Kufotokozera ndi mbiri ya mzinda wa Voronezh

May 7, 2007 ku Russia anali mwalamulo analengeza oyamba ndi maganizo "City a usilikali Ulemerero." February 16, 2008 mutuwu anali kupereka ndi Voronezh. Mbiri ya ana ndi akulu amene amakhala kumeneko lero, ndi nkhani ya makolo awo amunamuna ndi grandfathers, amene kwa zaka zinayi wakhala kukhala wochitachita mu zochitika zimene zinachitika mu dziko lathu. Komanso, n'zotheka kusonkhanitsa zokhudza anthu ambachita amalimbitsa mzinda ano achinyamata ndipo wokongola maonekedwe ake.

Voronezh: mbiri ya dzina mzinda

Za etymology wa dzina la malo "Voronezh" chibwenzi, palibe kwambiri kapena zochepa bwino anakambirana kungoganizira, ngakhale kafukufuku pulogalamu malowa akutsatiridwa oposa theka zaka. Makamaka m'zaka za m'ma 19 Russian zilankhulo-Slavist Sreznevskii anakhulupirira izo anachokera dzina la mbalame, "nkhungubwi." Chinachake ina, zimenezi zili ndi German zilankhulo M. Vasmer.

Mu 1947 Leningrad katswiri A. Popov adafotokoza kuti dzina lawolawo "Voronezh" chifukwa Mordovian mawu "naye," womwe anamasuliridwa ngati nkhalango. amanena ali inayambitsa mkangano, ndipo iye anapeza mbali ndi adani.

Mu 1971, V. Zagorovsky mu monograph zoyenera Voronezh akale ndi mbiri yake, anandiuza kuti dzina la malo kumayambitsa sanabadwe anawulula dzina la "Voroneg".

An kungoganizira chidwi ayikidwa patsogolo ndi J. Mulkidzhanyanom mbiri m'deralo, anandiuza ulalo dzina la mzindawo ndi mawu akuti "TVG" omwe anamasuliridwa kuchokera phokoso aku Iran ngati waukulu.

Mu 2009, Lazarev adafotokoza ntchito "nominalistic njira" M. Mueller kudziwa mythoephic "makolo" wa Wonenedwa khalidwe Voronega. Komanso anali nkhoswe ya kulingalira zimakhalira pachibale etymological hydronyms Vranje (Serbia), khwangwala (Russia), Varna (Bulgaria), Varna (Germany) ndi ena. Kumbali ya anachokera ku muzu m'mayiko a ku Ulaya amene amatanthauza "madzi". Pano pali maina nkhani mzinda wa Voronezh.

Short ana ake zambiri musandiuze, okha zambiri kutchula lomwe Voronezh - osakaniza mawu "cholinga" ndi "onezh".

Zolembedwa polemba

Mbiri ya mzinda wa Voronezh, monga ena a mbiri yakale, akuyamba kale 1177. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi Chronicle, kutanthauza nkhondo ya Vladimir ndi akalonga Ryazan, anamaliza kuthawa Yaropolka Ryazanskogo m'tawuni "Voronozh". Komanso, mu Maulendo a otchuka European akale wapaulendo mmonke Julian, zinalembedwa 1235, ali ndi mbiri chakuti wachitatu wa asilikali a Batu Khan anaima patsogolo pa Don Mtsinje pafupi m'linga, amene anali wokwatibwa ndi "ukulu Russian." Akatswiri kuphunzira chinthu chimene ndi mbiri ya mzinda wa Voronezh amakhulupirira kuti tikulankhula za izo. Wina amafotokoza mbiri ya kuthetsa zikugwirizanirana 1284. Pali Pofotokoza chiwawa wa Chitata ndi anthu a Kursk ukulu akutchula "nkhalango Voronezh."

