Soviet Army. Chiwerengero cha gulu lankhondo la USSR kale

Army la Soviet Union - mmodzi wa mizinda amphamvu kwambiri asilikali kwa zaka za m'ma 20, chilengedwe cha omwe anakhala kwambiri chuma, makamaka anthu. Dziwani kuti chinapangidwa ndi mofulumira ndi mwamphamvu anatenga malo kutsogolera mbiri ya dziko lapansi, makamaka chifukwa cha ungwazi ndi kupirira m'mphepete mwa kuthekera anthu kuti asilikali Soviet anasonyeza nkhondo yolimbana ndi ankhondowo lopondereza. Pambuyo agonje chopanda malire, mwina zochepa za mphamvu dziko adzatha kutsutsa mfundo zoonekeratu kuti gulu lankhondo la Soviet anali wamphamvu mu dziko pa nthawi imeneyo. Komabe, ndi mumtima mutu izo anapitiriza mpaka pafupifupi cha m'ma lomaliza.

masiteji mapangidwe

M'mbiri ake kuyambira Kubwera kwa kwambiri kapena zochepa bungwe mtundu wa asilikali Russian anali wotchuka ndi wodabwitsa Limbikani, mphamvu ndi chikhulupiriro mwa chifukwa umene anakhetsa mwazi wa asilikali. Kugwa kwa ufumuwo, makamaka zikuphatikizapo osati kufooketsa ankhondo, komanso kuwonongedwa pafupifupi onse. Ikufotokoza changu zowononga kuthetsa ambiri kapitawo Corps. Mu kufanana kudutsa dziko kwa ofuna kutumikira maganizo atsopano ndi boma ongobadwa inakhazikitsidwa Red alonda. Komabe, panali a World Choyamba, ngakhale zochitika mkati, Russia wakhala si mwalamulo kutulukamo, choncho panali kufunika kugwirizana zonse. Iwo anayambitsa mapangidwe a Red Army, mu dzina lake patatha chaka anawonjezera mawu akuti "antchito ndi amphawi". Chikalata kubadwa - February 23, 1918. Pa nthawi ya mliri wa nkhondo zapachiŵeniŵeni 800,000 anthuwo anali mu malo ake, pang'ono kenako - oposa 1.5 miliyoni.

Pa mtima wa chilengedwe cha khamu la mfundo yatsopano wamba monga kalasi, internationalism sanayambebe athanzi boma (mabungwe asilikali zinalengedwa nzika za maiko ena), kusankha kwa gulu loyang'anira, dvunachalie kuti lili pamaso kuvomerezedwa mu zigawo zonse za anatumiza asilikali, otchedwa antchito andale .

The zigawo zikuluzikulu ya zachitetezo anayamba dziko ndi nyanja. A zonse kunachitika nkhondo mgwirizano wa asilikali Soviet linayamba mu 1922, ndiye pamene kale mwalamulo zinakhalako Soviet Union. Mpaka mofulumira kuti boma pa mapu a asilikali dziko sanasinthe mawonekedwe awo akunja. Pambuyo mapangidwe wa USSR izo limodzi ndi asilikali NKVD.

The bungwe ndi utsogoleri kapangidwe

Ndipo mu USSR, ndipo kenako mu Soviet Union kuti agwire ntchito yoyang'anira, komanso kulamulira nyumba zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo asilikali ntchito Bungwe la Commissars anthu. Commissar anthu a silikhali unakhazikitsidwa mu 1934. Pa Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, Lamulo Supreme unakhazikitsidwa, lotsogoledwa ndi Iosifom Stalinym mwachindunji. Pambuyo pake, unakhazikitsidwa Dipatimenti ya chitetezo. Kapangidwe chomwecho lili lero.

