Noblewoman Marfa Boretskaya: Chidwi Mfundo

Achifumu Marfa Boretskaya anali womaliza Bwanamkubwa Mkazi Novgorod. Iye anatsogolera kulimbana nzika motsutsa Moscow Prince Ivan III, amene adakali kuponderezedwa mabwalo wakale ndipo anapanga mbali ya wogwirizana boma Russian.

umunthu Martha

Posadnitsa Marfa Boretskaya anafika ku banja boyar. tsiku lake la kubadwa sindizo ndendende amadziwika zokhudza ubwana ndi unyamata komanso sanakhale ndi moyo. Iye analowa mu mbiri monga mkazi wa Isaaka Boretskogo Novgorod meya, kuchokera umene anapatsidwa dzina lakuti. mwamuna wake anamwalira mu theka lachiwiri la 50 ntchentche za m'ma XV (mfundo zatsopano za izo kunayamba chaka 1456). Anasiya mkazi wake ndalama zambiri ndi dziko. zinthu zonsezi asiya Martha kukhala mmodzi wa kanjedza otchuka mu moyo anthu a Novgorod.

Mu mbiri ya mkazi chikudziwika ngati "Mkazi Bwanamkubwa wa", koma Boretsky konse yokhala analibe udindo umenewu. Izo zinali kokha ndi onyoza dzina linapatsidwa kwa iye ndi Muscovites, amene ankadana naye ndi mdani wamkulu. Komabe tikhoza ndithu kuti Martha anali de A facto wolamulira wa Novgorod kuchokera 1471 mpaka 1478. Amenewa anali masiku otsiriza a ufulu pamene iye anamenyana ndi Moscow pa ulamuliro.

Amadziwika Novgorod

Marfa Boretskaya analengeza wokha ngati yofunika chithunzi ndale, pamene chisankho 1470 anali bishopu wamkulu m'deralo. Iwo amapereka Pimen (ndi kuikira kumbuyo candidacy mothandizidwa ya golide), koma mapeto anasankhidwa protege wa Moscow - Teofilo. Komanso, alikibishopu latsopano anayenera kuyamba ku likulu la Ivan III, koma osati mu Kiev, monga mmene ankachitira kale.

Martha sanathe kuwakhululukira ngati, ndipo kuchokera nthawi imeneyo anayamba kukhazikitsa kulankhula ndi chipani Chilituyaniya ku Novgorod. gulu limeneli andale analimbikitsa anthu rapprochement wa mzinda ndi Grand Duke wa Vilnius, osati Moscow kazembeyo. Chotero malo zosiyana ndi zinthu zimene anagwirizana pa kusainira Yazhelbitskogo dziko.

pepala ili yosainidwa mu 1456 (adakali ndi bambo ake Ivan III - Vasily Osaona). Pangano amakhazikitsa ubale wa Novgorod kwa Moscow kuteteza mwamwambo chabe mabungwe akale ndi usages (bungwe, mutu meya, ndi zina zotero. D.). Terms kwambiri kapena zochepa anakwaniritsa kale kwa zaka zambiri. Zinali kukondera pakati pa mphamvu ya Moscow mu nthaka Russian ndi zaka onse dongosolo Republican a Novgorod.

Poland wochirikiza

Marfa Boretskaya zopita malamulo okhazikika. Zinali iye amene anatsogolera otsutsa boyars ndi Ivan III nafuna thandizo la mfumu Polish Casimir IV (Poland ndi Lithuania analipo mkati akachita pakati ogwirizana a). ndalama Marita watuma kuti lina mfumu akazembe, kumupempha kuti kutenga Novgorod monga kudziyimira pawokha nazo. Terms akhala anavomera, ndipo anafika mumzinda kazembe - Michael Olelkovich. zochitika izi zinachititsa kuti mkwiyo wa Ivan III. Mu 1471, analengeza nkhondo pa Novgorod.

Kukonzekera nkhondo

Pamaso kutumiza asilikali kuti kumpoto, Ivan anayesa kuthetsa kusamvana mwa zokambirana. Anacheukira kwa thandizo la nkhoswe wodziwika mu umunthu wa Mpingo. Mzinda wa Moscow, anapita ku Novgorod, kumene anthu anam'dzudzula Martha, kukhumudwitsa Moscow. Iye anatinso kusiya mgwirizano ndi boma Katolika. Kuchita zimenezo zikhoza kuonedwa monga kuchoka ku ziphunzitso.

Wotchuka Marfa Boretskaya? intransigence wake. Iye anakana asintha kwa mdani. Atamva izi, Ivan III anatchedwa Kampeni ndi Catholic ulamuliro mu Novgorod wa Orthodox. chiphiphiritso Zimenezi zinkathandiza kuti asonkhanitse mbali ambiri, kuphatikizapo pskovityan, ustyuzhan Vyatichi ndipo pa zochitika angakane kuthandiza Moscow. asilikali anapita nkhondo, ngakhale ngakhale kuti Polish kazembe Mikhail Olelkovich kumanzere banki ya Volkhov ndipo anapita Kiev.

