Nkhondo Angola: zaka zambiri, Inde zochitika ndi zotsatira za nkhondo

Theka lachiwiri la zana la 20 zinali zodzaza ndi kusintha kwakukulu mu chitukuko cha Africa. Tikuyankhula zokhudza revitalization mwa magulu kumasulidwa dziko ndi ndondomeko atsamunda a limati European. Onse mumaganiza zimenezi kuwonetsedwa zochitika zimene zinachitika mu 1961 ku Angola.

Angola pa mapu a Africa: location Hrs

Angola - iyi ndi imodzi mwa limati African analenga pambuyo pa nkhondo yachiwiri ya padziko lonse. Pofuna kuyenda vutoli, amene wakhala boma mu theka lachiwiri la zana la 20, choyamba tiyenera kumvetsa pamene ali Angola pa mapu ndi zimene zili m'madera malire. dziko Modern ili ku Southern Africa.

Iwo m'mphepete pa kum'mwera ndi Namibia, zomwe mpaka mapeto a 1980s, anali kwathunthu subordinated ku Republic of South Africa (ndi chinthu chofunika kwambiri!), Mu kum'mawa - ndi Zambia. Kumpoto ndi kumpoto-kum'mawa ndi boma malire ndi Democratic Republic of Congo. Kumadzulo malire - ndi Atlantic Ocean. Kudziwa lomwe limati m'malire Angola, kudzakhala kosavuta kuti amvetse njira za kulowerera m'dziko la asilikali achilendo.

Chifukwa cha nkhondo yoyamba ya

Nkhondo Angola sanayambitse zokha. Mwa anthu Angola kuyambira 1950 mpaka 1960 izo anapanga magulu atatu osiyana amene ankaona ntchito kulimbana kwa ufulu wa boma. Vuto n'lakuti iwo akhoza chikulephera chifukwa cha zosagwirizana maganizo.

Kodi gulu ili? Gulu loyamba - ndi MPLA (amayimira Movement la Anthu yomasulira Angola) - yabwino boma la chitukuko mtsogolo ankaona Marxist mfundo. Mwina Agostinho Neto (mtsogoleri) ndipo zimawoneka mu dongosolo boma la ganizoli USSR, chifukwa maganizo mwangwiro zachuma Karla Marksa wosiyana pang'ono kwa chomwe chinali mu Union monga Marxism. Koma MPLA ankatsogoleredwa ndi thandizo lonse m'mayiko Soviet bloc.

Gulu lachiwiri - ndi FNLA (National Front yomasulira Angola), amene mfundo analinso chidwi. FNLA mtsogoleri adagwidwa Roberto ankakonda lingaliro chitukuko ufulu Anabwereka, anthu Chinese. Mwa njira, ntchito FNLA anagwira ena pangozi ochuluka Angola, chifukwa kuwuka kwa ulamuliro Roberto anaopseza kugwa kwa dziko. Chifukwa chiyani? Adagwidwa Roberto anali wachibale wa Pulezidenti wa Zaire ndipo analonjeza mu nkhani ya kupambana kupereka gawo la dera la Angola.

Gulu lachitatu - UNITA (National Front kwa wodzilamulira Total wa Angola) - khalidwe la lathu ovomereza-Western. Aliyense wa magulu awa anali ena amathandiza anthu m'madera ndi osiyana m'munsi chikhalidwe. Kuyanjanitsa ndi kuyanjana magulu amenewa sanali ngakhale kuyesa, chifukwa iwo ali osiyana kwambiri ndi gulu lililonse limaimira njira ya kulimbana ndi atsamunda, ndipo ambiri Chofunika - chitukuko zina za dziko. Ndi amatsutsana ndi zinachititsa kuti mliri wa Nkhondo mu 1975.

Inayamba nkhondo

Nkhondo Angola anayamba September 25, 1975. Osati kanthu pa kumayambiriro kwa nkhani ino, tinakambirana udindo Hrs wa dziko ndi anansi otchulidwa. Pa tsiku ili, kuyambira Zaire analowa asilikali amene anathandiza FNLA. Vutoli likukulirakulira pambuyo October 14, 1975, pamene Angola analowa asilikali South African (achokera onse olamulidwa ndi South Africa, Namibia). magulu awa amapereka ovomereza-Western chipani UNITA. Nzeru za udindo zandale la South Africa mu mkangano Angola lodziwikiratu: mu utsogoleri South African nthawizonse wakhala kwambiri Chipwitikizi. MPLA unali analinso thandizo kuchokera kunja. Tikuyankhula zokhudza gulu lankhondo la SWAPO, amene ankateteza ufulu wa Namibia ku South Africa.

Choncho, tikuona kuti kumapeto kwa 1975 m'dziko lathu ankatengedwa mphamvu za m'mayiko angapo amene anakumana ndi mzake. Koma nkhondo yapachiweniweni ku Angola Tingaone m'njira timapangira - ngati mkangano nkhondo pakati pa mayiko angapo.