maziko

Kufotokozera ndi mbiri ya mzinda wa Voronezh chidwi kwambiri kwa alendo ofuna kukaona Ufumuwo. Komabe, pali palibe kugwirizana za zaka angati Voronezh. Mbiri ya mzinda mwalamulo akuti 1585. maziko ndi kulowa mu dongosolo manambala, malinga ndi zimene ziyenera kukhala "kuzemba Ryazan bortnyh kusiya ... mzinda watsopano wa Voronezh". Pa nthawi yomweyo, ntchito yomanga mpanda wolimba akuyamba kumeneko. Management ntchito yomanga ake anapatsidwa Choyamba Voronezh kazembe Semenu Saburovu. Kumanga mzinda watsopano anatumiza wamba a Pereslavl Ryazan, dunk, Ryazhsk ndi amisiri, oponya mivi ndi amuna ankhondo.

M'zaka za m'ma 16

Mu 1590 Voronezh (mbiri ya mzinda wa m'zaka za m'ma yapita, wodziwika koipa) anawonongedwa ndi Kanev Circassians. Chifukwa mbiri yakale m'mavuto kuchira kuganizira mfundo yakuti m'tauni pa njira lotanganidwa malonda mu confluence a mitsinje Voronezh ndi Don. Ndi chifukwa ichi anatumikira monga pofuna mzinda.

Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 16, malonda Voronezh moti lalikulu, koma posakhalitsa kum'mwera kwa Russia Ostrogozhsk Circassians anayamba kumanga mizinda latsopano, limapereka ufulu pa ufulu wochita malonda ndi shredding. mwayi umenewu Voronezh anali osauka, kotero kulemera kwake zachuma anali kuopsezedwa kwambiri.

Zochitika za m'ma 17

Voronezh akale chuma kuchichepetsa ndi zochitika mu Nthawi ya Mavuto. chakuti njala chifukwa zokolola osauka tirigu mu zigawo chapakati boma Muscovite, anakakamizika okhala n'kuthawira kum'mwera. Chifukwa, mu Voronezh anali zikwi zingapo anthu osowa pokhala ndipo popanda njira iliyonse ya ang'onoang'ono. Izi zapangitsa kuti njala mu mzinda, "kachitsotso otsiriza m'chikho cha kuleza mtima" anali otchedwa Limodzi utumiki, zimene zinabweretsa Boris Godunov. Chifukwa cha zimenezi, anthu amapereka Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry Ine, kenako anakana kumvera Shumsky. Patapita nthawi, mu 1610, Voronezh anatenga Zonama wotchedwa Dmitry II, amene anali kukonzekera mu Voronezh pogona, kusonkhanitsa chakudya ndi zida kumeneko. Komabe, amapezerapo mwayi iwo, iye sakanakhoza, chifukwa Iye anaphedwa pa 22 December.

Pamaso pa nyengo ya Peter Wamkulu

Mbiri wotsatira wa mzindawo (Voronezh, chaka maziko - 1585) zinali zodzaza ndi zipolowe zambiri. Choncho, mu 1648 okhala m'tauni anayesetsa kuchotsa Mphamvu ya akuluakulu a Basil zauve ndi zaka 1670-1671 akhala kukhala wochitachita mu Alimi nkhondo kutsogoleredwa ndi Stepan Razin. Izi anali ntchito chifukwa chakuti mzinda anakhala mtsogoleri amalume. Komabe, akuluakulu a m'derali kuteteza kupanduka mu mzinda, ndipo potsiriza kupanduka padziko Voronezh akhoza asilikali tsarist anafika motsogozedwa ndi abwanamkubwa G. Romanovsky.

Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17

Population ziwerengero ndi mbiri ya mzinda wa Voronezh anakhala kwambiri kapena zochepa molondola inamva ndipo zalembedwa mu theka lachiwiri la m'ma 17. Makamaka, amadziwika kuti 1677 panali clerks zoposa 300, m'tauni ndi wamba mabanja, ndipo mipingo 15, umene 3 obisika.

Mu 1682 iye anapanga Voronezh chigawocho, woyamba umene unali mutu wa Bishop Mitrofan. Komanso, amadziwika kuti 1683 nambalayo 1099 Voronezh Regiment la asilikali, lomwe 580 anali ku mzinda ndi ku midzi yozungulira.

