Akamaliza kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow. Zaka III ndi Ivan Basil III

Mapeto a XV ndi chiyambi cha m'ma XVI - malire pakati pa Ages Middle ndi nthawi Chatsopano linkadziwika Kubadwa Kwatsopano, inali nthawi ya mapangidwe chomaliza ambiri a ku Ulaya. Apa pali ndipo kumalizidwa kwa kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow ukulu. M'chikumbumtima anthu amoyo mayina a initiators ake ndi executors. Awa anali chachikulu atsogoleri Ivan III, yemwe analamulira kuyambira 1462 ndi 1505, ndipo mwana wake, Vasily III, amene anali mu mphamvu kuchokera 1505 mpaka 1533.

Features centralization kumadzulo kwa Ulaya ndi Russia

Iwo ayenera yomweyo kudziŵika kuti mu Russia ndi mayiko akuluakulu a ku Ulaya, mgwirizano kale unagawanika dziko zinachitika mu zenizeni osiyana mbiri. Mu West, chilengedwe cha limati centralized yotithandiza kukula kwa kupanga zinthu, zimene pamapeto, ukuwonjezeka ndi kuwongolera asapita chofunika ndalama ndi linanena bungwe la chuma ku ulimi ang'onoang'ono mafelemu pafupi.

Mu Russia, zonse zinali zosiyana. mazana awiri a Tartar goli mochedwa chitukuko cha chuma chake ndi chikhalidwe, komanso chifukwa cha kugwirizana kwa Lazaro zinachitika ndi bungwe ang'onoang'ono a chuma, zomwe mosakayikira anali cholepheretsa ndondomeko imeneyi. Komanso, chirengedwe kwambiri a boma centralized zinali zotheka kumpoto-kumadzulo, kumpoto, kum'mawa kwa dziko, ambiri a kumayiko a kum'mwera anali mbali ya gawo loyamba la Kievan Lazaro, anali Ufumuyo Hungary, Poland ndi Lithuania.

Kugawikana - chifukwa yolanda mayiko Russian

Mosakayika, chifukwa chachikulu anagonjetsa Udelnaya Russia Golden gulu anali kugawikana, lomwe atha kutumikira ngati chitsanzo kwa Vladimir ukulu, anagawa atamwalira wolamulira Prince Vsevolod mwa olowa, ndiyeno anakhala nyama kosavuta kwa wolakika. Ndi zochitika zofanana mu mbiri ya Russia a nthawi zimene gwero kulikonse. Ambiri a Grand Duchy, pambuyo alekane mu fiefdoms yaing'ono, anataya mphamvu zawo zakale ndi atasiya zomuthandiza mdani. mbiri National ladzala ndi zitsanzo ngati zimenezi.

Komabe, akatswiri amakhulupirira pamaso pa mantha kuti nthawi kuchokera Golden gulu, ndipo kenako osiyana khanate, kumene iye wathyola, ndipo mfundo aukali a oyandikana Western inapita patsogolo kwambiri akamaliza kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow, kupanga kofunika. Yaikulu ya limabweretsa kukhazikitsa anakwera pa mpando wachifumu mu 1462, Ivan III.

Mlengi wa boma wogwirizana

Patapita nthawi moona wofunika mbiri Russian, wolamulira, ali nawo manja awo pa Kumwambamwamba, pa nthawi imeneyo, boma, pamene iye anali chabe zaka makumi awiri. Atatsimikizira bwino ndi wandale kutali akuthwa, iye anali woyamba mu mbiriyakale dziko linatchedwa "Mfumu ya onse Russia." Zinali muulamuliro wake anakhala choyimira cha wathu mphungu mitu iwiri, ndi mu Moscow inamangidwa, amene alipo lero ndi Kremlin mwala.

Ivan III wa, anakwatira mwana wa mfumu ya Byzantine, anayambitsa kukhoti tsiku ndi tsiku moyo zobiriwira mwambo, osati wolephera iwo anatengera pa mabwalo European. Zinali mu ulamuliro wake, mawu akale Russ unalowedwa ndi apano - Russian. Iye anagwira kwakukulu kusintha utsogoleri, ndipo anakhala mmodzi wa olemba a wotchuka Sudebnik - malamulo a boma ndi zigawenga.

Code Malamulo a Ivan III

Malinga zimenezi, ikuyenda bwino kwambiri chifukwa nthawi yake, chikalata, ndi Boyar Duma unakhazikitsidwa Grand Duke. nthumwi zake apatsidwa mphamvu chitetezo cha malo omwe munthu wa moyo onse ndipo anakhala abwanamkubwa mu maalumali ndi akazembe Kalonga m'mizinda.

