Mensheviks - ndani zimenezi? Party Mensheviks. Atsogoleri a Mensheviks

Lero, akatswiri ambiri m'munda wa Kukwezeleza ntchito ndi katundu kwambiri amanena kuti mtsogoleri wa ulimi proletarian, VI Ulyanov anali marketer kwambiri luso dziko. namatetule kuti iye anali wokhoza "kugulitsa" misa waukulu lingaliro la azimai ntchito mwachidule, kuluma ndiponso kulephera mawu. Vladimir Ilyich anakhoza kulenga achidule ndi limaonetseratu zizindikiro (nyundo ndi chikwakwa, nyenyezi zisanu zisonga), ndi kudziwa zoyenera makampani mtundu (wofiira). Koma kupambana waukulu Lenin kugona kusankha mtundu. Mu misa chikumbumtima mbe lingaliro kuti Bolshevism ndi chinachake chachikulu, wamphamvu, zimayamba zosasintha. Koma Mensheviks - ndi ena kanthu kakang'ono zinyalala ambiri.

Kujambula mtundu wamphamvu kwambiri ndale za XX m'ma zinachitika mu London mu 1903, m'chilimwe.

Pamene panali Bolsheviks ndi Mensheviks

Chachiwiri Party Congress unachitikira consecutively m'mizinda awiri - Brussels ndi London. Mwachionekere, bungwe adawopa chizunzo nafuna mobisa, chifukwa ndi zina anapita ku sitepe zachilendo ngati yopuma ndi kusuntha. Lenin ndi Martov kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri ndinkakangana ndi akamanena za mtsutso akhoza kusanduka kapena kudikira apulo yokha kugwa, kapena m'malo kunyenga izo? Ena mwa mawu awa, mtsogoleri tsogolo la Bolsheviks, anafotokoza chiwembu cha kutsutsana ndi. Mmodzi wa mamembala wamkulu wa RSDLP ndi yaikulu chipani theoretician Martov zipatso zosapsa ndiribe ankafuna kusiya nthambi ndi masamba ndi kuponyera pansi kwambiri sanakakhala n'kudziphatika.

Onse mtsutso pa nthawi anavomera kuti zisinthe akhale padziko lonse, zidzachitika mu mayiko ndi makampani zapamwamba kwambiri, kenako okha wakafika m'mbuyo ufumu wa boma, lomwe chiwerengero cha Russian Ufumu. funsolo linali kokha kupereka mmalo njira - mwalamulo kapena mobisa. Pambuyo voti, zimene zinachititsa kuti chigonjetso cha mzere Leninist, chipani unagawika zigawo ziwiri. Pomwepo Lenin otchedwa owatsatira awo ku Bolsheviks anafotokoza kuti mbali ya Martov - ndi Mensheviks. Izi kumlingo anatsimikiza mbiri ya m'zaka za m'ma XX.

Kukwera loyamba

M'pofunika kupereka ulemu wapadera kwa chakuti Bolsheviks sikuti enlists othetsa nzeru n'zosangalatsa kumva ukulu pa kafukufuku chipani kumayambiriro kwa zaka mazana makumi awiri, mofulumira. mzere wawo pa opaleshoni mobisa-zigawenga zinachititsa kuti kugawanika kwa RSDLP lapansi. Mu III Congress unachitikira komanso mu London (1905), olimbikitsa nawo Martov a sanafune kutenga, iwo anazindikira zomvetsa chisoni zochitika chosintha ngati kupita mu gawo lina lotsatira la Kukwezeleza zakakhalidwe mu Russia, mwachitsanzo bourgeois Republic, zomwe zinagwirizana kuti chiphunzitso Marxist. Komabe, mu chiwembu zida za March oimira phiko anagwirizana, iwo ankachita pa nkhondo "Potemkin" ndipo pa zipolowe ena. Choncho, kutsutsana m'kati penapake echelons chapamwamba wa chipanichi, ndipo pa mlingo grassroots simumasewera udindo waukulu. Pambuyo yimitsira wachisokonezo Plekhanov anayankhula za izo monga kwenikweni achabechabe, omwe sayenera, ndipo ankapita. Mtsogoleri wa Mensheviks, Martov anagwirizana ndi maganizo.

