Mongol-Chitata kuwukira

Mu zoyambirira za XIII atumwi ku Asia ndi ku Ulaya wagwa kuwukira wina wa wongosamukasamuka. Asilikaliwa anagonjetsa dziko akutiakuti. Iwo posakhalitsa anafika ku malire a Russia.

Zonsezi zinayamba mu 1206, pamene Mongol otchuka osankhidwa wolamulira Genghis Khan. Panthawi imeneyo kale anali wotchuka kwambiri pakati pa Mongolia, ndi zina n'kukhutira wathu sinditi. Wolamulira watsopano ogwirizana mu ulamuliro mafuko ambiri, kuphatikizapo mmodzi wa yaikulu anali Chitata. N'chifukwa chake ndawala aukali wa Genghis Khan, ndipo kenako mdzukulu wake Batu kudziwika monga nkhondo Mongol-Chitata.

Ndi 1223 ndi wongosamukasamuka kuponderezedwa China, Central Asia ndi Transcaucasia. Atafika Azov steppes, ku Mongolia analowa kulimbana ndi Polovtsy, wotchedwa kuthandiza akalonga Russian. Mu May 1223 ankhondo ophatikizana anakumana ndi mdani pa za Kalka Mtsinje. Rusichi anagonja zoopsa: Malinga olemba ndi, anakhalabe moyo limodzi lokha khumi. Njira yopita ku Kiev ndiponso mizinda ina anatseguka. Koma ndiye ndi kumbuyo kwa asilikaliwa anakantha Volga Bulgars. Wotopa ndi yaitali ulendo wongosamukasamuka anaganiza zomangira nkhondo yatsopano ndipo anapita kwawo. Chitata kuwukira anali kulephereka.

Kukwera kwa Russia ndi zotsatira zake

Mu 1227, Genghis Khan anafa. Iye anali mwana wake Ogedei, amene anayamba kuganiza za yokopa latsopano. Mu 1235 pa Kurultai lotsatira (msonkhano otchuka) zopita ku kumadzulo. Zima 1237 Mongol khamu anali kale ku malire a Ryazan ukulu. Mdzukulu wa Genghis Khan Batu, amene anatsogolera ntchitoyi, anafuna msonkho kwa akalonga a Ryazan. Iwo anakana n'kuyamba kukonzekera nkhondo. Magulu anali wosiyana, ndi Mongolia anali wopambana. Patapita 6-day kuzinga anadzasokoneza Ryazan, Ryazan koma iwo yaitali anakana ankhondowo, kutsogolera ndi zigawenga nkhondo.

Pakati pa akalonga Russian panalibe umodzi. Ngakhale mdani, iwo anatha kulenga ena mgwirizano. Izi zinathandiza kuti kupambana kwa asilikali a ku Mongolia omwe ankasiyana chitsulo chilango. A mbali yofunika kwambiri ankaimba ndi luso kuzinga anaitenga ku Chinese. M'zaka 1237-1238 wa kuwukira Mongol-Chitata ndi ikupita patsogolo. Linathyoka ndipo analanda Vladimir-Suzdal ukulu, ndiye agonjetsi anatembenukira kum'mwera. Pano Iwo analinso ndi woyesetsa khama. Only wochepa tawuni Kozelsk chiyani kudzipereka kwa mdani kwa masabata 7. Chaka chomwecho, ku Mongolia anaukira Polovtsian Khan, amene anakakamizika abwerere kwa Hungary.

Mu 1239 ndi wongosamukasamuka ananyamula kum'mwera kumadzulo Russian maukulu. Iye anagonjetsa Pereyaslav ndi Chernigov. Bwerani ku Kiev mpaka ku Mongolia sanayese n'komwe, koma m'malo anaukira Crimea. Only patapita chaka, ndi wongosamukasamuka apita ku ntchito yatsopano, nthawi ili ku likulu la Russia. Mu November 1240 asilikali Mongol anali kale pansi makoma a Kiev. Kuzinga anayamba. Kupanga ming'alu malinga ndi ntchito makina kuzinga, ku Mongolia analowa mumzindawo. Kiev analandidwa.

kuwukira yoweyula adagulung'undisa kumadzulo, kusiya ndi moto. Kudutsa wotchedwa Galicia ndi Volyn, ku Mongolia n'kupita. Oyendayenda anakwanitsa kugonjetsa Poland ndi Hungary. mafumu European anali mantha. Atafika Italy, Mongolia anaganiza kuti ndibwerere. Mphamvu kuyenda ulendo zina iwo analibe, kuwonjezera, mu December 1241, Khan anafa Ogedei. Choncho Batu anabwerera ku Russia.

Mongol-Chitata nkhondo imeneyi ndipo zotsatira zake dziko Russian anakhala nkhonya zovuta. Chachikulu chiwonongeko, kuchepa kwa malonda komanso zamanja kalekale anakana Russia. Akalonga anakhala atumiki a Golden gulu khans ndipo unkayenera kupereka msonkho kwa iwo ndi kuthandiza mu yokopa. Popanda chizindikiro Khan a (kuwerenga ndi kulemba), palibe mmodzi wa iwo sangathe kuwalamulira ukulu wake. Malinga ndi olemba mbiri, zotsatira zake za nkhondo Mongol-Chitata kuti Lazaro anali chozama kupitirira basi chiwonongeko ndi imfa ya moyo wa munthu. chochitika anasintha njira ya chitukuko cha mbali ina ya dziko Russian, amene tsopano anali Asian kuposa European. chiwonongeko m'tawuni wofooka udindo wa m'tawuni mu moyo m'dziko ndipo zotsatira zake zinali yaitali kuteteza serfdom, kuposa mu Europe. Osati zinthu zabwino mu ulimi, umene kalekale achilengedwe.