Poyamba, asilikali, panalibe dongosolo. Ongodzipereka anapanga mayunitsi, omwe anali losiyana ndi asilikali unit. Pofuna kuthana ndi vuto ili asilikali anabweretsa akatswiri zogwirizana amene amachita structuring ake. Mfuti poyambirira anapanga ndi apakavalo Corps. Wamphamvu zamakono yojambula, m'kukoma otaya anaperekedwa pa kupanga ndege, akasinja, magalimoto oti muli nazo zida anapereka chakuti asilikali Union kuwonjezera kuonekera makina ndi Moto mayunitsi, zakulitsa mayunitsi luso. Pa nkhondo, izo zimakhala mbali yokhazikika asilikali yogwira. Malinga ndi malamulo a asilikali, utali wonse wa nchito asilikali lagawidwa kutsogolo, zimene pamapeto, monga nkhondo.

chiwerengero cha asilikali Soviet kuyambira penipeni, panali pafupifupi mazana awiri zikwi, pa nthawi ya kuukira Nazi Germany mabungwe ake, panali anthu oposa mamiliyoni asanu.

mitundu ya asilikali

Mu Soviet Union makamu anali oyenda, asilikali zida zankhondo, asilikali okwera pamahatchi, mbendera Corps, oti muli nazo zida, zomangamanga, mankhwala, magalimoto, njanji, asilikali msewu, mphamvu mpweya. Komanso, danga ndithu wotanganidwa ndi kavalo kavalo, limene anapanga imodzi ndi Red Army. Komabe, utsogoleri anakumana ndi mavuto aakulu kwambiri mu mapangidwe wagawo izi: zigawo mu akhakwanisa kupangidwa pawiri anali chogwidwa ndi azungu kapena ntchito ndi thupi lina. Pali mavuto aakulu ndi kupanda zida, akatswiri. Chifukwa, kupanga gawo zonse asilikali anali kokha kutha kwa 1919. Pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni zimakhala akwaniritsa pafupifupi theka la chiwerengero cha asilikali oyenda zochita ena omenyana. Mu miyezi loyamba la nkhondo ndi amphamvu kwambiri pa nthawi asilikali a German Asilikali, ziyenera anati, zasonyeza yokha mosonyeza ndi molimba mtima, makamaka Nkhondo ya Moscow. Komabe, zinali zoonekeratu kwambiri kuti firepower awo sinditi poyerekeza aliyense ndi njira zamakono za nkhondo. Choncho, ambiri a asilikali awa linathetsedwa.

Iron moto mphamvu

The mzaka zana makumi awiri, makamaka zoyambirira, zinali zodzaza ndi patsogolo mofulumira asilikali. Ndi Soviet Union Red Army, komanso asilikali a dziko lina lililonse mwachangu inamera njira zatsopano zamakono chiwonongeko pazipita mdani. ntchito makamaka wosalira msonkhano-mzere ulimi wa akasinja mu 1920s ndi. Pamene iwo amaoneka akatswiri asilikali apanga dongosolo la mogwirizana zipatso za oyenda latsopano ndi magalimoto. Ndi mbali kale malo lalikulu la nkhondowo oyenda hayala. Makamaka ngati mwayi waukulu anadabwa anali ananenera, ndi pakati pa zida zatsopano awonetse kulimbitsa maudindo awo ntchito anagwira oyenda ayendetsa pa kuzamitsa kuukira adani.

Komanso, Soviet thanki makamu m'gulu mayunitsi paramilitary okonzeka ndi magalimoto oti muli nazo zida. Mapangidwe a asilikali inayamba mu 1935, pamene brigade oti muli nazo zida, amene kenako anakhala maziko tsogolo Corps makina a. Komabe, pa chiyambi cha nkhondo, mankhwala awa anali kuti inasokonekera chifukwa sankatha zida. Kachiwiri, battalions munthu ndi brigades inakhazikitsidwa. Komabe, ndi chiyambi cha chaka chachiwiri cha nkhondo ndipo anayambiranso kotunga zida wakhazikitsidwa momaliziratu, mphamvu makina anabwezeretsedwa, kapangidwe awo walowa lonse Panzer asilikali a Soviet Union. Ichi ndi olemekezeka mu mapangidwe izi mtundu wa asilikali. Monga ulamuliro, iwo apatsidwa ndi chigamulo cha utumwi palokha nkhondo.

