Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid: zolinga, kupambana adani. Ulamuliro wa Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid

Theka lachiwiri la 8 m'ma BC zinali zodzaza ndi chifooke boma, ndi m'madera akumidzi a Caliphate muli ndi kutsogolera zatsopano chitukuko. Against maziko a kusintha ambiri akhala makamaka Baghdad. Ndithu mwamsanga inasanduka likulu chikhalidwe ndi ndale lalikulu Muslim ufumu. Mu mofulumira osauka mzinda wamalonda wamanga, msilikali - aliyense kupeza ntchito. A makamaka bwino akhoza kupanga yapamwamba ndi kukhala kuyandikira Caliph, dzina lake - Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid.

Nkhani ndi Zenizeni

nkhani Arab azipereka ife ndi wolamulira wa Baghdad ngati chilungamo ndi wanzeru woyang'anira za mapulani ndi asayansi, wofuna kuthandiza ndi Mlengi. Chifanizo cha Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid anali chidwi kuti pambuyo dzina lake anakhala mawu banja, kutanthauza munthu wowolowa manja anapatsidwa mphamvu, wabwino ndi olungama. Koma mfundo ndi, monga nthawi yonse, kunapezeka kuti zambiri prosaic maphwando a nkhani.

Caliph ubwana

Mu mzinda wakale wa Ray, yemwe ali pafupi Iran, mu 766, iye anabadwa mdzukulu wa wamkulu Al-Mansur - woyambitsa wa Abbasid mafumu, yomwe yakhala ankalamulira ndi caliphate kwambiri. katundu lawo linayambira ku malire a India ndi China ku gombe Atlantic. Agogo wa Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid maziko Baghdad. Last nthawi ya kubadwa kwa Caliph tsogolo anakhala mzinda wolemera ndi wolemera, ulemerero waukulu umene unali m'bwalo la Caliph. Khan anadzakhala mayi a tsogolo kapolo Yemeni ndi dzina la Al-Hayzuran kuti Caliph anapanga mdzakazi wake, kenako mkazi.

Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid anakhala mwana mu mtima yowawitsa, wazunguliridwa ndi abwenzi, banja ndi akuthandizeni anzeru. Ngakhale chuma cha ozungulira anakalamba amphamvu ndi yolimba - oponya mivi kwambiri, ndipo swordsman, anali wokwera kwambiri. Kuyambira ali wakhanda, akuphunzitsa wake anali oimira Barmakids wolemekezeka kubadwa ndi achinyamata Jafar Al Barmakids anali mu mnzake wapamtima kwa zaka.

The yokopa woyamba asilikali

Pa pempho la mayi Haaruna ndi ndili wamng'ono wa mwana sikisitini za Caliph iye anachita nawo nkhondo ndi Ufumu wa Byzantium. Zikuonekeratu kuti Iye adalamulira mwangwiro mwadzina Chidani onse adali wodziwa atsogoleri a asilikali. Ngakhale calumnies ambiri, amene alira mu khutu la bambo ake, otsutsa Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid, lidasokonezeka. Young wolowa anasonyeza kulimba mtima kwambiri mu nkhondo ndi nzeru, ndipo iye angakhale woyenera kupatsidwa nkhani zikuluzikulu kwambiri.

Nditabwerera ku kulondera, Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid anapatsidwa kulamulira Ifriqiya (tsopano dziko ili pa dera la Tunisia amakono), Armenia, Azerbaijan ndi Syria. Mu mndandanda wa khama ufumu wa Caliph, iye anali yokha wake theka m'bale Musa.

The yochepa ulamuliro wa al-Hadi

Atamwalira Caliph wa Musa anatenga mpandowachifumu pansi pa dzina al-Hadi. m'bale wake, iye anaponya m'ndende kukhonda kulumbira kuti cipo Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid sakanati amati wachifumu ndipo titumikire mbale wake-kazembeyo.

Koma mayi Haruna ndi mnzake Jafar lumbiro loterolo osati kupereka yochepa ankakhala ulamuliro wa al-Hadi mu caliphate wake. Mu 786, anamwalira mwadzidzidzi, ndipo m'malo ndi Haaruna.

Zolinga Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid

Kulimbana wachifumu wa ufumu - ndi yaitali ndi wamagazi atasemphana. Atakwera wachifumu, achinyamata Haaruna chinthu choyamba anapitiriza yofunika mwadzina, ndipo analamulira dziko la mphunzitsi wake ndi Barmakids wamphamvu. Pogamula achinyamata Caliph ankatsogoleredwa ndi ziphunzitso za mbuye wake Yahya Ibn Khalid, nthawi yambiri ndipo anapereka mayi ake, amene anakweza ufumu.

Atamwalira mayi wake Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid pang'ono ndi pang'ono ndiyotani pakuchotsa zochita za Barmakids amphamvu banja ndipo akutenga impso mu manja awo. Otsutsa waukulu wa Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid tsopano - anzake akale ndi akuthandizeni. January 29 zaka 803 pa manja a vizier wake Jafar waphedwa - Kale ndi mnzake wokhulupirika wa Caliph. Anali ndi vuto anadzudzula otsutsa anonymous chilema kapenanso kukayikitsa mtsogoleri - choonadi, sitingathe kudziwa. Kuyambira anamulondolera anali inaimitsidwa mphunzitsi wa Caliph, ndi wakeyo Yahya Ibn Khalifa ankaphunzitsa anatsekeredwa m'ndende.