Pamene Peter Wamkulu

M'zaka 1696-1725 Voronezh unachitikira dziko m'mphepete lamanja la mtsinje chomwecho m'dera la makono Admiralty Square. Mu zaka 1696-1722 Peter acezela mzinda, atakhala okwana masiku oposa 500. Panthawi imeneyi nthawi anakhala Voronezh kwenikweni likulu la boma la Russia. Makamaka, n'kumene yosainidwa mu 1699 ndi pangano zofunika kwa mgwirizano ndi Denmark.

Nthawi zambiri, mbiri ya mzinda wa Voronezh, zikanakhala zosiyana kwambiri ngati izo sizinali Peter, amene akufuna kuyamba kumanga bulu kumeneko. Linamangidwa kuchitapo kanthu mu Black ndi Azov nyanja ndi Turkey. Inali ntchito kwambiri moti ndi sitima ngakhale mizinda yatsopano - Pavlovsk ndi mtundu. A okwana zomwe pafupifupi 200 galleys ndi zombo mnogopushechnyh zinamangidwa. Yapamadzi, anamanga pa Voronezh, Russia anathandiza kuti adziwe Azov - wamphamvu Turkey linga, yomwe ili pa confluence ya Don ku Nyanja Azov.

Mu 1711 mumzinda anatenga udindo wa chigawo, nakhala likulu la yaikulu kwambiri mawu a dera m'chigawo Azov. zaka 14 pambuyo pake, izo anadzatchedwa mu Voronezh Komabe, 1779 mu maphunzirowa kusintha utsogoleri miyeso ake akhala akukonza sakuyendetsa lakuthwa.

Mu zoyambirira za m'ma 19

Mu zaka za m'ma 19 mu Voronezh anatsegula sukulu yapamwamba woyamba ndi masukulu, ndi kuyambira 1802 zimayamba ntchito yake yoyamba akatswiri zisudzo. Chochitika chidwi zinali zodzaza ndi 1804, pamene kuyatsa kandulo unayamba pa m'misewu ikuluikulu 9. moyo mtendere Voronezh linaphwanya kuwukira Napoleon a. Amadziwika kuti pa nkhondo ya 1812 m'tawuni pambuyo kutsogolo 10 national regiments asilikali.

Kukumbukira m'nthawi ya theka zoyambirira za m'ma 19 ndipo anakhalabe mwa zozizwitsa kugwirizana ndi zotsalira chosawonongeka wa St. Mitrofan, omwe akunena za mbiri ya mzinda (Voronezh). M'pake kukhulupirira Metropolitan woyera anali moyo wake, koma izo zinali mu 1830 mu Voronezh anadza chiwerengero chachikulu cha okhulupirira amene akufuna kupempha chitetezero wake. The kuchuluka kwa chiwerengero chachikulu cha okhulupirira ndi linapereka kuti chitukuko cha mliri kolera.

Tsiku lililonse matenda anamwalira anthu 300-400. Kudzera mwa Bwanamkubwa Begichev kolera iye anagonjetsedwa, ndipo mu Voronezh timanga chipatala wapadera kwa mabedi 200.

Mbiri ya mzinda (Voronezh kufotokoza mwatsatanetsatane kungakhale yaitali) muli mavesi ndi kufika kumeneko ndi Mfumu Nicholas Woyamba. Mfumu kukamuona kuti nawo mwambo kutsegula kwa zotsalira za St. Mitrofan.

Voronezh kuti utasintha 1905

Mu 1863, kalembera wa kunachitidwa. Mbiri ya mzinda wa Voronezh, mwachidule zomwe kuyambira penipeni, mpaka m'ma 19, inu mukudziwa, chochitika chimenechi amapereka deta zotsatirazi: okwana anthu 38672 analembedwa mayina, mwachitsanzo chiwerengero cha tawuni okhala ndi lili pa nambala 12 ku Russia ...