Nkhondo Angola: "Opaleshoni Savannah"

Kodi asilikali South African yomweyo atawoloka kumalire ndi Angola? Ndiko kulondola - izo mwakhama kulimbikitsa. nkhondo izi akhala ndi mbiri "Savannah" opareshoni. asilikali South African anagawidwa m'magulu nkhondo zingapo. bwino "Savannah" The ntchito anali anaonetsetsa modzidzimutsa ndi mphezi kudya kanthu wa Azulu ndi zina. Mu masiku ochepa, iwo anagonjetsa lonse kum'mwera kumadzulo kwa Angola. Gulu "Foksbat" anakhazikika m'chigawo chapakati.

Ankhondo anatenga zinthu zimenezi: mudzi Liumbalu, Kakulia, Katenge, Benguela Airport, osiyanasiyana maphunziro a MPLA. Ulendo wopambana wa makamu anapitiriza mpaka November 13, pamene iwo wotanganidwa mzinda wa Novo Redondo. "Foksbat" The gulu komanso anapambana nkhondo amphamvu kwambiri mlatho №14.

The "X-Ray" anatenga kuposa asilikali Cuba pafupi ndi mzinda Ksanlongo, Luso, analanda mlatho Salazar ndi kuletsa kupita patsogolo kwa Cuba kwa Kariango.

The nawo USSR anamenyana

Atalipenda amafotokoza mbiri yakale, timadziŵa kuti anthu a Union pafupifupi sankadziwa chimene nkhondo ku Angola. Soviet Union wakhala konse nawo yake yogwira zinachitika.

Pambuyo oyamba a asilikali a Zaire ndi South Africa, mtsogoleri MPLA anapempha kuti asilikali a ku Soviet Union ndi Cuba. Atsogoleri a mayiko zokomera kwa msasa sakanakhoza kukana kuthandiza ankhondo ndi gulu limene ankati zokomera mfundo. nkhondo ya mtundu uwu anali kumlingo opindulitsa kwa Soviet Union, chifukwa utsogoleri chipani akadali sanadzisiyira lingaliro la exporting ulimi.

thandizo kumayiko kuti Angola amasuliridwanso lalikulu. Mwalamulo, asilikali Soviet nkhondo kuchokera m'chaka cha 1975 mpaka 1979, koma kwenikweni mu nkhondo, asilikali anatenga mbali kugwa kwa USSR. Ofunda ndi weniweni deta pa zomvetsa pankhondo imeneyi ndi zosiyana. Mabuku a Unduna wa silikhali ananena momveka bwino kuti asilikali athu anataya anthu 11 pa nkhondo Angola. Akatswiri asilikali mukukhulupirira chithunzi ichi ndi otsika ndi amakonda anthu pafupifupi 100-wosamvetseka maganizo.

Ankhondo mu November ndi December 1975

Nkhondo Angola pa mbali yake yoyamba anali wamagazi kwambiri. Tiyeni tione zochitika zazikulu za nthawi imeneyi. Kotero, mayiko angapo ndi asilikali awo. Izi ndi zimene tikudziwa kale. Chimachitika n'chiyani? thandizo la asilikali ku Soviet Union ndi Cuba mu mawonekedwe a akatswiri, zipangizo, zombo Soviet Navy ali kwambiri analimbitsa MPLA asilikali.

The yoyamba bwino asilikali analanda malo anamenyana ndi Kifangondo. Adani anali asilikali a Zaire ndi FNLA. angagwire ntchito pa chiyambi cha nkhondo la asilikali MPLA chifukwa Zairians chida inatha kwambiri ndipo asilikali zokomera walandira mu thandizo ku USSR, zitsanzo latsopano la zida za nkhondo. November 11 FNLA asilikali walephera nkhondo ndipo kumakhala anagonja maudindo awo, pafupifupi kukatseka yolimbirana mphamvu Angola.

Wotopa wa asilikali a MPLA sanali, chifukwa nthawi yomweyo anadza South African Army ( "Savannah" ntchito). asilikali ake asamukira m'gawo la dziko ndi za 3000-3100 Km. Sindinkafuna kukhadzikika nkhondo Angola! Thanki nkhondo pakati pa magulu ankhondo MPLA ndi UNITA unachitika November 17, 1975 pafupi ndi tauni ya Ganguly. limeneli anapambana mphamvu zokomera. The ntchito bwino za "Savannah" pa nkhani imeneyi. Zotsatirazi zochitika izi, MPLA asilikali anapitiriza kuukira, koma mdani sanafooke, ndipo panali ndewu okhazikika.

The vuto kutsogolo mu 1976

nkhondo kupitiriza yotsatira, 1976, chaka. Mwachitsanzo, chifukwa January 6 magulu MPLA anagwira m'munsi mwa FNLA kumpoto. Mmodzi wa otsutsa wa Socialists kwenikweni wogonjetsedwa. Kumene, kuthetsa nkhondo, palibe lingaliro limodzi, kotero Angola adikira kwa zaka zambiri kuti masoka. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, magulu FNLA mu unagawanika sanasiyiretu m'dera la Angola pafupifupi 2 masabata. Opanda msasa zokhalamo, sanathe kupitiliza ndi kampeni yogwira.