Nayenso luso malamulo - boma, lomwe ankapita ndi mwapadera yoikidwiratu olemekezeka kapena clerks clerks. M'madera akumidzi, mulimonse - maparishi, kasamalidwe ikuchitika ndi otchedwa volostelyami - lolamulira dongosolo wopangidwa mwa mfulu.

Chilamulo anakhazikitsa okhwima pakati kulamulira kwa utsogoleri wa boyars m'dera ndi n'chakuti chilango zotheka ngati sanali kugwilizana ndi malamulo a kalonga. nkhani zingapo chake chokhudza gulu la asilikali. M'malo mwa m'mbuyomu anthuwo magulu akalonga analenga khamu logwirizana. Local olemekezeka-landlords ankafunika, ngati n'koyenera, idzapeza ku Grand Duke ndi ndalama zake akonzekeretse nambala inayake ya kusanduka phazi ndi akapolo kavalo. chiwerengero chawo kamadalira mmene mwini wake wa munda.

Kulumikizana ndi Moscow kale palokha fiefdoms

wandale wanzeru ndi zina wochenjera kwambiri, Ivan anakwanitsa kupewa mikangano lotseguka, achite kugwirizana kwa Moscow, monga kumpoto kwa Russia. Izi zinayamba mu 1468, pamene akalonga enieni Yaroslavl, kuzindikira ulamuliro wapamwamba wa Ivan, analowa kugonjera kwake.

Patatha zaka zinayi anabwera Wamkulu Perm mbali ya ukulu wake. Rostov ukulu pa nthawi imeneyo ufulu wodzilamulira theka chabe - gawo la koma anagula yachiwiri asanafike (sic) bambo Ivan III, Moscow Prince Vasiliy Tomny. Mu 1474, ndikupeleka Anapitiriza ndi chifukwa, onse m'gawo otsala anali ceded kwa Russia.

Ena anayamba kukangana ndi inalowa la Tver, wazunguliridwa ndi mphete ngakhale pamaso Moscow m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. nduna zake mpaka posachedwapa anayesera kukangana ndi Ivan, kuteteza ufulu wodzilamulira, koma pamaso pa retinue lake lalikulu, ikuyandikira malinga a mzinda, anali kuyenera mtsutso kuti iwo ankakonda kutenga lumbiro la kukhulupirika.

The ndondomeko wotsatira zinaphatikizapo inalowa mu 1489 Vyatskiye dziko ndi yofunika nsomba m'deralo. Iwo kudzadza chuma cha ndalama zikulu, tsenivsheysya pa msika lonse - yambitsa.

Chifukwa cha centralization mfundo Russian, amene zonse anathamangitsa Ivan III wa, kuwonjezera kukula azilandira ndalama zake ndi gulu lankhondo lamphamvu, ndipo adakula kutchuka ya boma. Izi zinathandiza kuti mfundo yakuti mu zaka zoyambilira, kudzadza XVI m'ma ambiri ndithu akalonga Russian, anabwera kuchokera ku zigawo kumadzulo kwa dziko, koma pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana agwa utumiki wa olamulira Chilituyaniya, anabwerera kwawo.

Novgorod tsoka

Komabe, si onse magawo ake akamaliza kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow zinachitika bwino. Chitsanzo cha zimenezi ndi nkhani yochititsa chidwi imene zinachitika padziko Novgorod, akanakhalabe ndigwira palokha Boyar Republic. Mmenemo chifukwa cha kusintha kasamalidwe, akuyendera 1410, analimbikitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya otchuka oligarchic, ndi lamulo la Basil Mdima kwa 1456, anapatsidwa m'dera kalonga apamwamba malamulo.

Mantha (ndi pachifukwa) kutaya mbali yaikulu ya maudindo pambuyo subordination Novgorod kwa Moscow, anatsogolera boyars, lotsogoledwa Posad wamasiye Marfoy Boretskoy, kuti kupempha Chilituyaniya Prince Casimir, povomera vassalage pa nkhani ya thandizo ake pa nkhondo ndi Ivan III. Poyankha, kalonga wa Moscow anatenga miyeso kwambiri chifukwa cha zomwe mu 1471 anasamukira ku wopanduka asilikali mzinda united, wapangidwa magulu onse subordinated Moscow maukulu.

Mfundo zofunika, amene analola Ivan III kwa kanthawi kochepa kusonkhanitsa ndi chidwi asilikali amenewa a Novgorod anali kupita pansi pa ulamuliro wa mkulu wa Katolika, pamenepo kupereka chifukwa mlandu wa akufuna kusinthana chikhulupiriro Orthodox mu "Latin". Mosiyana Moscow odzipereka, opandukawo kusonkhanitsa kwambiri, koma wosaphunzitsidwa ndi bwino asilikali onyamula zida. Pa nkhondo yomaliza, umene unachitika pa Shelon mtsinje, anagonjetsedwa ndi kuika kuthawa.

