Njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki - izo ... mwatsatanetsatane njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki: malongosoledwe a mzindawo, mtsinje

Kuti mudziwe zambiri za njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki, ndiye maiko pafupi ndi Nyanja ya Baltic, mayiko Mediterranean, wakhala osankhidwa ndi makolo athu chifukwa maulendo kugula, ndipo nthawizina nkhondo, kusunga masamba ndi yellowed a mbiri yakale. Kuwulula iwo, timayesetsa kuona kuti kale kumizidwa mu anaiwalika nyengo ndi mme- njira olimba mtima amalonda apaulendo.

Madzi - misewu dziko akalambula

Masiku amenewo, za amene ali nthano ya makedzana Zaka - m'masiku akale, amene Wolemba zimachitika Kiev woyera lolemekezeka Nestor ndi mbiri - misewu mu maganizo athu a Mau anali ayi. Koma kuyambira chitukuko ubale malonda amafuna maulendo zonse, kulankhulana zina njira kukhala mtsinje, amene ali wolemera kwambiri mu Europe.

Ndi chifukwa madzi awa anasamukira wamalonda bwato wodzazidwa ndi katundu anakamba ndi iwo mu m'mayiko ena. M'kupita kwa nthawi, apaulendo ndi m'malo ena, m'njira yabwino kwambiri imene kale anapanga zamalonda zina, magalimoto pa lililonse khumi anakhala kwambiri.

Ambiri mwa njira yaitali malonda

Mapangidwe Munjila zimenezi malonda opindulitsa kwambiri kwa anthu a m'madera a m'mphepete mwa nyanja. midzi analemera, ndinayamba mfundo malonda, ndi zina kenako anatembenukira mu mzinda. Komanso, mtsinje ndi mizere nyanja kulankhulana, kulumikiza ndi mzake olemera West ku mayiko olemera wa East, anathandiza kukhazikitsa a mgwirizano wa mayiko, komanso chitukuko cha chikhalidwe dziko.

Mmodzi mwa njira zimenezi inali njira malonda ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki, anafotokoza mwatsatanetsatane ndi mbiri Nestor. Iye ankaona ambiri yaitali onse sayansi kudziwika. M'litali kokha pa dera la Russia wakale anali za 2850 makilomita, ndi izo osati anathamanga pa mitsinje ndi nyanja, komanso mwina pamtunda, kumene ngalawa anayenera Kokani anakokera.

Ku Baltic kuti kugombe la dzuwa wankhanza wa Greece

Njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki - ndi malonda njira yolumikiza madera olemera ya Baltic nyanja (ndi mbiri anamutcha Varangian) ndi chapakati Lazaro, ndipo kenako - ndi maukulu ake ambiri yeniyeni. Kenako iye anapita ku steppes kwa Black Sea, amene anali pa nthawi imeneyo malo a wongosamukasamuka, ndipo, kuswa Nyanja Black, anafika Byzantium - kum'mawa dera la kamodzi wamphamvu, koma ndi nthawi ya ufumu wa Roma linagawanika. Anasiya misika wotukuka wa Constantinople, negotiators kumpoto anapitiriza ulendo wawo ku Mediterranean, kumene iwo anayembekezera mizinda mwa nyanja wolemera. Tiyeni tikambirane njira malonda ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki ndi cholinga pa magawo waukulu.

Chiyambi cha ulendo wautali

Akukhulupirira kuti anatenga magwero ake pa Nyanja Mälaren ili lomwe tsopano ndi Sweden. Pachilumba ili pakati, ndipo pali kuthetsa otchedwa Birka lero, kalelo, ndiwo malo lalikulu kugula, omwe anasonkhana kuchokera konsekonse mankhwala Scandinavia, ndi kumene kunali malonda ndawala. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi ndalama wakale wa m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, anapeza zofukulidwa zaposachedwapa ofukula zinthu zakale.

Kuyambira pamenepo katundu othodwa mwadiya mu Baltic (Varangian) Nyanja n'kupita chilumba cha Gotland, alinso malonda lalikulu likulu, anthu amene anachotsedwa ntchito malonda kwambiri phindu, choncho mwansangala asatambira alendo. Chifukwa ambirimbiri ukuchita wogwirizira malonda ndi chimathandiza m'matangadza, amalonda, zotsatirazi m'mphepete Baltic, analowa m'kamwa mwa Neva, ndipo, kukwera pa izo, anagwera mu Nyanja Ladoga.

Ndi expanses wa Ladoga kuti Novgorod

Tikumbukenso kuti njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki - anali wolemera kwambiri ndi ntchito yoopsa. Sikuti nyanja njira m'zigawo, komanso mtsinje komanso nyanja, zinadzala ndi ngozi zambiri. Kumayambiriro kwa kubwerezabwereza kugonjetsa mathithi Neva anali kukoka ngalawayo ku gombe, ndipo mtunda wautali kuti angakokere portage awo, yomwe inkafuna khama ndiponso kupirira. Koma Ladoga, mwachisoni amadziwika mikuntho dzikolo mwadzidzidzi, nthawi zina ofuna kwa apaulendo wachivundi ngozi.

