Zosangalatsa za China. Mbiri ya China. Chinthu chidwi kwambiri za China

chikhalidwe Asian wakhala anakopeka anthu a m'dziko lonse lapansi. Chopunthira cha chitukuko, malo a Zipembedzo, gastronomic paradaiso - zonse izi zikhoza kunenedwa kwa dziko mu izi mbali ya dziko. Makamaka za China. Iwo anali apeza zinthu zambiri, popanda zomwe Masiku ano kuyang'ana osiyana kwambiri. Apa, aliyense amanyadira za chikhalidwe ndiponso mbiri yake. Ambiri a achepetse chachikulu, nkhondo ndi zipolowe, boma wamphamvu anakwanitsa kuthetsa mavuto onse ndi kutenga malo aakulu a chi padziko lonse. Chinthu chidwi kwambiri za China, miyambo, chikhalidwe ndi anthu a dziko lino - kupitiriza nkhaniyo.

chilankhulo

Chinese ndi kusiyana ndi kapangidwe kake. mlendo aliyense amene akufuna njira iliyonse kulankhula bwino pa izo, kuti kuposa chaka ntchito mwakhama. Pano pali mbali ya chinenero ngati zosangalatsa azungu:

• Chirasha ndi mawu amene akupezeka "Chinese chithunzi", ndi ena ndi zofanana. Mwachitsanzo, mu Chingerezi zikumveka ngati 'Ndi Greek kwa ine. Ena, ndi zosiyana. German mawu akunena kwa n'kovuta Spanish, Romania - Turkey ndi Chinese akuyima motsutsa maziko pamtima chinenero mbalame.
• Pakati pa anthu Chinese ndi Vietnamese anthu ambiri amene ali ndi zolongosoka. Chifukwa chiyani? Chinthu ndi kuti awiriwa chinenero zina, kutanthauza kuti mawu siyana malingana ndi momwe inu tchula kwake. Monga Vietnamese ndi Chinese ntchito izo kuyambira ali mwana, ndiye kumva bwino anakamba.
• Ndalama dzina la China "RMB" amatanthauza "wozungulira ndalama". Lolingana mfundo khalidwe "atagwidwa" mu Japanese Korea ndipo m'mene dzina la ndalama anasintha pa "anapambana" ndi "yen", motero.
• Kodi chidwi China alendo, choncho kusiyana chawo. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1928, pamene odziwika bwino padziko lonse lapansi, "koka-Cola" anaonekera pa msika Chinese, ena amalonda asankha kumasulira dzina la kumwa. Ntchito chifukwa otchulidwa ichi ovuta kwambiri ngati "koka-Cola", adayiwala kutenga chisamaliro cha kusinthika tanthauzo. Chifukwa ndi chizindikiro mu Russian akhoza likumasuliridwa kuti "kuluma sera namchidwe." Rebranding, ndithudi, chidwi koma ogulitsa malonda asankha kukonza dzina ndipo anangosintha kuti "Co-ku-Ko-Le," kutanthauza "pakamwa zonse chimwemwe."

gastronomy

Pamene onse a ku Ulaya akudya mafoloko ndi mipeni mwachizolowezi, ndi Chinese kukhalabe okhulupirika kwa miyambo, kupitiriza ntchito timitengo. Monga anthu kachulukidwe pano wopyola malire n'kotheka, m'pofunika kusintha ntchito zonsezi zotheka ndi kosatheka kuti nthawizina ine Timasangalalanso alendo. Choncho, pang'ono zosangalatsa za China ndi zokonda gastronomic wa okhalamo ake:

• anthu ochepa mukudziwa kuti makeke mwayi ambiri kudziwa ngati Chinese, ndiponso, Japanese! Makamaka wotchuka ndi US, kumene anabwera ndi ochokera Japan, pobwereka ganizo mu akachisi awo. Maganizo olakwika makeke kuoneka, mwina pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World, pamene Japanese America akuikidwa zozunzirako ndipo kumeneko anapereka mwambo wake Chinese.
• Fastidiousness okhala China palibe osiyana. Chakudyacho kuno angapatutse chilichonse. Komabe, sachita popanda miyambo omveka bwino. Mzinda Dunja Mwachitsanzo, pali miyambo - kuphika mazira mu mkodzo anyamata. Mbale, zosazolowereka kwa West, angathe kukonzekera kwa tsiku, ndipo ankati anthu fungo kasupe.
• Kuphika mu dziko lino wafika ndi ng'ona. Sikuti thumba la iwo, choncho akadali amakakamizidwa kusamala nyumba, ndiyeno kudya. Popeza gourmets m'dera chikondi ng'ona nyama, kuti zimayesetsa mu nsomba zokwawa. Popeza lalikulu ng'ona nsomba si kophweka kuwatengera iwo makamaka achinyamata ndi wonenepa, powasunga pakhomo pa nyumba, zomwe zimachititsa nyama kwenikweni alonda. Koma zomvetsa chisoni tsoka la watchdog alibe manyazi ng'ona, ndipo akafika kutalika ankafunila mchira anaona chakudya omnivorous Chinese.
• Msuzi "Nest namzeze ndi", ngakhale dzina lake, kanthu kochita ndi mbalame izi mulibe. Ndipo iwo amachita izo si chifukwa cha mbalame, ndi ntchito chisa cha swifts, omwe anapangidwa kuchokera malovuwo.

A pokha pa zakuda

Ponena za zosangalatsa za China, osanenapo ubale wa anthu a dziko Asian ku imfa ndi zikhulupiriro kwambiri.

• M'mayiko ambiri amaona nambala unlucky 13, ndipo pali ngakhale dzina la mantha, m'mayiko kum'mawa mantha chiwerengero 4. N'chifukwa chiyani? Basi mu Japanese, Korea ndi Chinese nambala 4 pa mawu akufanana mawu "imfa." Pali zambiri akusowa ngakhale malo apansi, omwe analipo kutha mu 4.
• Mu China, pali miyambo kufukiza pepala ndalama utoto pamaliropo. Kumene inayambira? Chinthu ndi kuti Chinese kuona moyo wina pambuyo ndi kumene mizimu yokhalamo. Kamodzi mu hade, akufa chiphuphu iye kazembe, kupewa chilango. Choncho, anthu amene amabwera ku maliro, kuotchedwa kukopedwa zolemba kuti "kusonyeza" mzimu wa wakufayo. Nthawi zambiri Zithunzizi zilembo za makolo, monga chinjoka. Ngakhale zaposachedwapa, ndipo wina akhoza zambiri zithunzi za umunthu wotchuka. Nthawi zambiri pali Marilyn Monroe ndi Einstein.

Mwachidule za China. Chidwi mfundo ana

• Asayansi ambiri amakhulupirira kuti chitukuko Chinese - ndi yakale kwambiri mu dziko. Ndipo pachifukwa! Pali zipilala chikhalidwe inalembedwa ku 6 m'ma BC. e.
• Ngakhale kuti dera la boma ndi waukulu, ali mmodzi yekha nthawi zone.
• Ndi apa kuti pepala chimbudzi kupangidwa mu 1300. Komabe, poyamba izo analoledwa ntchito kokha mamembala a m'banja lachifumu.
• China ali kunyumba kwa pepala osati chimbudzi, koma mitundu komanso ambiri zipatso ndi maluwa, amene lero amafalitsidwa padziko lonse lapansi.
• Nthawi mu Russia ziweto ndi amphaka ndi agalu ku China, ntchito imeneyi imagwiridwa ndi crickets lapansi. Ana amaitana ndewu ndi tizilombo izi.
• Ndikuwauza zosangalatsa za China, tisaiwale kuti chizolowezi otchuka pakati pa Chinese - izo philately.
• Kulira kuno amaona kuti kukhala woyera, si wakuda m'mayiko onse European.
• China ndi woyenera kutamandidwa, ndi kuyambitsa wa ayisikilimu, Chinsinsi cha amene adadza kwa Europe mothandizidwa ndi Marco Polo.
• Kuyimitsidwa milatho, monga ena ambiri, kuphatikizapo kampasi, ntchito yosindikiza komanso onga, nayenso, anabwera kuchokera ku dziko Asian. Komabe, apa iwo anaonekera mu 25 BC. e., monga iwo anali mu Europe zaka 1,800 ina.
• Chizindikiro cha chitukuko ndi zabwino zonse mu dziko lino - mleme.
• Ndipo, ndithudi, osanenapo chikondwerero chofunika kwambiri, zimene pano ndi chaka chatsopano.