Caliph Policy

Ulamuliro wa Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid, angatchedwe golide zaka caliphate lapansi. Chopanda malire ukulu asilikali ulesi anansi osauka kuti apindule anawazunza mzinda wa ufumuwo. Onse akufuna azinyadira malawi a nkhondo mopanda chisoni mumtima. Mu nthawi ino mtendere wa malonda patsogoloyi. Mwina amalonda Arab malonda ndi dziko lonse amadziwika kufalitsa uthenga za Caliph watsopano monga kuwolowa manja ndiponso anzeru wolamulira.

Ngakhale mbiri yake yoopsa ndi mtsogoleri wankhanza asilikali, Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid ankaganizira mawu asayansi ndi chifundo osauka. Kwa ufumu wake, anapemphera tsiku. Pakuti azamulungu ndi ndakatulo zitseko anali wokonzeka, Haaruna zambiri akhabva ndikulora iwo kuti amasulire Koran, kuimba nyimbo zotamanda awo adiresi.

Zachitika pa sayansi ndi kumanga

Ngakhale Tinganene tili ufulu wathu Abissidskom caliphate mzinda. Khalifa anatsatira kupambana asayansi ochokera m'mayiko osiyana caliphate wake, ndipo auzidwa kuti ofufuza kwambiri luso ndi mapulani. Kudzera njira imeneyi zimene zikayenda anatchuka kwambiri Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid, posakhalitsa anaphunzira lonse Arab dziko. The caliphate ayambirenso ndi misikiti, anamanga levees ndi madamu, yothiriridwa youma wosatha dziko la Caliphate. Panali positi utumiki chapakati, amene ku Ulaya pa nthawi imeneyo konse. Njirazo apaulendo ku dera la Caliphate akutetezedwa kwa achifwamba apaulendo anaima pa alendo, popanda woopa miyoyo yawo ndi ndalama.

kamangidwe kwambiri

N'zochititsa chidwi kuti Wolemba mbiri wina, Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid anali kwambiri kuganizira ntchito kwa kulumikiza Nyanja Yofiira ndi madzi romeyskoy (Mediterranean). Pakuti kukhazikitsa ntchito imeneyi mtsogoleri anali njira ndi mwayi. Ntchito anakanidwa mu mkhalidwe zifukwa chitetezo - oweruza a Caliph kwambiri adawopa nkhondo ya zombo Byzantine ndi yojambula awo ku gombe la Hejaz. Mobwerezabwereza anabwerera ku lingaliro lino, zaka zoposa zaka chikwi, anamanga pa malo a ntchito wakale wa Suez Canal.

Mkazi wa Caliph

Posachedwapa, achinyamata Caliph m'banja. chisankho chake chinali Zubeydda Ibn Dzhafar, mdzukulu wa Caliph al Mansour. zinthu zina zambiri wa Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid ufulu ayenera zimachitika mkazi imeneyi. Iye wapanga amathandiza kwambiri kuti ndi beautification wa mzinda, ndi kugonjera ake m'makwalala a Baghdad mu magetsi mdima mitundu yosina siyana, iye ndi mmodzi mwa akazi woyamba kuchita ntchito yothandiza. Iye ndi mwamuna wake ndi mwana, mbuye Abu Abdallu Al Allah, amene pa nthawi ina anali wolowa ufumu wa atate ake.

Caliph ndi chipembedzo

Mtima ndi wopembedza wolamulira mwachirendo pamodzi ndi maganizo ake wotsimikizika zipembedzo zina. Mu masiku oyambirira a ulamuliro wake, iye ananena ndi Amnesty, wakhululukidwa mazana a achifwamba ndi kuba, koma anasiya mu mayenje a mdima a anthu, kutanthauzira kwa Qur'an zosiyana kwa masiku. Mu dziko hristinskom anthu awa adzatchedwa ampatuko. Otchedwa zindīq anali kusiya poyera Zochita choipa ziphuphu zina kuti amasulidwe. Akunja kuchititsidwa manyazi mu caliphate ndi adamangidwa malamulo kuyeza kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Iwo ankaletsedwanso kuvala nsapato chomwecho ankavala ena Asilamu. Iwo akhatairiswa tayu kutonga kukwera akavalo - njira yaikulu zoyendera kuti Mkhristu ndi osakhulupirira zina zomwe abulu. Osati anasangalala thandizo la caliphate ndi m'zipembedzo zina. M'chaka cha 806 Haaruna al-dzina lake Rashid mu changu achipembedzo kuti Islam chipembedzo chimodzi chokha m'dziko lawo, analamula chiwonongeko akachisi onse achikristu m'mayiko awo Ndipotu amaletsedwa Akhristu mu caliphate wake.

masiku otsiriza a Caliph

Lamulo aukali wa Islam waima mapeto inagwedezeka wopambana ulamuliro Abbadinskogo caliphate. mafunde a chikhulupiriro osiyanasiyana Asilamu aona kumbali yawo pa kunja kwa ufumu waukulu. Zipolowe ku Egypt, Tunisia ndi ku Central Asia. nkhondo ambiri anawononga chuma ndipo adamfunsa chidwi yomweyo wolamulirayo. Khalifa Nthawi zambiri panokha atsogolere nkhondo. Pa Haaruna kubwerera ku ndawala zimenezi, chaka 809, anali agwidwa ndi imfa. Akuti mawu otsiriza Caliph zinali: ". Wosafa, munthu wamba"