Kukonza owolowa manja a zaka 60-70 cha m'ma 19 Russian Ufumu

Alexander II anali mfumu ya onse Russias, ndi Polish Mfumu ndi Grand Duke la Finland mu nyengo kuchokera 1855 mpaka 1881. Iye anabwera kuchokera Romanov mafumu.

Alexander II udakumbukika ngati Albucasis kwambiri, kuchititsa kusintha owolowa manja a zaka 60-70 zaka za m'ma 19. Mfundo iwo akweza kapena anakula zinthu komanso umoyo ndi zachuma ndale mu dziko lathu, olemba mbiri akadali kukangana. Koma udindo wa mfumu n'zovuta Musaone. Osati kanthu mu historiography Russian amadziwika monga Alexander kumasula. mutuwu aulemu anali mkulu wa chiyembekezo chakuti a serfdom. Alexander II anaphedwa mu kuukira kwa zigaŵenga, udindo umene anatenga olimbikitsa ufulu wa m'gululi "Anthu Chifuniro".

kusintha milandu

zikalata zofunika kuti kwakukulukulu anasintha dongosolo chilungamo mu Russia inafalitsidwa mu 1864. Ilo linali lamulo milandu. Apa ndi pamene kukonza owolowa manja ya 60-70s wa m'ma XIX anaonekera yowala kwambiri. lamulo ili maziko a dongosolo logwirizana bwalo, ntchito imene tsopano anali kuzikidwa pa mfundo ofanana mbali zonse za anthu pamaso pa lamulo. Tsopano msonkhano, yomwe analankhula milandu onse boma ndi zigawenga kuti akhala pagulu, ndipo zotsatira ayenera lofalitsidwa pa TV kulisindikiza. Maphwando kuti litigation zinapatsidwa ufulu uphungu malamulo, ndi apamwamba maphunziro malamulo osati utumiki boma.

Ngakhale zaluso kwambiri umalimbana kulimbitsa dongosolo capitalist, koma kukonza owolowa manja a zaka 60-70 ya mabwinja m'ma 19 osungidwa kwa serfdom. Alimi kulenga makhoti County apadera, lomwe Chilango akhoza akapitawo ndi kumenyedwa. Ngati tikambirana njira andale, chokana utsogoleri anali mosalephera, ngakhale chigamulochi anali sanam'peze ndi mlandu.

Zemstvo kusintha

Alexander II ankadziwa kufunika kwa kusintha mu dongosolo la boma. kusintha owolowa manja 60-70-ntchentche zinachititsa chilengedwe cha matupi osankhidwa Zemsky. Iwo anali kulimbana ndi zokhudza misonkho, chithandizo cha mankhwala, maphunziro chachikulu, ndalama, ndi zina zotero. Chisankho D. distilikiti ndi Zemstvo matabwa adamangidwa magawo awiri ndi kupereka ambiri mipando mu olemekezeka. Alimi anatuma zazing'ono udindo kuthetsa nkhani zina. Zimenezi unapitirira mpaka m'ma 19 mochedwa. A kusintha pang'ono kufanana ndi akwaniritsa kulowa mu bungwe la kulaks ndi amalonda, amene anachokera m'mphawi maziko.

Zemstvos kusankhidwa kutumikira kwa zaka zinayi. Iwo ankachita nkhani ya boma. Nthawi zonse, zimakhudza zofuna za anthu wamba za chisankho linapangidwa mu mtima wa landlords.

kusintha asilikali

Tidangokocheza pa kusintha ndi asilikali. Kukonza owolowa manja a zaka 60-70 zaka za m'ma 19 ankamuda chifukwa kufunika wamakono mwamsanga makina ankhondo. Ndinakopeka kusintha D. A. Milyutin. Kusintha zinachitika mu magawo angapo. Poyamba, dziko lonse lidagawikana m'zigawo asilikali. Pakuti ichi linasindikizidwa ambiri a zikalata. Pakati lamulo pa yolembedwa usilikali, yolembedwa ndi mfumu mu 1862. Iye m'malo yolembedwa usilikali mu yolimbikitsa onse ankhondo, kaya makalasi. Cholinga chachikulu cha kusintha anali kuchepetsa chiwerengero cha asilikali yamtendere ndi luso mwamsanga kuwasonkhanitsa vuto la mliri mwadzidzidzi nkhondoyi.