Marfy Boretskoy khalidwe kwagona kuti si kuponyera mmwamba manja awo munthawi ya zoopsa kwambiri. Mu Novgorod ankagwiritsidwanso anasonkhanitsa asilikali. gulu lake sichimaperekedwa popanda Martha. Komanso mwana wake wotchedwa Dmitry, amene anali ofunda Posadnik, iye anali mu nkhondo.

nkhondo ya shelon

Moscow asilikali pansi wotchuka Bwanamkubwa Daniila Holmskogo ndi Fedor Motley anagwidwa ndi kutentha yofunika Rusu linga. Wabwino uwu, kumuwombera anaima kudikira reinforcements ku Pskov. Pa nthawi yomweyo, zina maalumali Moscow Tver ogwirizana ndi detachment komanso walunjika kumpoto.

Asilikali Novgorod m'gulu anthu 40,000. Ikulowera kwa Pskov, kuteteza gulu lake kulumikizana ndi Kholmsk. Moscow kazembe ndikuganiza za zolinga za mdani, ndipo anasamukira ku kukakumana naye. July 14, 1471 Holm mwadzidzidzi kuukira anamenyedwa ndi sayembezereka asilikali Novgorod. Nkhondo amadziwika historiography monga nkhondo ya shelon (dzina la mtsinje). Holm anali pansi lamulo lake hafu ya anthu kuposa anthu a Novgorod, koma nkhonya zake zidzasintha kudziwa zotsatira za nkhondoyo.

Ankapha Novgorod. mwana Marita - wotchedwa Dmitry Boretsky - analandidwa ndipo posakhalitsa anaphedwa chifukwa woukira boma. Kugonjetsedwa anazipanga izo mosalephera tsoka la Novgorod.

Korostynsky dziko

Posachedwa Korostynsky dziko (11 August 1471) anali anamaliza. Ndi mawu ake, Novgorod mpaka anafika mukudalira pa Moscow. Choncho, boma lake ayenera kutsatira Grand Prince pankhani ya mfundo yachilendo. Uwu unali luso zofunika, monga kuchotsapo Novgorod mwayi kuti ojambula kulikonse zamtendere ndi Poland ndi Lithuania. Komanso Grand Prince wa Moscow tsopano subordinated ku City Court. Komanso, tchalitchi Novgorod anakhala mbali yofunika ya Metropolia umodzi. Thupi waukulu wa m'deralo wodzilamulira - Veche - sizikanatha kupanga zosankha zawo. makalata ake onse notarized ndi Grand Duke, ndi mapepala anayikidwa mu Moscow Sindikizani.

Komabe, Novgorod anasunga zinthu zokongoletsera a dongosolo lakale, pamene pali chogwidwa ndi mabwalo. The Grand Duke simunandikhudze Martha, iye anakhala kunyumba. analoleza zikuluzikulu Moscow sanasinthe mapulani ake. Iye akadali akulakalaka kuchotsa kudalira Ivan III. Koma nthawi zina pakati pa zipani mtendere osalimba analamulira.

Chiyembekezo chakuti za ufulu Novgorod a

Moscow ankadziwa kuti ndi Ivan chidwi Boyar Novgorod nsonga ndi panokha Marfa Boretskaya. Mkazi Bwanamkubwa anapitiriza kuyesa kulankhula ndi Casimir, ngakhale chilango cha mwana wake ndi kugonjetsedwa ku nkhondo. Ivan kwa kanthawi diso akhungu zimene zikuchitika mu kumpoto, popeza anali nkhawa zina zambiri - mwachitsanzo, ubale zovuta ndi Chitata.

Komabe, mu 1478 kalonga potsiriza anamasulidwa ku zosamalira ena ndipo anaganiza kutha mfulu kudzanso Novgorod. mzindawo anatuluka asilikali Moscow. Pankhaniyi, panalibe gulu lalikulu kukana Sichinatsitsidwe anatuluka. Malinga ndi dongosolo la Ivan III, noblewoman Marfa Boretskaya mosatsata dziko lawo ndipo anali kupita Nizhny Novgorod ndi kukhala sisitere mu kunyumba tamoshnem. Adaonongedwa ndi zilembo zazikulu Novgorod ufulu: anathetsa bungwe khamu belu chichotsedwa. Komanso, Ivan wotumidwa kuchokera boyars onse, amene amaganiziridwa chotsutsa boma lake. Ambiri a iwo anakakhala Moscow - pafupi boma la Russia, kumene chikoka awo anali lisachitike. Yemweyo ndiye Novgorod woona Ivan Vasilyevich anapita kwa anthu amene wotanganidwa malo ofunika anatha mwamtendere kupanga mbali ya United boma Russian.

Tsoka la Martha

Marfa Boretskaya, yonena Kwatha monga ndale kwenikweni mu obisika a. The tonsure, anatenga dzina Mariya. Anaumba achifumu anafa 1503 mu CHAKUBADWA Akatolika, umene uli ku XIX m'ma ankatchedwa kutamandira Cross. Chithunzi Marfy Boretskoy yomweyo anakhala mbali ya folklore Russian. Mbiri zambiri poyerekeza mkazi uyu ndi mafanizo ena ofunika ndale za kugonana ofooka - Eliey Evdoksiey ndi Irodiaroy.