Mbiri ya China. ena chidwi

zochitika chidwi zinachitika pa mapangidwe boma. Pakali pano, izi ndi dziko lolemera, koma kodi zinachitika pa njira ya mapangidwe ake?

• Yofunika mbiri chochitika chifukwa China, omwe zoipa zimakhudzira pa izo, anali kuba tizilombo tina! The Byzantine mfumu Justinian ndinatumiza Chimonko awiri amene anali kudziwa chinsinsi kulenga silika, anatchuka kwambiri chifukwa China m'zaka 6. Iwo anakwanitsa kutenga nawo amakhala ndi mphutsi, kenako bwinobwino tidakocheza pa mitengo ya nthuza ija. chochitika chinathandiza kutukuka kwa Byzantium, koma China ndi Perisiya malo, Mosiyana, anagwedezeka.
• Mbiri aposachedwapa a China, kwambiri, ndi bwino zoona zachilendo. Mwachitsanzo, osadziwika Chinese munthu anaonekera mu mndandanda wa anthu otchuka kwa zaka za m'ma 20, amene anali Time. Mu 1989 ku Beijing, panali ziwonetsero, chimene chinapha anthu mazana angapo. Iwo adzafa kwambiri kwambiri ngati sanali munthu wolimba, amene anakwanitsa kugwira ndime awo akasinja. Mwatsoka, makhalidwe ake Komabe, zimene zinali pamwamba pa Tsiku limenelo, ikhala chinsinsi, ngakhale chithunzi chake kusindikizidwa manyuzipepala padziko lonse.

China ndi imodzi mwa chitukuko yakale kwambiri mu dziko, amene ali zosachepera 5 zaka. Pali malo nkomwe, m'badwo umene umalandira zaka miliyoni 3.5. Ofukula amakhulupirira kuti makolo a Chinese masiku ano synanthropes, amene anakhala 400 zikwi zapitazo.

Woyamba Chinese chitukuko

chitukuko China mu nthawi Neolithic lagawidwa magawo ziwiri zazikulu. Woyamba lili Yangshao chikhalidwe (3-2 zikwi. BC. E.) Amene kuli zikutsimikiziridwa ndi atulukira ceramic. Chachiwiri - Longshan - wochokera kuwona ambiri mbale ntchito yabwino kwambiri.

mzera

Kwa zaka zingapo zapitazo m'dera la China ano anaonekera mafumu. Woyambirira wa awa ndi Xia, amene anayambitsa amene anali Yu. Center mafumu anali mu Province Henan Ngakhale kuti ankakhulupirira kuti mphamvu zake anawonjezera kuti m'madera ena. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mphamvu ya mafumu anachepetsedwa, ndi mphamvu za mwayekha anayamba ntchito kokha awathandize. A udindo wofunika kwambiri pa Xia Mafumu kusewera kalendala kuti Zakachikwi kenako, anagwidwa ndi Confucius. Mwamsanga pamene mafumu anayamba kunyalanyaza udindo wawo wauzimu, mafumu analowa pansi. Komabe, posakhalitsa adabadwa latsopano.

Modern dziko China unakhazikitsidwa ndi mchikakamizo cha Shang mafumu, womwenso za 30 olamulira. M'zaka totemism ndi mtundu matriarchal mphamvu. zofunika kwambiri ankaona mulungu wa dziko lapansi osati kumwamba mulungu. State dera inali pa mbali yaikulu ya China ano, ndipo wakhala ogaŵikana zigawo. nthumwi A aliyense wa iwo amayenera kuoneka nthawi m'nyumba ya mfumu ndi mphatso kumulemekeza.

Wotsatira unali Zhou Mafumu nagubuduza Shang olamulira. Kenako, ndipo ndi boma ili m'malire a pafupifupi buku lonse Yellow Mtsinje beseni unagawidwa anthu ena amene amangokhalira kupikisana wina ndi mzake.