Nkhondo ndi Japan

The Bolsheviks ankafuna kugonjetsedwa kwa Tsarist Russia, ndipo anachita zonse afooketse chitetezo imapanga dziko. Izi bwino kwambiri anasonyeza chilakolako cha German nkhondo koma anali woyamba anakonza kale - pa Japanese. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zimene akana nawo III Congress wa London RSDLP Mensheviks - mfundo Adawadziwitsa thandizo ku ntchito yachilendo nzeru ankhanza. Podzudzula nkhondo Martovites sakanakhoza kuvomereza ufulu kuti adzabwera kuchokera kunja, ndipo adzabweretsa Japanese pa bayonets awo. Komanso, Kutuluka Sun pa nthawi anali pabwino ndi mwaukadaulo ndi m'mbuyo boma, ndipo Kukwezeleza kupambana kwake sichinkagwirizana mfundo pulayimale. Nthawi zambiri, Menshevik mfundo, monga Bolsheviks analetsa pa mphindi kuthekera chigonjetso cha zisinthe m'dziko lina.

pamodzi

Mu 1906, atsogoleri a mapiko awiri RSDLP ndi tinakumana pa msonkhano, nthawi iyi unachitikira mu Stockholm. zipani kufunika ntchito pamodzi, nafuna mpatawu. Kusiyana Mensheviks ndi Bolsheviks pa nthawi ino sizikuwoneka yofunika kwambiri, ndi nkhawa yekha mawu a m'ndime yoyamba ya Party Malamulo. Martov akufuna kusiya zikutsatiridwa ndi udindo 'kulimbikitsa ", monga Lenin analimbikira pa" nawo munthu "mu bungwe. Koyamba, kusiyana ndi zazing'ono, koma kwenikweni kunapezeka kuti ndi yofunika kwambiri. Lenin anafuna kukhazikitsa okhwima dongosolo masanjidwe inamangidwa ndi kuphana, ndi Martov ndi zabwino mokwanira kwa ophunzira wamba akulankhula shopu. Kusintha chosintha mtsogoleri wa Mensheviks ankaona msanga, kupereka kuganizira indoctrination kupepera anthu dziko yaikulu ulimi, si kucha kwa sosholisimu. Komabe, Bolsheviks anapambana chigonjetso wina: Lenin ndipo anavomereza Baibulo la Nkhani yoyamba ya hayala RSBRP (o).

zotsutsana interwar

Yokhala, pambuyo "umodzi" wa Stockholm Congress Party wabweza yodalirika, koma zenizeni owululidwa pamaso pa mikangano otsala. Kugonjetsedwa kwa ulimi amakakamizidwa sotsdekovskoe kalozera kusamuka pawo analamulira zokhumudwitsa. Amafuna ndalama, koma njira Bolshevik kukonzekera kwawo kunapatsa wosanganiza anachita otsutsa wosatha - Martov, Levitsky m'bale wake, Potresov, Axelrod ndi Mensheviks ena. Panali gulu la "liquidators" amene anenepo maganizo za kufunika wathunthu kugwa ntchito mopanda chilolezo, kuchotsa "eksov" (ie, kuba), koma kuphimba mbali chabe ya mbali ya zochita lililonse limatisokoneza (kuphatikizapo Plekhanov), ena atenga Dikirani, kulengeza kudzipereka kwa umodzi. Trotsky lofalitsidwa mu 1912 ku Vienna, nyuzipepala "Pravda" imene nkhani poyera odana Leninist, ndipo maziko anauyamba chipani chachikulu limba za msonkhanowo chinali kulenga nsanja, wotchedwa August. Unit anapanga pambuyo zowawa Menshevik chilema chomwecho onse, ndicho mkati mikangano ndipo posakhalitsa unatha. amafuna General ufulu wa anthu, woimira ofesi ku IV State Duma amayendedwe onse a moyo, ndi zina zotero. N. sanakhutire ndi ophunzira ena kayendedwe chosintha.

Defeatists ndi okonda dziko lawo

Pambuyo pa nkhondo yoyamba ya II World, pulogalamu Menshevik analowa zimasemphana ndi malamulo Bolshevik. Potresov, Plekhanov ndi ena "defencists" analibe ufulu kupeza imfa ya tsarist boma mtengo wa tsoka dziko. Iwo anadzudzulanso nkhondo monga, ndipo anawatcha munthu waukali, ndiye kwathunthu "adagulung'undisa" kuti kuzindikira mfundo yakuti asilikali Russian amateteza okha dzikolo. Camp RSDLP unagawika zigawo ziwiri: "internationalists" ndi "dziko lawo" zinthu zokhudza zotsatira zotheka Kumenyana kutsogolo. Udindo poipa kwambiri akutengedwa kukwaniritsa cholinga cha zinaloŵetsa pansi ndi kuchotsa mwa magulu chikumenyana "popanda annexations kapena indemnities." M'chiwonongeko ndi likukula mofulumira kumenyana nawo nkhondo yapachiweniweni osafuna Bolshevik phiko la RSDLP lapansi. The Mensheviks ankakhulupirira kuti mapeto a mtendere imeneyi kungapangitse zisinthe dziko. Iwo anali kulakwitsa.