Kenako, kufotokoza njira zambiri ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki, mbiri ikusimba kuti Nyanja Ladoga convoys mmwamba mtsinje Volkhov ndi kufika Novgorod, woyamba lalikulu Russian mzinda kukumana ulendo wawo kwa nthawi yaitali padali anachedwa. Amalonda ena, wosafuna kuti kupitirirabe chitsogolo ndi, poyesa tsoka, anagulitsa pamsika Novgorod malonda awo ndi kugula ina, anabwerera.

Pa njira Dnieper ndi

Amene ndithudi ankafuna kuti apeze chuma pa gombe dzuwa ya Mediterranean, anapitiriza ulendo wawo. Atachoka Novgorod, iwo ndinakwera Volkhov n'kukafika Nyanja Ilmen, namtsata mmwamba ndi tributary la mtsinje Lovat iye. Kenaka, amalondawo, adakhala tsonga mabwato mwa bales katundu likuimira mwayi kutambasula miyendo yanu: kudutsa Lovat, iwo amayenera miyadiyawo kumtunda ndi ntchito odzigudubuza timbered, kokani iwo ku gombe la Western Dvina.

Pa m'mphepete mwake, ukhale kuyambira nthawi yakale malonda adapitiriza, ndipo apa kwa Scandinavians zosiyanasiyana amalonda anagwirizana Asilavo, komanso pofunafuna lucre kupita ku mizinda ya Mediterranean. Onse a iwo anali kuyembekezera kutsogolo kwa akatundu watsopano, monga pakati mabeseni a azungu Dvina ndi Dnepr, womwe unali awo, kukwera likudzalo, conjugate onse ndi kuukoka chomwecho pouma, ngakhale ang'ono, koma zombo katundu othodwa.

Trade m'mizinda Pridneprovya

Anagwidwa madzi a Dnieper, pa gombe amene ali ngati m'mizinda ikuluikulu monga Smolensk, Chernigov, Lubitsch, ndipo potsiriza, mayi wa mizinda ya ku Russia - Kiev, apaulendo adzalandira mphoto woyenera pa ntchito zawo zonse anatenga. Aliyense wa iwo panali malonda ndawala, umene katundu anagulitsa anali m'malo ndi roundness kumene anagula ndi amalonda voluminous 'm'zikwama kuthi zabwino.

Pano, monga Novgorod ena apaulendo anamaliza njira yake choncho ndi katundu watsopano anabwerera kwawo. Ndiye ife tikutsatira okha wosimidwa kwambiri, chifukwa mu njira yakale masiku ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki - izo zoona, kumakhala kovuta kuti tsoka, kwambiri zosayembekezereka ndi sizimadziwika angayembekezere daredevils.

Njira yoposa nyanja

Zopatsa kwawo zambiri kuyamba pomwepo pa Dnieper mathithi, woimira nthawi kuti ngozi kuti navigation, bwatolo ankayenera kuti anakokera m'mbali mwa nyanja, kumene iwo anali akuyembekezera wongosamukasamuka abisalire, akulengeza gombe mluzu Mivi yawo. Koma amene anakwanitsa bwinobwino pochitika mawanga izi wakuda ndipo adzatuluka m'Nyanja Black, nkukhalabe kupuma mitima mpumulo - kutsogolo kwa amafuna zoopsa zatsopano.

Koma apa, kufika potsiriza kutsidya, tsogolo la negotiators kusungidwa akuikidwa wolemera ndi kumizidwa mu likulu mwanaalirenji wa Ufumu Byzantine - Constantinople, amene anali Asilavo wotchedwa Constantinople. Pano ku misika phokoso ndi polyphonic anabweretsa katundu phindu anagulitsa, kutsatira malo nkhokwe zatsopano.

Korona ntchito ndi kubwerera kwawo

Njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki, Kuwulura zimene timawerenga Nestor ndi mbiri, linaposa mwa m'Nyanja ya Mediterranean. Iye anatsogolera anthu amene anakwanitsa kupewa mikuntho, malungo kapena kukumana ndi achifwamba a, anatsogolera pa thambo la madzi, mu Rome wodala ndi mizinda ina wachuma wa Italy ndi Greece. Zinali mfundo yomaliza ya ulendo - chifukwa cha miyezi yambiri ntchito. Komabe, kuyamikira ndimafunira wake akadali oyambirira - kutsogolo akubwera njira chimodzimodzi oopsa kumbuyo.