ndege zankhondo

Ndege - wina mphamvu kwambiri ya zachitetezo. Popeza ndege yoyamba anayamba kuoneka m'zaka za m'ma 20, kugwirizana kwa ndege asilikali anayamba kupanga mu 1918. Komabe, mu 1930 kunapezeka kuti mtundu uwu wa asilikali, asilikali Soviet kwambiri otsika chifukwa chitukuko mofulumira makampani ndege mu West. Pofunafuna modernize zida pa chiyambi cha Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World anasonyeza n'zachabechabe awo onse. Makina a Luftwaffe, zimene zinabweretsa pansi kuukira mmawa wa June mizinda Soviet, kugwidwa mosadziŵa mwa asilikali. Amadziwika kuti m'masiku oyambirira anawonongedwa zikwi ziwiri ndege Soviet, ambiri - pansi. Patapita miyezi sikisi, nkhondo Soviet ndege zomvetsa totaled ndege oposa 21 zikwi.

Mofulumira kumanga-mu makampani ndege analola patapita kanthawi kukwaniritsa parity mu mlengalenga ndi Luftwaffe omenyana. Wotchuka womenya "Yak" m'Mabaibulo osiyanasiyana anapanga aces German n'kusiya chikhulupiriro mu chigonjetso mofulumira. M'tsogolo zombo kudzadza akweza kuukira ndege, zoponya mabomba, omenyana.

magulu ena zida

Mwa mtundu uliwonse zina zimene zida si malo ofunika pa Wachiwiri World nkhondo anatenga Corps wa Akatswiri. Ndi iwo amalowerera udindo pa ntchito yomanga mpanda wolimba kwambiri, nyumba, mipanda, m'madera ncho, luso thandizo ayendetsa, pambali, iwo kukanathandiza polenga makonde m'minda ncho, kugonjetsa malinga mdani, zotchinga ndi zinthu zina. magulu mankhwala komanso kwambiri kunanditsegula kuchuluka kwa tanthauzo lake ndi nthawi, mu zonse wagawo asilikali anali makontena oyenerera. Makamaka, iwo ankagwiritsa ntchito ankachitika lawi throwers ndi utsi nsalu yotchinga.

Tithe mwa gulu lankhondo la USSR

Monga amadziwika, Woyamba kuti anamenya kumbali ya zisinthe - chiwonongeko cha zonse chosonyeza akutikumbutsa za kalasi kuponderezedwa. N'chifukwa chake akuluakulu chinthu choyamba linathetsedwa, ndipo ndi izo - ndi mutu kuwathamangitsa. M'malo lachifumu lipoti khadi tithe posts asilikali inakhazikitsidwa. Kenako, magulu a boma ali anasonyeza kuti "K". Pakuti kusiyana udindo ankagwiritsa ntchito mosiyanasiyana zojambula - makona, rhombus, rectangle, pa katundu asilikali - totsegulira wachikuda mawonekedwe.

Komabe, udindo payekha wa asilikali Soviet koma wabwezeretsedwa, choonadi uli chifupi ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri ya World. Chaka pamaso kuukira German nakhalanso "General" udindo, "asilikali" ndi "msilikali". Kenako anabwerera ku msonkhano mu mabungwe mabungwe a ntchito zamanja ndi panali. Officer ngati lingaliro asilikali, zomangira ndi akuluakulu ena potsiriza anakhala yekha mu 1943. Komabe, si onse amene analipo mu chisanadze chosintha Russia tithe anali anabwezeretsedwa mu gulu lankhondo la USSR kale. Zimenezi kwakhudza zikuchokera m'gulu la asilikali Russian, monga anayamba mu 1943, dongosolo ntchito lero. Pakati sikuphatikizidwa: sanali analamula kapitawo ndi anga aakulu anga, mkulu woyang'anira msilikali, msilikali, mkulu, ndi apakavalo mphalasa, ndodo rotmister, rotmister. Chizindikiro linakhalanso yekha mu 1972. Pa nthawi yomweyo, Major, imene tsarist Russia anachotsa mu 1881, mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kumbuyo.