The February zisinthe kwenikweni anayamba kukhazikitsa "pulogalamu osachepera", ananena kale RSDLP ngati cholinga cha khumi zikubwerazi.

The mfundozo zazikulu za ndondomekoyi Menshevik

Choncho pali kusiyana pakati pa Bolsheviks ndi Mensheviks? Chipani pulogalamu, kapena kani, March wa mapiko ake, anali mu ndime zotsatirazi:

a) kulanda mphamvu dziko ndi zinthu palibe analipo prerequisites silithandiza, n'zomveka yekha chitsutso kulimbana;

b) Russian proletarian zisinthe sizidzachitika posachedwa, ndipo patapita chigonjetso ake mu European ndi North America States;

c) udindo wa bourgeoisie owolowa manja nkhondo yolimbana autocracy n'kofunika kwambiri, ndipo tiyenera kugwirizana nazo;

d) wamba - m'mbuyo kalasi, ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mphamvu wothandiza inanyamuka, koma simungathe kudalira;

d) proletariat - waukulu "sitima" wa zisinthe (mfundo imeneyi zayamba mchikakamizo cha Bolshevism);

e) adalipo njira malamulo a nkhondoyo. Uchigawenga ndi zosayenela.

February

Menshevik chipani ngati woima mphamvu yandale unapangidwa oyambirira 1917. Koyamba, zonse ankapita molingana ndi dongosolo wobvomerezeka, mabwalo bourgeois adanyamuka pa bwinja la ufumuwo, ndipo tsopano zitha kudikira pamene anthu okhwima ndipo Iye akufuna kusintha latsopano, nthawi iyi proletarian. Vuto linali kuti zochitika zikuluzikulu wa February 1917 modzidzimutsa utsogoleri wa RSDLP lapansi. The Mensheviks, monga Bolsheviks sanali kulamulira zochita zake, mu gulu la chiwonongeko cha mfumu sanali nawo ndipo tsopano momvetsa kuyesera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu kukhazikitsa cholinga chawo pulogalamu monga bwino ngati nkotheka. Mwamsanga kuyenda Martovites. Iwo anapanga ndi Provisional boma, ndipo iwo anapatsa owayimilira mu kapangidwe kake. Mensheviks latsopano dongosolo magetsiwa atatu (AM Nikitin, K. Gvozdev, PN Malyantovich), N. S. Chheidze lotsogoleredwa ndi Petrograd Soviet, ndipo mu June, pambuyo Ine Onse-Russian Congress la Soviet Union ngakhale anakhala tcheyamani Russian chapakati Committee Executive. Anapitiriza kulimbitsa malo chipanichi, kuwonjezera mwayi wa kukopa kwake pa misa.

Party Mensheviks, ngakhale kupambana zoonekeratu, ndi matenda kumene kudwala lililonse kwa iye mphamvu yake anagawidwa mafunde atatu. Kumanja (womwe Potresov) wotanganidwa kwambiri kukonda dziko lako maudindo, centrists (Dan, Tsereteli) wasunga ufulu kupitiriza zimagwira ntchito chosintha mu zikhalidwe za demokalase bourgeois, koma pokhapokha kugonjetsa mdani kunja ndi kumanzere (March) anadzudzula nawo ntchito ya Provisional boma, iwo anafuna kufalitsidwa mwamsanga m'dziko ndi mtendere.

Pamaso kusintha latsopano

Nthawi yomweyo pamaso pa October kuukira boma anasiya tithe chipani, ambiri otchuka Mensheviks. Pulogalamu chipani cha vagueness ake amaipidwa mbali angathe ndi kugwederagwedera, amene anali Yuri Larin, Leon Trotsky , ndipo ngakhale Plekhanov. The ndondomeko ya kusamuka ndale wakhala misa za 4000 Petrograd tsentristov- "Interdistrictite" limodzi ndi Leninist phiko la RSDLP a m'chaka cha 1917. Chifukwa khalidwe anali kuyenera kuti: Menshevik mfundo anali kunyozedwa thandizo kunkhondo, kuyambira anthu kuli, zimasochera yogwira Bolshevik mabodza, basi watopa. Komanso, pakhala kutsutsana kawirikawiri pakati pa zolinga zandale ndi ena oona mtima wa mtsogoleri wa MCP, amene sanayese n'komwe lonjeza anthu kuti sangathe kuchita. Game mphamvu adatayika, ndipo mu October, ndi Mensheviks anamvetsa bwino lomwe.

