Atumiki a Golden gulu: Choonadi ndi Zikhulupiriro Zabodza

Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 13 kotheratu Old Russian boma anagwa pansi pa mphamvu ya asilikaliwa. Atumiki a Golden gulu (otchedwa kum'mawa mbali ya lalikulu Mongol Ufumu) unkachitika mpaka 15 atumwi. Zinali ndiye, mu 1480, chochitika amapezeka imene mbiri amadziwika ataima pa Ugra Mtsinje. Vassalage spawned nthano zambiri ndi nthano za ubale Russia ndi Mongolia. Tidzayensa kumvetsa.

Kodi Mongol goli?

Igo - ubale pakati pa agonjetsi ndi anagonjetsa. Iwo akuwonetseredwa mu mfundo zotsatirazi:

• kudalira Political akalonga Russian. Popanda chilolezo cha Mongolian, chizindikiro, kunali kosatheka kulamulira.
• Economic chidakwa. Russia anali kupereka msonkho.
• ubwenzi asilikali. Russia anali kutumiza asilikali kuti asilikali Mongolian.

Kuchokera mizere woyamba zikuoneka kuti malinga ndi zina zabwino. Koma kodi?

Mtima kwa Russia: Zikhulupiriro Zabodza ndi Zenizeni

Today pali nthano zambiri zimene atumiki a chiguluchi - tsoka kwenikweni kwa mbiri Russian. Mongolia anasiya kukula kwathu, sanalole tipite pa njira civilizational, dziko linali bwinja, anthu ali ndi njala, ndi zina zotero. D. Koma akatswiri mbiri amatithandiza kudziwa zotsatirazi:

1. Mongolia anali mafumu m'deralo, kodi saletsa ndi miyoyo yawo.
2. Iwo adatewera anthu. Zonse ikuchitika kalembera, monga izi kudalira "kuchoka", mwachitsanzo. E. Tax. Izi zikusonyeza kuti munthu mwapang'onopang'ono, capitation, chilungamo kale misonkho m'zaka 13. Petr Veliky kudzera kukonza zovuta okha anakwanitsa kubwereza m'zaka za zana 18. Mwachibadwa, sanalole kuchepa anthu. Asilikaliwa okha osati likukuvutitsani aliyense, ndipo sankaloledwa kuchita mwa achepetse m'deralo.
3. ubwenzi mandala, khola. Otchedwa "goli", mwachitsanzo. E. Vassalage la Russia, sanali limodzi ndi mantha misa, kupha, kuba.
4. Asilikaliwa sanasinthe zikhulupiliro za anagonjetsa anthu. Ngakhale kuti iwo analandira Islam monga chipembedzo cha boma, silikukambapo za chimamangidwa chipembedzo kuchokera ku "ambuye". M'malo mwake, ku Mongolia anamasulidwa Mpingo kwa misonkho yonse, kuphatikizapo kupereka chakhumi. Mchitidwe umenewu analemera nthawi imeneyi. Pambuyo asilikaliwa "Orthodox woona" akalonga kangapo akuwafunkha, kutsatira mfundo za secularism.

Choncho mapeto: a Mongol goli anali oipa chodabwitsa kwa osankhika kalonga. anthu wamba zinali zabwino, chifukwa kutetezedwa kuukira, chiwonongeko, ndewu.

Kodi mwankhanza anali?

Ndithudi, "kuchoka" kwa gulu anali 14 maudindo msonkho. Koma inamangidwa moti wamba munthu ankadziwa chirichonse. Panalibe kusiyana amene kulipira - Mongolia kapena akalonga. Koma ena otsiriza kupirira Iwo sakanakhoza. Dyera olamulira m'dera zambiri unalibe, iwo amangosankha adakula msonkho, pansi pa amati ndi "ululu wa asilikaliwa." Koma izo sizinali zokhazo. A chidwi chitsanzo ndi Muscovy. Ndi apa kuti akalonga m'dera la Nevsky mafumu anachita zonse dziko lake, kuti apewe mpumulo. "Tulukani" iwo anali mofanana ndi ena a m'derali, koma osati chataya anthu ake levies zina. Zimenezi zinathandiza nyambo pafupifupi boyars wa Ryazan. Choncho, adzakhala okhulupirika kuloledwa redistribute mphamvu za ndale mkati Old boma Russian.

Zoyesayesa woyamba pa kumasulidwa

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 14, Moscow yalimbikitsa. Izi zinathandiza kuti mkaziyo asalankhule wa kwapakati pa-pomenyera mphamvu. Against woona Khan Tokhtamysh anauka mmodzi myriarchs - Murza Mamay. Aliyense ankaganiza kuti iye ayenera kupereka msonkho kwa anthu kuponderezedwa. Mu 1380, Moscow anathandiza Khan woona. Atasonkhanitsa magulu onse, kuphatikizapo ankhondo ku Lithuania ndi Genoa, Prince wotchedwa Dmitry anaukira Mamai. Kulikov nkhondo inatha mu mtima wa Russian. Pambuyo Moscow ankakhulupirira kuti tsopano Tokhtamysh mangawa ake. Simungalipire msonkho. Komabe, yotsirizira anakumbutsa wotchedwa Dmitry, zomwe zimatumikira ku Russia gulu. Iye anapempha zaka yosalipidwa msonkho. Pambuyo kulephera mu 1382, Khan anawoloka Russia ndi moto ndi lupanga. zochitika izi pambuyo Kulikova munda sakuvomereza kulankhula kwambiri.

Kugwa kwa Golden gulu angakondere akupita pansi mu mbiri

Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 15 zochitika izi zidzachitika:

• Zolotaya Orda lagawidwa maukulu towerengeka; Kazan, Astrakhan, Crimea, Siberia khanate, Nogai gulu. Aliyense amaona palokha wolowa mmalo mwa Golden gulu ndipo amafuna msonkho Russia.
• Muscovy M'malo mwake, consolidates padziko yokha magulu onse, kuphatikizapo Novgorod. Yekha Ivan III komanso asamalira palokha wolowa wa gulu, monga Moscow ali mafumu yaitali okwatira ndi khans Mongolian.

No goli sanali?

Mu sayansi mbiri, pali mfundo zina pa nkhani imeneyi awiri maphunziro wotchuka m'munda wa masamu - Z. ndi V. Fomenko Nosovskiy. Iwo amati chiphunzitso chawo kuti Russia sanali m'manja mwa asilikaliwa atsogolere mfundo zambiri. Pakati pa iye ndi gulu anali anagwirizana Relations. Russia analipira msonkho, ndi kubwerera analandira chitetezo. Ndi kufanizira ndi makampani kuti kulipira mtendere wa mabungwe chitetezo payekha. Choncho, palibe kufunika m'malo lingaliro olakwika "kulanda" ndi "goli". Mbali yoyamba zoona, Batu unawononge- mizinda yambiri. Lachiwiri - ubale zinali zomvetsa mtendere. Ngakhale kulankhula antiordynskie kuletsedwa akalonga Russian, osati khans. Mmodzi wa iwo - ndi yimitsira wa Tver Aleksandrom Nevskim.