No zochepa kwambiri ntchito kasamalidwe MPLA anayenera kusankha, chifukwa Angola sasiya mbali yokhazikika wa gulu lankhondo la Zaire ndi South Africa. Mwa njira, chidwi kwambiri udindo kutsimikizira zonena zawo pa nkhondo Angola, South Africa. andale South African anali otsimikiza kuti zinthu wosakhazikika pa dziko loyandikana akanakhoza kukhala kukumana ndi mavuto chifukwa cha chikhalidwe chawo. Kodi? Mwachitsanzo, kutsegula adawopa kayendedwe kuukira. Ndi Otsutsa awa anali kupirira mpaka mapeto a March 1976.

Inde, MPLA yokha ndi makamu zonse za mdani sangathe kukhazikitsa izo. Udindo waukulu mu kupondereza adani kupitirira malire a boma limabweretsa 15,000 Cuba ndi Soviet akatswiri asilikali. Pambuyo pake, dongosolo ndi ntchito yogwira kwa nthawi yaitali akanapanda anakhalabe, chifukwa mdani anaganiza zigawenga nkhondo UNITA. Mu njira imeneyi ya nkhondoyo makamaka kugunda yaing'ono zinachitika.

Zigawenga gawo la nkhondo

Pambuyo 1976 chikhalidwe kumenyana zasintha pang'ono. Mpaka 1981, asilikali achilendo si ikuchitika pa dera la Angola, dongosolo la ntchito ya usilikali. UNITA gulu amadziwa kuti asilikali ake sangathe nkhondo lotseguka kutsimikizira ukulu wake pa FALPA (Angola asilikali). Ponena za gulu lankhondo la Angola, tiyenera kuzindikira kuti kwenikweni zimachititsa MPLA, chifukwa gulu zokomera kuyambira 1975 ndi mwalamulo mu mphamvu. Monga momwe taonera, ndi njira, Agostinho Neto, Angola mbendera si kanthu kuti wakuda ndi wofiira. Mtundu wofiira nthawi zambiri amapezeka pa zizindikiro za limati zokomera, ndi wakuda - mtundu wa Afrika.

Mwansanga 1980-1981,

Kumapeto kwa 1970 tikhoza kulankhula kokha za ankalimbana ndi zigawenga zolembera UNITA. Mu 1980-1981 ,. nkhondo Angola walimbikitsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu zoyambirira za m'ma 1980, asilikali South African litalanda nthawi zoposa 500 m'dera la Angola. Inde, izo sizinali mtundu wa ntchito njira, koma pali zambiri zochita izi destabilize dziko. Mu 1981, ntchito ya asilikali South African kuchuluka kwa m'ziwawa ntchito ya usilikali, zomwe m'mabuku a mbiri yakale ankatchedwa "Proteus."

Part wa asilikali South African patsogolo pa akuya gawo Angola cha 150-200 Km, panali funso za adani a midzi yambiri. Chifukwa cha nagonjetsa kumbuyo ntchito pansi aakulu moto akuonadi mdani anapha asilikali oposa 800 Angola. komanso monga kudziwika (ngakhale zikalata zofunikira za sanapezeka) pa imfa ya asilikali 9 Soviet. Mpaka March 1984 kumenyana recurred.

Nkhondo ya Cuito Cuanavale

Patapita zaka zingapo kamodzinso adapitiriza m'ziwawa nkhondo Angola. Nkhondo ya Cuito Cuanavale (1987-1988) anakhala zofunika kwambiri zinasintha mu atasemphana boma. Nkhondoyi asilikali nawo a Army of Angola, Cuba ndi Soviet asilikali - pa dzanja limodzi; zigaŵenga zankhondo za UNITA ndi South African asilikali - pa ena. Nkhondo imeneyi inatha zoipa chifukwa UNITA ndi South Africa, choncho anathawa. Pa nthawi yomweyo, iwo anafufuma malire mlatho, complicating Angolans zotheka kutsatira mbali awo.

Pambuyo nkhondo imeneyi, potsiriza, anayamba kuona nkhani yaikulu mtendere. Kumene, nkhondo anapitiriza ngakhale mu 1990s, koma anali nkhondo ya Cuito Cuanavale anatembenukira mokomera a magulu Angola. Today Angola kulibe ngati boma palokha akufotokozera. Flag of Angola analankhula lathu andale a boma lero.

N'chifukwa chiyani Soviet Union sanali yopindulitsa mwalamulo nawo nkhondo?

Monga amadziwika, mu 1979 iye anayamba ndi phukusi Soviet asilikali ku Afghanistan. Akuphedwa ntchito mayiko monga ankaona kofunika ndi zapamwamba, koma mtundu uwu wa kulowerera, kulowerera ndi anthu ena Sizichita kuthandiza anthu a Soviet Union ndi anthu padziko lonse. N'chifukwa chake Union wakhala mwalamulo anavomereza okhudzidwa ake mu kampeni Angola yekha pa nthawi kuchokera 1975 mpaka 1979.