zokhumba

Pa October 25, panali kusintha ndi kulanda mphamvu ndi Bolsheviks. RSDLP (o) yomweyo anayamba kutsutsa kusamvana, akuitana zimenezi ndi kudzitengera, koma izo zinali mochedwa kwambiri. umodzi Internal ndi kugwirizana akadali mwaonapo. Wacemera kulenga boma latsopano "yunifolomu" zimaimira mafunde zandale pa maziko ofanana, komanso kuthandiza Assembly Constituent kapena sizinathandize. Khumi a mamembala a Komiti ya Central ndi ofuna atatu anasiya tithe phwando. Iwo akambirane zochuluka mwadzidzidzi msonkhano wa RSDLP (o), koma anakhalabe inconclusive, kupatula yanyumba Assembly Constituent ndi Bolsheviks pa chiyambi cha 1918. Ndiye anadza Civil nkhondo, imene kumanja phiko Mensheviks motsogozedwa ndi O. Levitsky, V. N. Rozanova ndi A. N. Potresova anatengedwa udindo, ndi osagwirizana boma latsopano.

Kapena zotsutsa boma Soviet?

Atsogoleri a RSDLP ndi (o) anatengedwa pa Civil nkhondo, nawo mwakhama nyumba mphamvu analengedwa mu madera kupitirira pa ulamuliro wa Bolsheviks. Pa nthawi yomweyo Mensheviks anasintha dzina la chipani ndipo anayamba kudzitchula chabe ndi Russian Social-Democrats, popanda makalata parentheses. Amagwirana posts othandiza Samara Komuch, Provisional Siberia boma, Central Caspian, Ufa msonkhano, Urals boma dera. Mu 1918, iwo (SPD) makamaka anagwira mphamvu Georgia pambuyo kulengeza pali Democratic Republic. Ataona zimenezi, Bolsheviks anamuchotsa oimira RSDLP za makonsolo onse. Komabe, mu August 1918, Menshevik chipani wakhala pang'ono asintha khalidwe lawo, mmene kukana ndi mgwirizano ndi mayanjano bourgeois.

Kugonjetsedwa kwa Mensheviks

Chitsutsocho anapitiriza m'chaka cha 1919, pambuyo kuphatikiza za malo Bolshevik pa Civil nkhondo. Mu Kiev, Odessa, ndiyeno Chijojiya Cheka, yaikulu yoyeretsa ya mamembala Kudziwika kwa RSDLP lapansi. Mogwirizana ndi Muzikonza Army la Denikin, ndi Bolsheviks anali kunenedwa. The Mensheviks ndi Socialist-boma, Cadets nthumwi za zipani zina kwayekha, zina (kawirikawiri) anawomberedwa, ndipo atsogoleri awo "kuthetsedwa" cholinga cha nazo. Kodi izi zikutanthauza akuti, Sizikudziwika, koma wina akhoza ndikulingalira. Yu Martov ndi Abramovich anali mwayi: anathawa dziko mu 1920. Patapita zaka ziwiri, iye anatumizidwa kunja wina mtsogoleri sotsdekov Russian - ndi Menshevik F. Dan. Pa nthawi yomweyo mu Moscow kuti anamangidwa gulu lonse la achinyamata phiko la RSDLP, ndipo pamwamba pa izo kukonza mayesero onse, koma mapeto, chilungamo Soviet anali Buku zochepa. Chitsutsocho zinachititsa kuti kugonjetsa pafupifupi lathunthu la Mensheviks; maselo munthu, atapita mobisa, chinakhalapo mpaka 1925.

Kodi chinachitika kwa Mensheviks ndiye

Tsogolo la Mensheviks akuikidwa ukapolo, ndi unenviable. Kuyesa kufalitsa periodicals awo lovuta kwambiri, anakakhala "makolo a demokalase Russian" mu Germany mu 1933 anakakamizika kusamukira ku France ndipo kenako America. Koma zoipa "mtundu" wakhala ngati manyazi kwa iwo amene anatsalira ku Soviet Union ndi zifukwa zina kunapezeka kuti n'ngwokayikitsa utsogoleri wa Stalin. Ngati ndi kotheka, aliyense wa chipani ankakumbukira wake Menshevik m'mbuyomu, panopa kapena kungoganiza. Woyamba ncthito mayesero unachitikira mu 1931: pa milandu ya gulu potsimikizira-chosintha antchito 14 wa Bank State ndi Committee State Planning anaweruzidwa kuti mawu m'ndende kwa nthawi yaitali.

Komabe, si onse akale Menshevik Bolshevik Party kupewedwa kwambiri. Loya Wyszynski, oimira A. A. Troyanovsky ndi Maisky, ndi zina ziwalo zina za gulu analetsa moyo ndi bwino. Ngakhale pa iwo anapachika zapitazi awo lupanga la Damocles.