Chifukwa cha kusintha Zotsatira akhala akwaniritsa:

1. Kukhazikika misewu yaikulu ya usilikali ndipo cadet masukulu, kutanthauza kuti anayenera oimira magulu onse.
2. ankhondo nambala anachepetsedwa ndi 40%.
3. likulu ndi District usilikali linakhazikitsidwa.
4. asilikali linathetsedwa mwambo chilango ogwirika kwa chokhumudwitsa pang'ono.
5. Global kukonzanso.

kusintha m'mphawi

Serfdom mu ulamuliro wa Alexander II pafupifupi otha yokha. Russian Ufumu unachitikira owolowa manja kusintha 60-70. XIX atumwi ndi cholinga chachikulu kulenga kwambiri kufika ndi kutukuka boma. Kunali kosatheka kuti bwanji zofunika kwambiri dera la chikhalidwe moyo. Wamba zipolowe anakula mphamvu, iwo anakhala makamaka pachimake pambuyo yotopetsa Crimea nkhondo. boma akatulukire kwa gawo lino la anthu kuti awathandize nkhondoyo. Amaya anali kukhulupirira kuti mphoto uyu adzakhala anawapulumutsira kwa mwini malo mwankhanza, koma ankayembekezerazo si zimene zinachitika. Makamaka, zachiwawa kunabuka. Ngati mu 1855 panali 56, kenako mu 1856-mamita chiwerengero kale kuposa 700.
Alexander II analamula chilengedwe cha m'Komiti apadera pa Affairs wamba, komwe kunkakhala anthu 11. M'chaka cha 1858, zomangidwazo kusintha inali kuperekedwa. Iye anapempha bungwe makomiti m'munda yomwe monga oimira ambiri odalirika a osankhika lolemera. Iwo anapatsidwa ufulu kukonzanso asilikali.

Mfundo zikuluzikulu zomwe kukonza owolowa manja a zaka 60-70 cha m'ma 19 m'munda wa serfdom, anali Kuzindikila ufulu payekha nzika zonse za ufumu Russian. Komabe, landlords anali eni zonse ndi eni malo alimi ntchito. Koma nthawi yotsiriza, anapatsidwa mwayi kuti awombole m'dziko limene ntchito pamodzi ndi outbuildings ndi kukhalira m'nyumba. polojekiti wachititsa funde la mkwiyo pa mbali ya landlords, ndi osawuka a. Yotsirizira anali ndi opanda minda kumasulidwa, kukangana kuti "mpweya chomwecho sadzakhala zonse."

Oopa escalation za nkhaniyi, pamodzi ndi zolakwa wamba, boma ati asintha yokulirapo. The watsopano kusintha ntchito anali kwakukulu kwambiri. Wamba anapatsidwa ufulu ndi dziko lawo mpaka kalekale, kenako njira kugula. Kuti tichite zimenezi, sewerolo kukongoza concessional wakhala otukuka.

19/02/1861, Mfumu anasaina Ndondomeko, amene amapangira luso. Pambuyo ameneyu anali analandira malangizo amene mwatsatanetsatane anakakhala nkhani akuwuka mu njira ya kukwaniritsidwa kwa kusintha ntchito. Pambuyo serfdom linathetsedwa, zikanakhala zotheka kuti tikwaniritse zotsatira izi:

1. Wamba analandira ufulu laumwini, ndi luso kutaya katundu wawo onse paokha.
2. The landlords anali eni kulamulira dziko lawo, koma iwo anali kulamulidwa kupereka serf wakale Mabuku ena.
3. Ntchito dziko anausiya wamba anayenera kupereka zopereka, kumene kunali kosatheka kukana kwa zaka zisanu ndi zinayi.
4. Makulidwe a serfdom ndipo muvale olembedwa zikalata wapadera amene kulitsimikizira matupi mkhalapakati.
5. Alimi pa nthawi akanatha kuwombola dziko lawo ndi mgwirizano ndi mwininyumba lapansi.

kusintha maphunziro

Izo zasintha ndi dongosolo la maphunziro. realschule zinalengedwa amene, mosiyana ndi malamulo muyezo, kutsindika anaikidwa pa masamu ndi sayansi achilengedwe. Mu 1868, Moscow kuyamba kugwira ntchito kokha nthawi maphunziro apamwamba kwa akazi amene anali yojambula chachikulu poyerekezera ndi kusasiyana pakati.

kusintha zinthu zina

Kuwonjezera pamwambapa, kusintha anapangidwa ndi muzochitika zina zambiri. Choncho, kwambiri kukodzedwa ufulu wa Ayuda. Iwo asamuke momasuka m'dziko lonse la Russia anatilola. The ufulu wopita ndi ntchito zapaderazi analandira aluntha, madokotala, achilamulo ndi osema.

Kuphunzira zambiri za kusintha owolowa manja 60-70-ntchentche za m'ma XIX, 8 kalasi ya sekondale.