Komabe, ngakhale kugonjetsedwa kochita Novgorod anatha kukambirana ndi kalonga, ndi akulipira indemnity zedi chifukwa nthawi zina kupulumutsa zotsala za ufulu kale. Pomaliza, Novgorod anali linalanda kwa Moscow mu 1478. A manja amaimira walekana ndi ufulu kukhalanso anali kulanda wa Novgorod msonkhano belu awo, kuyambira nthawi makedzana msonkhano mwa iwo ndikhudze zinthu zofunika panopa.

Pambuyo kuzipeleka kwa Novgorod Prince wa Moscow anali kuti agonjetse lina la Tver ukulu akuzisunga ndigwira ufulu. Apa, mu njira zina mobwerezabwereza nkhani yomweyo monga Novgorod. Tver kalonga, osakhulupirira kuti iye sakanakhoza kukana amphamvu wa Moscow, anapempha chithandizo kwa olamulira chomwecho Chilituyaniya monga Novgorod, ndi chifukwa adamva zowawa tsoka chomwecho.

M'zaka zonse makumi atatu cha ulamuliro wake, Ivan III zolinga umodzi - kugwirizana kwa mayiko anthuwo Russian. Pa ichi iye analowa mbiri ya dziko monga "Zakeo a m'mayiko Russian." Iye anagonjetsa ambiri, omwe palokha Grand Duchy.

Mapeto a Tartar goli

Koma, mwa zina, gulu ake ndipo anati chochitika chofunika kwambiri pamene mapeto a nthawi ya Tartar goli, limene zinali zodzaza ndi chigonjetso cha asilikali wa Moscow kalonga pa magulu a Ahmad Khan pa za Ugra Mtsinje mu 1480. Iwo anali akwaniritsa osati kwambiri ukulu wa asilikali monga mayiko mwaluso zinachititsa kuti Ivan III anali wokhoza kuti apange angakuthandizeni a Crimea Khan, amene anali adani onyansa a Goliyati panopa, ndipo nthawi yomweyo kuti n'chongoletsa zochita za Ahmed Khan, ndi amene angakuthandizeni, Chilituyaniya Mfumu. Chifukwa, pozindikira chiyembekezo nkhondo, ndi Tartars anasiya malo awo ndi anabwerera.

M'malo a malonda bambo ake

Mu 1505 ku Moscow waukulu wachifumu mwana wa Ivan III, Vasily III, kuyambira masiku oyamba ku ofesi anakhala m'malo mwa ntchito bambo ake. Monga autocrat woona, iye anatsogolera mfundo zovuta, cholinga chimene anali kuwononga dongosolo lakale la maukulu ndi angagwirizanitse ku Moscow anali akadali nawo pa nthawi palokha maukulu a Lazaro.

M'pomveka kunena kuti kalonga sanali otsika kwa atate wake kapena mtima wa zochita zake, sangathe kusankha kwa iwo nthawi yabwino kwambiri. Pa nkhani imeneyi, zachilendo kutsatira Moscow ukulu wa Pskov, amene anali mpaka ndiye olamulidwa ndi Lithuania. Kuti tichite zimenezi, Basil anatenga kufooka wake chifukwa cha nkhondo ya Crimea Chitata.

Iye sanali wopanda kuchenjera ndi chibadidwe bambo ake. Mwachitsanzo, mu 1509 Basil 3 analamula kuti abwere naye kwa Novgorod, Pskov oimira tenements, komanso anthu onse amene anali osakhutira ndi chilakolako chake kubweretsa Pskov akuwayang'anira Moscow. Onse anafika ku lamulo lake, iye ananena kuti kusadalira iye, ndipo ambiri a iwo aphedwe.

Board Basil 3 kutha kwa mzinda wakale wa wodzilamulira. Pambuyo popereka oimira m'tauni ya Pskov, otsiriza m'mbiri yake, bungwe, umene anatengera zochita kukwaniritsidwa chopanda malire a zofunikira za kalonga. Pskov Veche belu, monga anachitira anzake Novgorod, anawomberedwa ndi kalekale kuchotsedwa mumzindawu.

M'tsogolo, kudziteteza ku chitsutso zotheka ndi kuika mzinda chuma chake, kalonga wamng'ono anachotsedwa kuti mabanja mazana atatu olemera ndipo anakakhala ku malo awo ofanana kuchuluka kwa anthu mwachionekere okhulupirika kwa iye kuchokera m'madera ena. Komabe, mfundo imeneyi sikuli kwa iye, ndipo bambo wake Ivan III wa, monga kulembetsa mu nthawi chifukwa anthu olemera wa anagonjetsa Novgorod. Popeza linathetsedwa mu Pskov Veche dongosolo yapita, Basil 3 apatsidwa ulamuliro wa akazembe ake.