M'zaka 1860-1870 kudzera m'dera la m'chigawo Voronezh kunapangitsa njanji. Good zoyendera kugula kwachititsa kuti kubwera kwa makampani akuluakulu mafakitale ndi ntchito kavalo njanji inayamba mu 1881.

Madzulo a m'nthawi ya watsopano, anthu a Voronezh, malinga ndi kalembera, anali 84 100 anthu. Malo m'tawuni makamaka ili m'mphepete lamanja la mtsinje chomwecho ndipo adjoins 5 midzi.

Okwana pamzinda pa 5500 nyumba, umene oposa theka anali mwala.

Pa zochitika kunachitika ndi Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni

Mu kugwa kwa chaka cha 1905 mu Voronezh anayamba ankachita zipolowe inatha chernosotenskim pogrom. Mu chaka chomwecho panali kupanduka mu battalion chilango ataima apo, posakhalitsa kuletsedwa. Kenako, mu December 1905, mzinda linakhazikitsa kuponya ndale.

No zochitika zochepa zimene zinawachitikira zinachitika mu Voronezh pambuyo anadziŵa chiwonongeko cha Provisional boma Petrograd. Makamaka kale October 30, 1917 (Old kalendala), mphamvu Soviet unakhazikitsidwa kumeneko. Komanso, mzinda wa Voronezh (mwachidule mbiri ya m'zaka za m'ma ukufanizidwa pamwamba 20) unali umodzi mwa mizinda loyamba limene linakhazikitsidwa ndi kumuwombera wapadera wa Red Army.

Mu zaka chisanadze nkhondo

Woyamba zaka zisanu nyengo zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro Voronezh-ang'ono ntchito bwino ndi wamakono wa mzinda ndi zofunikira zake. Pamodzi ndi uwu, mu 1926 Voronezh tinali kutali foni, komanso anatsegula sitima. Pa nthawi yomweyo, mzinda kumene mogwirizana ndi deta analandira chifukwa cha Kalemberayu atatha, anthu anthu 120,000, wakhala likulu la Chigawo chapakati Black Lapansi, ndipo kumeneko zinamangidwa ndi achita m'Mphamvu ochepa lalikulu mabungwe ang'onoang'ono mafakitale.

Izi zapangitsa kuti kuchuluka kwa Voronezh mu ogwira ntchito ku midzi yozungulira, kuti mu 1939 chiwerengero cha anthu kuposa 362.000.

zaka nkhondo

Pamene nkhondo ndi Napoleon, Voronezh ngati wina anapita kukamenyana Fascism. Kale mu September 1941 iye anapita kutsogolo Muzikonza Regiment, omwe anakhala mbali ya 100th oyenda Division. Kenako, mapangidwe asilikali anali kupereka mutu wa alonda, ndipo inatha nkhondo, kumasula Austria likulu Vienna m'chaka cha 1945. Koma kale kuti, mzinda ndi onse okhala mmenemo anali pangozi yaikulu, kuyambira pa kuchimwa kwa Nazi anakwanitsa kudza pafupi ndi mpanda wa Voronezh. mwambo umenewu sanali kuswa kutsimikiza kuteteza nzika ya kwawo yaing'ono. Umboni wa zimenezi anali perete pa lalikulu waukulu November 7, 1941, unachitikira malangizo a mitengo.

Pamene nkhani za Voronezh, mbiri ya mzindawu kwa ana zambiri sanatchule za mavuto anapirira okhala pambuyo m'maboma banki anali kulamulidwa ndi Anazi. Pa nthawi yomweyo, asilikali a Soviet sanaleke kuyesera gwetsa mdani. Podzera mnjira awo, January 25, 1943 Voronezh linatulutsidwa.

