choncho, njira yatsopano ku zilumba zimenezi kunali osafunika.

History mobwerezabwereza yokha kusekedwa ndi Mfumu Manuel Magellan wapita ku Spanish mfumu ndipo analandira chilolezo kukonza ulendo.

September 20, 1519 zombo asanu tidapita ku Spanish doko la San Lucar de A Barrameda.

Magellan makina

Palibe akukangana ndi mbiriyakale kuti pa ulendo oyamba padziko lonse anapanga ulendo kutsogoleredwa ndi Magellan. Pa vicissitudes njira ulendo zochitikazi anatsimikiza mawu a Pigafetta, amene anali ndi mbiri ya masiku onse a kuyenda. ophunzira ake anali atsogoleri awiri, mobwerezabwereza anapita zilumba za East Indies: Barbosa ndi Serrano.

Ndipo makamaka mu ntchito imeneyi Magellan anatenga kapolo wake - Chimaleya Enrique. Anagwidwa mu Sumatra ndi kale anatumikira Yehova mokhulupirika Magellan. Pa kukaona kwa iye ndi mbali ya wotanthauzira atafika Islands zonunkhira.

Njira ya ulendo wa

Pakutayika kwambiri nthawi kuwoloka nyanja ya Atlantic ndi kudutsa miyala ndi lopapatiza yaitali chopapatiza, analandiranso dzina la Magellan, apaulendo anafika ku nyanja latsopano. Panthawi imeneyi, limodzi la zombo kumizidwa, ena anapita ku Spain. chiwembu anatulukira ndi Magellan. Chintchito zombo akufunika kukonza, ndi chakudya, madzi akumwa Mudathamanga otsika.

Ocean wotchedwa Pacific, choyamba anakumana ndi tailwind wabwino, koma pambuyo pake ofooka ndipo potsiriza kwathunthu anakafera. Anthu akumanidwa chakudya mwatsopano, akufa osati njala, ngakhale kuti anali kudya ndi makoswe, ndi masts khungu. Kuopsa chachikulu chinali chiseyeye - namondwe panyanja onse a nthawi.

Only March 28, 1521 anafika zilumba, umene anthu chowopsa chiri anayankha mafunso Enrique, amene analankhula ndi chilankhulo chake. Ichi chimatanthauza kuti Magellan ndi anzake anafika ku zilumba za East Indies, pa dzanja ena. Ndipo Enrique - apaulendo woyambirira kuzungulira dziko! Iye anabwerera kwawo, akupita kuzungulira dziko lapansi.

Mapeto a ulendo

April 21, 1521 Magellan anaphedwa ndi kanthu ya nkhondo a atsogoleri. Yathandiza zoipa kwambiri pa anzake, amene anakakamizika chabe kuthawa chilumba.

Anthu ambiri anaphedwa kapena kuvulazidwa. La 265-munthu timu kumanzere 150 okha, akanakhala zokwanira kusamalira zombo ziwiri.

Pa zilumba za Tidore, adakhoza mukapume, kubwezeretsanso m'matangadza chakudya, kutenga zonunkhira bolodi ndi golide mchenga.

Pobwerera ku Spain anayamba monga zotumiza "Victoria" wochitidwa ndi Sebastian del Cano. Back kuti doko Lucar anabwerera okwana anthu 18! anthu awa ndiwo oyamba kuzungulira dziko. Komabe, mayina awo sanalembedwe waliteteza. Koma Captain del Cano ndi kuyenda mbiri Pigafetta kudziŵika kokha mbiri yakale komanso geographers.

Woyamba Russian ulendo padziko lonse

Mutu wa choyamba Russian dziko ulendo anali Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern. ulendo zimenezi zinachitika 1803-1806 gg.

Awiri chilikupita chombo - "Hope" molamulidwa ndi Kruzenshtern ndi "Neva" lotsogoleredwa ndi wachiwiri wake Yuri Fedorovich Lisyansky - anachokera Kronstadt August 7, 1803. Cholinga chachikulu chinali kuphunzira Pacific, ndipo makamaka m'kamwa mwa Amur. Kunali kofunika kudziwa yabwino magalimoto danga Russian Pacific zombo ndi njira yabwino a kapezedwe maulendo ake.

Maulendowa sanali kokha kwambiri kuti mapangidwe ya Pacific zombo, komanso wapanga amathandiza kwambiri kuti sayansi. zilumba latsopano anali anatulukira, koma napukuta pa mapu a nyanja ndi chiwerengero cha zilumba sanali sakupezeka. Choyamba anakhazikitsa dongosolo la kuphunzira nyanja. Ulendo anatsegula Mezhpassatnye yopatsirana mu Pacific ndi nyanja ya Atlantic, kuyeza madzi kutentha, amenewa, anatsimikiza mtima osalimba a madzi ... kupeza zifukwa nyanja chowala, adziŵe pa mafunde ndi mfundo za nyengo pa zosakaniza m'madera osiyanasiyana a m'nyanja.

kumveketsa kwambiri zasintha mapu a Russian Far East gombe la Kuril Islands, Sakhalin, Kamchatka Peninsula. Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuvala ena mwa zilumba Japanese.

Ophunzira a ulendo ndi kukhala anthu a ku Russia, amene poyamba anabwera dziko.

Koma ambiri a ku Russia, ulendo uno amadziwika kuti "Hope" anapita Japan woyamba Russian ntchito kutsogoleredwa ndi Rezanov.

Great chachiwiri (Chidwi zoonadi)

The England Frensis Dreyk anakhala wachiwiri kwa zombozi lonse mu 1577-1580 gg. galleon wake "Golden kunsana" unachitika kwa nthawi yoyamba m'nyanja ya Atlantic ku Pacific mafunde khwalala ina dzina lake. njira iyi akuti ndi zambiri zovuta kuposa Strait of Magellan chifukwa mikuntho zonse, floes ayezi, kusintha mwadzidzidzi nyengo. Drake anali munthu amene poyamba anabwera dziko, ndi anamaliza Cape Horn. Kuyambira pamenepo, mwa anthuwo ndipo ndinayamba mwambo wa atavala ndolo mu khutu. Ngati anadutsa ndi Drake fupi, kusiya Cape Horn kumanja, ndi ndolo anali kukhala mu khutu lamanja, ndi mosemphanitsa.

Mautumiki ake, Frensis Dreyk anali knighted Korolevoy Elizavetoy panokha. Zinali ankalola kuti akunde Spain awo "losagonjetseka sitima".

Mu 1766, ndi Frenchwoman Zhanna Barre anakhala mkazi woyamba ulendo padziko lonse. Kuti tichite zimenezi, anasintha munthu iyo sitima Bougainville, anapita kuzungulira maulendowa dziko, ndi mtumiki. Pamene chinyengo chinaululidwa, ngakhale ubwino onse, Barre inabzalidwa mu Mauritius ndipo anabwerera kunyumba pa Sitima ina.

The chachiwiri Russian ulendo padziko lonse pansi pa utsogoleri wa FF Bellingshausen ndi MP Lazarev anatchuka chifukwa chakuti pa Antarctica wake unapezeka mu January 1820.