Chopititsa ndondomeko ya kaphatikizidwe dziko

Patatha zaka zinayi, kupitiriza kutsatira mgwirizano wa Russia, Vasily III anagwirizana ukulu wake wa Smolensk, reconquered mu 1514. Lithuanians. Kukumbukira mwambo umenewu wakhala moyo imeneyi ndi chilengedwe, mu Moscow Novodevichy Akatolika. Iwo anali mwakachetechete anasamutsa Smolensk chithunzi cha mayi wa Mulungu, anazindikira mozizwitsa, ndi kupembedzedwa ngati malire primordial mtetezi wa Russia.

Kumalizidwa chomaliza cha kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow ndipo kunatha pambuyo mu 1521 mu boma analowa Ryazan ukulu. Zinali pamaso pa kudalira ena pa Moscow akalonga, koma kusunga ena ufulu. Komabe, chinali kwa anthu a Ryazan ndi akhale nzika wa Moscow.

The matupi waukulu Boma

Pa msonkhano uno wa mayiko Russian inatha mu boma limodzi, omwe anakhala waukulu ku Ulaya, ndipo anaitana kuyambira pamenepo Russia. Koma ndondomeko izi anangotchula mbali ya kumpoto, kum'mawa ndi kumpoto chakumadzulo Russia. Kubweretsa chomwecho pansi ndodo ya maukulu a Moscow, yomwe m'mayiko kum'mwera kumadzulo ndi apitiriza kukhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa Hungary, Poland ndi Lithuania, inali nkhani ya m'tsogolo.

Akamaliza kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow adamfunsa chilengedwe cha zida ndi waluso kupereka kasamalidwe centralized ya boma kumene analenga. Anakhala Boyar Duma. Mu wake woyamba komanso akuluakulu a magulu awiri chapamwamba pa nthawi ya boyars ndi ogwira, koma kuchokera pakati pa XV atumwi kapangidwe kake anawonjezera kuti abwanamkubwa a m'dzikolo Ufumuyo Moscow, wokhulupirika kwa wolamulira wamkulu. Boyar Duma anali mosatsata malamulo komanso anali ndi khalidwe la thupi deliberative.

Mu ulamuliro wa Basil 3 mabungwe awiri boma, maziko anapanga kenako dongosolo mandative inakhazikitsidwa. Awa anali otchedwa Palace ndi Treasury. Woyamba kusamutsa kasamalidwe dziko, a Grand Duke, ndi khalidwe la wachiwiri anali zachuma, Archive ndi boma chisindikizo.

Ofufuza ambiri, akamaliza kugwirizana kwa mayiko Russian padziko Moscow anali kwakukulukulu zimatheka chifukwa cha ntchito za tchalitchi cha Russian Orthodox mu ndondomekoyi. Owongolera kufunika kwake kuthetsa nkhani mwamsanga dziko anathandiza kumanga mu 1448 pa Metropolitan wachifumu wa Ryazan Metropolitan Yona. Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, mpingo mu Russia analandira udindo wa autocephalous, kuti chosiyana ndi ufulu wodzilamulira zina mipingo, ndipo sanathe mwachangu zimakhudza mkati ndi yachilendo ndondomeko ya boma.

Zokambirana mlingo watsopano

Muscovy kwa zaka za m'ma 16 amene apangidwa kudzera pophatikizana a m'mayiko kale anthuwo yotengedwa ndi udindo chosiyana pankhani ya mfundo yachilendo. Ngati poyamba anali kokha chifukwa kugona ndi khans wa Golden gulu ndi uthunthu zochepa akalonga, ndiye pambuyo dziko anayamba kuimira mgwirizano wa Wamkulu Russian mtundu ndi wolamulira kutchedwa yekha, izo zachitika ake oyenerera Europe.

Russian zokambirana anadza kwa mlingo chosiyana. Pambuyo inatha dziko kuphatikiza a North-East Russia, mu Moscow, akazembe yachilendo kale anayamba kubwera osati pachiswe kupita expanses Russian pa Novgorod. Mwachibadwa, unachititsa mavuto ena, monga kale kuthana yekha ndi ambuye ang'onoang'ono, kudzinenera chikhulupiriro chomwecho ndi kulankhula chinenero chimodzi. Tsopano, pa zokambirana anali kuganizira maonekedwe a zipembedzo zina ndi ntchito omasulira, ndipo kenako ndi kuphunzira zilankhulo.

Nyota akalonga awiri a Moscow Ivan III, komanso mwana wake analowa Affairs Vasily III wosatsutsika. Kudzera m'mabuku awo, makalata, anatumiza kunja wakhala anasaina mutu "Kalonga wa Moscow ndipo onse Russia." Ichi chimatanthauza kuti onse Russia otseka monolith kuti akhoza kupitiriza kupirira chiyeso chilichonse.