Kunapezeka kuti anawonongedwa pa 92% ya okwana nyumba katundu, komanso pafupifupi onse nyumba pagulu. Ngakhale kuchira mu Voronezh anayamba nthawi yomweyo pambuyo kumasulidwa, koma ndi 1950 nkhope ya mzinda anali wokhoza kuti amuchotsepo zipsera analandira mu nkhondoyo.

mbiri Recent

Mpaka kukonzanso kwa mzinda pafupifupi chaka kutsegula mafakitale onse, kuphatikizapo chatekinoloje yapamwamba, kuti mukhale makampani Azamlengalenga.

Voronezh (mbiri ya mzinda dzina mukudziwa kale) chikuwonjezeka kwambiri mu 60s ndipo 70s. Zotsatira zake zinali okhala bwino yoikidwiratu. Patapita kanthawi, mu 1972, anamaliza ndi chilengedwe cha ku Voronezh posungira. Iwo wakhala ankakonda tchuthi malo a m'tauni. Komabe, nthawi yomweyo atayika chidwi chachikulu Voronezh - Admiralty nyumba ya Peter Wamkulu, kachisi akhala wa akuzunzika ndi Admiralty Church.

The stalemate mumzinda anali ndi zaka 90, koma lero mavuto ambiri kuti zagonjetsedwa.

Kufotokozera za mzinda lero

Chiyambireni cha zaka chikwi zatsopano, Voronezh (mbiri ya mzinda amasonyeza mayina a misewu zonse zokwanira) kamodzinso anayamba mwachangu kumangidwa. Makamaka, pali anakhazikitsidwa kusitolo ndi ntchito malo ano. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, wobwezeretsedwa ndi modernized zoyendera dongosolo la mzinda. Ambiri cinemas yatsopano, malo odyera ndi omwera, komanso enawo zina zosangalatsa, amene angathe kukonza nthawi yawo yonse yopuma akuluakulu komanso ana.

Modern Voronezh mudzi wa ophunzira, monga masukulu 36 mkulu pali lilipobe. Pakati wotchuka kwambiri a iwo - yunivesite State ndi Medical Academy. Burdenko. Mu Kupatula okhala la Russia, pafupifupi 1.5 zikwi ophunzira ochokera mayiko akunja, ambiri a iwo ndi nzika za mayiko akunja.

Voronezh mwachangu zilibwino. Makamaka mu mayadi kwambiri ndi m'mapaki, malo osewerera ana, ali okongola mabedi maluwa ndi mabedi maluwa, ndipo ngakhale kuzigawo yakutali bungwe madzulo kuwala, limene kwa zaka zambiri ankaona kuti vuto n'ngosathetseka.

Mbiri ya mabungwe wamkulu maphunziro a mzinda wa Voronezh

Mu 1703 sukulu chinamasulidwa mu Voronezh. Icho chinali choyamba mu mbiri ya mzinda ndi dera bungwe maphunziro inakonzedwa n'cholinga chothandiza akapitawo a maudindo m'munsi. Ophunzira a sukulu, amene anasankhidwa kuchokera mwa dragoons, wolandiridwa ku likulu la woyamba zilembo, primers ndi masamu. Maziko a bungwe maphunziro kumene kuphunzira anyamata okha ndi anyamata amene FM Apraksin. Poyamba, panali ophunzira 90 ndi motsindika kuti anaikidwa makamaka pa katswiri wa ndizosowa masamu.

The sukulu loyamba Voronezh mu magawo koyamba akanapereka wamng'ono Russian bulu ndi sitima lofunikira m'masiku amenewo, akatswiri aluso munda wa zomangamanga, ndipo anapita pansi mu mbiri monga mmodzi wa zolengedwa a Peter Wamkulu.

Tsopano mukudziwa mbiri ya mzinda wa Voronezh. Kwa ana, chifupikitso chachidule cha zochitika za m'dera lino ndizosangalatsa kuziganizira mosavuta. Ndipotu, ali ndi maumboni okhudza zochitika zokhudzana ndi kulengedwa kwa zombo za ku Russia ndi nkhondo yolimba ya anthu a Voronezh pa Nkhondo Yaikulu Yachikhalidwe.