Kwathunthu tithe watsopano monga oyamba mu 1940 wa USSR Army General, za udindo wa ndi udindo wapamwamba ku Soviet Union, lomwe ndi udindo wa polimbana. Woyamba udindo watsopano kupereka kudziwika lalikulu atsogoleri a asilikali Georgy Zhukov, Kirill Meretskov ndi Ivan Tyulenev. Nkhondo isanayambe, inanso iwiri anamangidwa ku Mulingo wa - atsogoleri a asilikali Joseph Apanasenko ndi Dmitri Pavlov. Pa nthawi ya nkhondoyo, mutu wa "General wa Army wa USSR" si n'kukagwiritsa mpaka 1943. Ndiye anakonzedwa zomangira phewa, lomwe linaikidwa nyenyezi anayi. Woyamba analandira udindo anali Alexander Vasilevsky. Kawirikawiri anamanga Mulingo wa asilikali walunjika amadzibisa.

Pakutha kwa nkhondo ya Soviet wa asilikali USSR owerengedwa khumi asilikali kupereka udindo. Khumi a iwo anali kuyang'anira ku Mulingo wa polimbana. Mu 1970 udindo anapatsidwa salinso chifukwa cha kuphunzira kwawo kwambiri ndi anamanganso wa Dziko Lathu, koma kwenikweni malo, zimene zimaphatikizapo ntchito udindo.

Lowopsya nkhondo - chigonjetso chachikulu

Ndi chiyambi cha Great zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, asilikali Union a Soviet yamphamvu ndithu, mwina inunso malamulo ndi angapo anadula mutu zikomo anakonza Stalin repressions musachoke m'gulu la asilikali mu 1937-1938, pamene kwambiri anadula kuwalamulira dongosolo. Ichi chinali mwina chifukwa mu masabata loyamba la asilikali anali nkhongono, panali kwambiri chifukwa cha imfa ya anthu, onse asilikali ndiponso anthu wamba, zida, zida ndi zinthu zina. Ngakhale Soviet Union ndi German asilikali anali bwino osati maudindo ofanana pa chiyambi cha nkhondo, pa mtengo wa akuvutika ambiri asilikali Soviet kumbuyo kwawo, ndipo anadzakhala yoyamba ft ndithudi chitetezo wa Moscow zizimva mzinda wa asilikali zolusa. Nkhondo inapita patsogolo kwambiri kuphunzira njira zatsopano mwamakani, ndi Red Soviet Army mofulumira lidzasinthidwa lankhondo akatswiri kuti poyamba mwaukali kumbuyo malire awo ndi wotsika yekha kukakamiza mdani kutaya zoipa pawo, ndipo pambuyo Nkhondo ya Stalingrad kutembenukira mwaukali patsogolo ndi anathamangitsa mdani.

Army la Soviet Union mu 1941 inkakhala anthu oposa mamiliyoni asanu. Kuyambira kuwombera njira ya June 22, panali za zana limodzi ndi zikwi makumi awiri mfuti mortars. M'zaka chimodzi ndi theka la mdani ndithu anali omasuka m'mayiko Soviet ndipo anasamukira kumtunda mwamsanga mokwanira. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, mpaka iye anafika ku Stalingrad. Kumenyana ndi nkhondo mzinda anatsegula gawo latsopano mu atasemphana mbiri kuti anatembenuka mochititsa manyazi ndege la mdani gawo Russian. Kodi pachimake mphamvu ya asilikali a USSR anali akwaniritsa kumayambiriro kwa 1945 - 11.360.000 omenyana.

ntchito ya usilikali

Mu chiyambi cha mbiri ulemerero wa tithe Red Army anadzazidwa pa maziko kwawo. Koma patapita kanthawi, kasamalidwe anapeza kuti pansi wotere mu mphindi yovuta wa dziko ili pa ngozi chifukwa chosowa Corps zonse asilikali a. N'chifukwa chake zitsulo zonse chikalata malamulo akuyitanira kulowa usilikali kuyambira 1918. Ndiye m'moyo anali oyenda wokongola wokhulupirika ndi zida zankhondo chaka, ndi apakavalo - zaka ziwiri mu ndege usilikali ankatchedwa kwa zaka zitatu mu Navy - kwa zaka zinayi. usilikali mu Soviet Union malamulo ndi machitidwe osiyana malamulo ndi malamulo. ntchito imeneyi akuti ndi kwambiri yogwira mawonekedwe a ntchito udindo wawo wa boma kuteteza dziko lawo zokomera.

