Zikuchokera ndi katundu wa Mafuta Mafuta

Mafuta - ndipo ichi wochuluka flammable madzi, amene ali wamba chipolopolo m'dera nyanja ya matanthwe a. Ndi mmodzi wa mchere wofunika kwambiri kwa anthu. Mafuta ndi zovuta kwambiri osakaniza cyclanes, alkanes ndi arenes. Komanso, muli mpweya, sulfure ndi asafe mankhwala. The mafuta zikuchokera anapezeka pa zikwi yeniyeni zinthu organic, amene amapanga za makumi asanu ndi anayi pa zana a mpweya wa hydrogen peresenti fifitini, peresenti asanu sulfure, asafe ndi gawo limodzi peresenti atatu oxygen. mafuta mulinso mankhwala ndi kusakanizikana ka chikhalidwe mchere. The phulusa zili mafuta otsika kwambiri, zilibe upambana chakhumi peresenti a. Mafuta a mitundu itatu:

1. Easy.

2. Avereji.

3. heavy.

Mafuta watentha pa kutentha pafupifupi 43,7-46,2 MJ / kg, umene uli mwayi waukulu pakati combustibles ena.

The zikuchokera mafuta akhoza kulowa ndi tuzigawo twa kuwalako wiritsani pa madigiri mazana awiri Celsius. Iwo zigwirizana makamaka a chimasanduka methane, mwachitsanzo alkanes. The zili tuzigawo twa kuwala katundu mafuta kuti amapangidwa m'madera osiyana, akhoza kusiyana. Cycloalkanes, ndi chimasanduka onunkhira monga, ndiko kuti, m'bwalolo mu zikuchokera mafuta ndi zofunika kwambiri.

The zigawo zikuluzikulu kwambiri poizoni m'gulu zikuchokera mafuta ndi mafuta malonda ndi mwachilungamo ankaona chimasanduka onunkhira (arenes). Iwo amatchedwa toxicants aakulu. The yogwira kwambiri awa mofulumira ndipo zikuphatikiza benzene, toluene ndi xylene, ngati iwo ali otsika kuwira zinthu. A ambiri arenes zosiyanasiyana ankaona mutagens oopsa ndipo carcinogens. Gulu siteji owopsa - gulu la chimasanduka polycyclic onunkhira.

Mipweya ya bwino mafuta chikuphatikizapo chiwerengero chachikulu cha chimasanduka dziko olimba - otchedwa waxes. amanena momwemo mwina upambana peresenti khumi.

Malinga ndi ochititsa mankhwala paraffinic mafuta anawagawa m'magulu angapo:

1. Mafuta maloparafinovogo zikuchokera. Salinso kuposa peresenti theka la paraffins mu zikuchokera.

2. Mafuta sredneparafinovogo zikuchokera. mafuta lili peresenti sikisi sera.

3. Vysokoparafinovaya mafuta. Apa sera lili maperesenti oposa 6.

mafuta onse opezeka zinthu monga chrysene, phenanthrene, benzpyrene, pyrene, tetrafeny. Lilinso sanali hydrocarbon zigawo zikuluzikulu - resins ndi asphaltenes, lomwe mbali yofunika kwambiri pa ntchito ya mchere izi.

Kuyambira mfundo chilengedwe view zigawo zikuluzikulu zofunika mafuta ndi mankhwala a sulfa. Zomwe zili mankhwala, mafuta ndi m'magulu atatu:

1. wokoma yosakongola. Lili kuti peresenti theka la sulfa.

2. The mafuta sulphurous. Apa, okhutira sulfure Kodi musalumphe awiri pa zana.

3. The mafuta apamwamba sulfure. Izi mankhwala mafuta onse okhala maperesenti oposa awiri a sulfa.

katundu mafuta, ndilo tanthauzo lenileni la mawu a kutalika kwa ubwino wake, ndi monga:

1. osalimba. Mokhudzana ndi mafuta kawirikawiri mumtima kachulukidwe ake mwaulemu kwa otchezedwa madzi. kachulukidwe wa mafuta ambiri ranges kuchokera 0,8 kuti 0,9 g / cm3, koma palinso mitundu ya mafuta, osalimba amene akhoza kufika 0,98 g / cm3.

2. kukhuthala. Kuonetsetsa pokhapo titachitapo kinematic ndi zazikulu kukhuthala.

3. maselo kulemera. Ndi chizindikiro chofunika kwambiri amasokoneza mafuta. Kulemera maselo a kwambiri mafuta osakwana 300 g / mol.

4. The refractive Index. Ichi ndi chizindikiro wofunika kwambiri mankhwala mafuta, amene ali ovuta zosakaniza zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

5. Fractional zikuchokera. zinthu zonse, ngakhale ndalama zochepa m'gulu mafuta, ndi zofunika kwambiri kwa zidazo.