Kumapita kunyumba ndipo fufuzani mu wokondedwa gombe, amalonda kudutsa Mediterranean pochoka gulu lawo mu Atlantic ndipo skirting kugombe lonse la kumadzulo kwa Ulaya, anafika kugombe la Scandinavia. Kuyesera kuchepetsa chiopsezo zokwawa pafupi zotheka pagombe, iwo anakhala m'mizinda ikuluikulu zonse m'mphepete mwa nyanja, kumene ankachititsanso kugula awo osatha ndi kugulitsa. Choncho, njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki, imafotokoza mwachidule zomwe unali mutu wa nkhani ino, envelopu onse a ku Ulaya ndipo itha mfundo zake poyambira.

Osiyanasiyana katundu wamalonda

Kodi kugulitsana, amene anakumana ulendo ngati zovuta ndi zoopsa ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki? Yomwe inali m'mphepete mwa nyanja ndi mitsinje, amene anakhala awo, anali ndi makhalidwe awo munthu zachuma, ndipo, ndithudi, bwanji assortment monga privozimyh ndi katundu wolowa ndi kutuluka m'dziko. Izo ziri zodziwika bwino, mwachitsanzo, Volyn ndi Kyiv anapereka lalikulu zedi, choncho pa mtengo wololera kwambiri mkate, siliva, zida ndi mitundu yonse ya zamanja m'deralo.

anthu Novgorod mowolowa manja aziwapatsa msika ndi ubweya ubweya zobala nyama, uchi, phula, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - nkhuni, zotchipa komanso zilipo m'madera awo ndipo lili patalipatali kwambiri kum'mwera. Popeza njira ya Scandinavia kwa Agiriki anadutsa ambiri mizinda ndi mayiko ngakhale ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za chuma, mndandanda wa katundu nthawi zonse kusintha.

General, monga ulamuliro, anali chomwe anayamba ulendo amalonda bwinobwino wodzazidwa Rook mbadwa Baltic mphatso: zida, Amber ndi nkhalango. A kumbuyo - othodwa ndi zonunkhira, vinyo kunja, mabuku, nsalu zabwino kwambiri, ndi ntchito zodzikongoletsera luso.

Mphamvu ya njira malonda chitukuko cha boma

Malinga ndi ofufuza ambiri odalirika, njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki - anali chinthu chofunika kwambiri zimene zinapangitsa kuti chitukuko a mgwirizano wa mayiko a m'nthawi imeneyo. Ndi kumuyamikila Ancient Russia bwino ndi Byzantium, kumene kudali Chikhristu ndi zosiyanasiyana zaluso luso, komanso ndi mayiko a ku Mediterranean.

Pa moyo zoweta wa Old boma Russian, iye anakopeka ndi yolumikiza awiri lalikulu likulu lake monga Novgorod ndi Kiev. Komanso, kuthokoza kwa njira imeneyi wokhazikitsidwa wa makamu wamalonda mzinda uliwonse pafupi momasuka kutaya m'mbali zake katundu wamba. Izi ndi zotsatira zabwino kwambiri pa chuma wonse.

njira malonda, anakhala mtengo nkhondo

Monga amadziwika kwa mbiri, ndipo makamaka kwa "nthano ya makedzana Zaka", ambiri akale Russian asilikali yokopa awo ntchito njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki. Mtsinje anatumikira misewu mauthenga malonda milandu amakhala nkhondo mtengo.

Mwachitsanzo, Prince Oleg, wotchedwa Aulosi ndi chodziwika mwa wosafa ndakatulo A. S. Pushkina. M'chaka 880, pogwiritsa ntchito njira kale odziwika a mtsinje, iye ndi anamuperekeza wake anakwanitsa kufika ku Kiev ndi kuchidziwa.

Chogonjetsa ndi onse panjira yopita kwa mzinda, kalonga Choncho ogwirizana kwambiri m'mayiko Asilavo. Choncho, njira ku Scandinavia kwa Agiriki, mwachidule anafotokozedwa ndi mbiri Nestor, anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri mu chilengedwe cha wogwirizana boma Russian.

Kenako, 907, Prince Oleg, ntchito waterway chomwecho, anapanga ulendo wake wotchuka ku Byzantium, analanda Constantinople ndipo anafika pa zipata zake monga chizindikiro cha chigonjetso cha chikopa chake, anapanga mndandanda wa ntchito yapamwamba ndi mapangano ndale.

Njira yomweyo mu 941, kupanga ulendo asilikali, anafika kugombe la Bosphorus m'malo mwake - Prince Igor. Komanso, inu mukhoza kukumbukira mayina Prince Svyatoslav, anaitana utsogoleri talente wakale Russian Aleksandrom Makedonskim, Aleksandra Nevskogo ndi ena ambiri, ndipo mwaluso anagwiritsa ntchito waterway protoronny amalonda.