Chinese ufumu

Mu nthawi kuchokera 221 mpaka 207 BC. e. Iwo anayamba kulamulira, Mafumu Qin, amene anatha kugwirizanitsa m'madera anthuwo mu coherent lonse. Iyi ndi nthawi yabwino bwanji dera lonse la lamakono la China. Chinthu chidwi kwambiri chikuchitika ndi dongosolo ndi chitukuko cha ufumuwo. Dongosolo ang'onoang'ono anawonongedwa ndi zoyendera M'malo mwake, anayamba. Nthawi imeneyi, anayamba chuma, malonda ndi ulimi. Komabe mafumu inatenga zaka 10, ndipo anafa, pamodzi ndi wolamulira wawo, pambuyo boma anayamba zikuthwanima kugalukira aukali.

Izo zinali m'malo mwa Mafumu Han, amene amalembedwa mavuto ndi nkhondo. M'kupita kwa nthawi, mafumu a kumanja ndi anthu chapeza kutchuka Chikomfyushani. Koma atabwera mphamvu Sui Mafumu, imene inamangidwa ndi Grand Ngalande. Komabe, nkhondo zonse ndi feuds loyandikana zigawo wotopa zopereka.

Mfundo zomwe chidwi za China, sitingathe kukuuzani za Mafumu Tang, amene anatha kukhazikitsa mtendere ndi kukhazikika mu dziko. Nthawi imeneyi, wapadera asangalala chikhalidwe ndi luso. Uyu adagwiridwa kusamalira ambiri a olamulira mafumu a. Zinali boma amphamvu kwambiri amene amagwira osauka osati luso, komanso sayansi ndi chipembedzo. Komabe, olamulira sakanatha kusamalira usilikali ndipo posakhalitsa chifukwa cha zolakwa zonse nagubuduza mafumu. zingapo achepetse anali mu mphamvu ya gawo, kuphatikizapo n'chokwana, Ming ndi Qing.

mbiri ya makono

Nthawi zofunika chitukuko cha boma anali za m'ma 18, pamene makamaka anayamba mgwirizano wa mayiko, ndipo ambiri a ku Ulaya adzakhala chidwi kudziwa za China, miyambo ndi anthu, chifukwa ndi kumene inu mukhoza kugula zabwino silika, zadothi ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Patapita panali nkhondo ndi Japan, zomwe zinachititsa anataya China Taiwan, Korea ndi Pescadores. Last Qing mafumu anagwera mu 1911, ndipo patatha chaka chimodzi boma analengeza lipabliki malamulo. Kenako Beijing analengeza unali likulu la dzikolo.

Mu 1917, China akulowa First World nkhondo, akufuna kubwezeretsa m'mayiko chojambulidwa Japan. Koma thandizo kuchokera anagwirizana mayiko, iye osazindikira. Ndiye "pa helm" a boma ndi Party Communist ndi mmodzi mwa atsogoleri awo mu mtima Mao Tszedun, mmodzi wa atsogoleri wotchuka kwambiri nthawi zonse, anapanga kwambiri kusintha boma. Dissociation wa dziko enzopangwa kuthetsa mndandanda wa olamulira, koma sizinathandize. Kuyambira pamenepo, China wadutsa a boma ndi ku Korea, mu boma pakhala kusintha ambiri, ndi chuma wabwezeretsedwa.

zotsatira

Chopunthira cha chitukuko - izo ndithudi China. Chidwi mfundo ana ndi akulu, komanso MPATUKO mwachidule, amene anali kuperekedwa pamwamba, wofu- aukira mmene mmene munthu State uyu anali padziko lonse m'mbuyomu ndipo akupitiriza mpaka tsopano. Izi si wachita kwambiri anthu atulukira zothandiza amabadwa a chipembedzo, ndi chitukuko choposa ndi miyambo anapulumuka zaka. malo osangalatsa ku China, amene otchuka - ndi Wall, chaka kukopa alendo ambiri ndi zifukwa zomveka. Anthu nthawi zonse zimakopa mwachinsinsi, wakale ndi lalikulu chitukuko. Zosangalatsa za China ali chabe keyhole pakhomo, kumbuyo zomwe Zikubisa dziko osiyana European, koma wokongola ndi wodzala zinsinsi.