Mwamsanga pamene nkhondoyo inatha, kumvetsa kalozera kuti litsatira yolembedwa usilikali posachedwapa. Ndipo ndicho chifukwa palibe wina wotchedwa mpaka 1948. usilikali m'malo usilikali anauzidwa kuti ntchito yomanga kubwezeretsedwa kwa kumadzulo gawo lonse la dziko zochuluka manja. Ndiye utsogoleri anapereka magazini atsopano a chilamulo usilikali, chimene wamkulu anyamata anali kutumikira kwa zaka zitatu mu Navy - kwa zaka zinayi. Kuitanidwa zinachitikadi kamodzi pa chaka. usilikali mu Soviet Union kusanduka chaka chimodzi chokha mu 1968, pamene chiwerengero cha mafoni kuchuluka kwa awiri.

akatswiri holide

Modern Russian asilikali amawerengedwa zaka kuchokera tsiku la mapangidwe mankhwala oyamba ndi mfuti watsopano pambuyo chosintha Russia. Malinga ndi kafukufuku mbiri, Vladimir Lenin zinasaina lamulo pa mapangidwe a anthu ogwira ntchito ndi Alimi 'Red Army January 28, 1918. asilikali German zikukangalika anaukira ndi asilikali Russian ankafunika mphamvu zatsopano. Motero, pa February 22 akuluakulu kuti anthu anafuula kuti apulumutse dziko lawo. misonkhano ikulu-ikulu zolembedwa ndi apilo anamva awo - odzipereka anathamangira khamu. Choncho panali tsiku mbiri ndi akatswiri Army Tsiku chikondwerero. Tsiku lomwelo ndipo anaganiza phwando la apanyanja. Ngakhale mosamalitsa kulankhula, tsiku lanuli mapangidwe zombo za imatengedwa kuti February 11, pamene Lenin anasaina chikalata pa mapangidwe ake.

Onani kuti ngakhale pambuyo kutha kwa Union a Soviet asilikali tchuthi kukhala, komabe chikondwerero. Komatu mu 2008 mutu wa boma, Vladimir Putin zinasaina lamulo anadzatchedwa holide dziko Tsiku la Woteteza wa Dziko Lathu. tsiku Official tchuthi inayamba mu 2013.

Demoralization ndi chiwonongeko cha Council Army anayamba, ndithudi, ndi kugwa wamkulu wa dziko palokha. Mu nthawi yaikulu ya mma 1990, asilikali sanali patsogolo utsogoleri dziko, chilichonse subordinated mabungwe, mbali ndi chuma china anafika chiwonongeko chotheratu, zinabedwa ndipo anagulitsa. Asilikali anali pa masamba a moyo, wopanda pake.

Mu 1979, boma la Russia anayambitsa kampeni otsiriza nkhondo, amene anayambitsa mapeto mochititsa manyazi a boma lalikulu - nkhondo ya Afghanistan. Chidani, umene panthawi imeneyo unali kale zaka khumi chachitatu, dongosolo la chuma Soviet zatha m'matangadza. Pa zaka khumi za nkhondo Afghanstan, ndi msonkho anthu ku Union pafupifupi anafika omenyana zikwi khumi ndi zisanu. Afghanstan msonkhano, nkhondo ozizira ndi kupikisana ndi United States pa mbali ya buildup asilikali ndi anakhomerera mabowo bajeti, kuti kuwalaka sizingatheke. Umene unayamba mu 1988, kusiya la asilikali kale kutsirizidwa mu boma latsopano limene sizinali choncho kapena kuti asilikali kapena omenyana ake.