Ivan Fedorov - mpainiya: ndi yonena za munthu wamkulu

Chochitika yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri Russian ndi dziko ndi kuyambitsa yosindikiza. Mu Russia izi luso wabwera m'dera la zana la 16. Imodzi mwa ntchito zake, amene dzina amagwirizana mkubwela kwa yosindikiza ku nthawi Ivana Groznogo, woyanjidwa ndi ambiri otchuka Ivan Fedorov. Bwino osati kwa akulu ndi anthu ŵakusanga nkhani ya munthu uyu. Wambiri Ivana Fedorova - mpainiya - ana ndi yochitira phunziro ku sukulu.

Mmene onse anayamba?

Munthu aliyense mu mbiri ali ndi chidwi ndi wapadera mzere wa tsogolo lawo. Moyo zina pamatha ankasinthana mosayembekezereka. Lililonse imeneyi. Ndipo, ndithudi, imadalira - ndi mpainiya m'munda wa Russian typography.

Wambiri Ivana Fedorova - mpainiya - kuyambira ndi mwambo. The kuchuluka chimango cha osiyanasiyana kubadwa kwake kwa 1510 kwa zaka 1530. Oddly ndithu, sanakhale ndi moyo zolondola zokhudza kumene ndinabadwa ndipo anakhala ubwana mpainiya wake. Koma, mu Mwina izi zinachitika kuchigawo Kaluga. Sungani zokhudza kuti, iye anali dikoni wa mpingo Nikoly Gostunskogo. Iye ali kuwerenga ndi kulemba, komanso ansembe ambiri mu mipingo. Kale mu 1532 anamaliza ku University Cracow. Izi zikuonekera bwino ndi yakuti mpainiya anali digiri yoyamba.

Mapemphero

Chifukwa cha ntchito anakumana ndi Metropolitan Macarius mpainiya Ivan Fyodorov. Mwachidule yonena limanena kuti mwina ichi ndi chimene wafunsira chakuti posachedwapa woyamba Russian tsar anali Fedorov kupatsa nkhani zofunika kwambiri monga kufalitsa buku loyamba - ". Mtumwi"

Monga amadziwika, Makarios anali pafupi Ivan m'khutu, ndipo anaona angathe mnyamata, kungam'thandize tsoka ake.

Mwa dongosolo la mfumu 1550s izo anayamba ntchito pa citukuko ca nyumba kusindikiza koyamba mu Moscow. Osankhidwa zilembo ndi zipangizo zina zofunika ntchito za ntchito yofalitsa mabuku. Poyamba, malonda anali anonymous. Koma ndiye chinthu ichi chinakhala wamba.

Kubadwa kwa mabuku oyamba Russian - "Mtumwi"

Wambiri Ivana Fedorova, mpainiya, ana kukonzekera makamaka limafotokoza nkhani ya kulengedwa kwa mabuku oyamba kusindikizidwa. Mu 1564 anafalitsa woyamba Russian kusindikizidwa buku m'chilankhulo cha Asilavo - ". Mtumwi" Mbali mu maonekedwe ake anatenga Ivan Fyodorov ndi wachiwiri wake - Peter Mstislavets ndi Marusha Nerefev. Kukonzekera Chochitika ichi zinachitikadi kwa pafupi chaka. Kutsiriza bwino Amowabu, monga chitsanzo ichi chinali bwino kwambiri kuposa m'mabuku akale makhalidwe awo. Ntchito imeneyi walandira madalitso Metropolitan Macarius, koma mwatsoka, Macarius ali Sunakhalepo kufikira pa nthawiyo, pamene ine ndinabwera, "Mtumwi."
Ndicho chimene wotchuka Ivan Fedorov - upainiya. Wambiri ana, chimachitika yekha anola tcheru pa izi.

Koma, ndithudi, zonse m'buku limodzi sasiya kumeneko. Typography walandira kunadetsa ambiri. Mu 1565, pa behest ndi Ivana Groznogo anali kumasula buku lina mapemphero otchedwa "Book of Maola". Izi kuchita Peter Mstislavets ndi Ivan Fedorov (upainiya). Wambiri zikusonyeza kuti mabuku awiri chopangidwa. Zotsatira zinali za phindu lalikulu kwa anthu. Pamenepo anasindikizidwa mapemphero osiyanasiyana komanso nyimbo. Iye kuti mwambo mpingo tsiku ndi tsiku. Koma ambiri Chofunika, kuti iye adayamba kuphunzitsa kuwerenga.

Kuzunza makinawo loyamba

Koma zinthu zachepa makamaka anakula. Ambiri sanali yopindulitsa chitukuko yosindikiza. Choyamba, kalembera kungolandira, amene zoona, ntchito, ndipo, chotero, ndalama zawo ndalama. Komanso wosasangalala anali strata chapamwamba cha anthu, amaopa kuti kusintha kwa maphunziro onse kenako zingachititse chakuti iwo adzataya utumiki wawo. Anthu anaika kuoneka malingaliro amene angandithandize kuti angakonze kupandukira akuluakulu a boma, nzika, atsogoleri ndi zina zotero. Pali maganizo mu mipukutu, ili khama la munthu winawake, moyo unali padera. A kusindikiza pa makina sanali kubala katundu zotere, ndipo unatenga zosayenera. Wambiri Ivan Fedorov -pervopechatnika - limanena za malo zovuta mtsogoleri.

N'kufika moto zimene zinachitika mu 1566 ku nyumba zosindikizira. Komanso, ntchito upainiya typography chinaoneka monga mpatuko. Zitachitika izi, anaganiza kuti chosindikizira choyamba, kuphatikizapo Petro Mstislavets ndi Ivan Fyodorov, ayenera kupita ku Lithuania.

Jobs mu Lithuania

Mu Zabludovo, malo Hetman Chodkiewicz yosindikiza, anapanga bungwe. Buku loyamba lofalitsidwa mu kuwala kwa atolankhani izi yosindikiza, anali "kuphunzitsa uthenga wabwino." Kenako, bukhu linali dzina Zabludovskii. awo zimenezi zinachitika mu 1568-1569, motero. Kachiwiri, ntchito inatsogolera yomweyo chosindikizira onse oyamba. Koma otsatira ntchito za anthu awa anamasulidwa. Ankafotokoza yonena mwachidule Ivan Fedorov, chosindikizira choyamba, ikhala ndi akugwirabe ntchito Zabludovo. Peter Mstislavets anatumiza kwa Vilna. Chifukwa cha ntchito Zabludovo Ivanom Fedorovym analenga buku lakuti "Masalmo ndi Chasoslovtsem".

Koma apa tsoka wapereka anadabwa wina zosasangalatsa, zimene anakumana Ivan Fedorov (upainiya). Wambiri akuwerenga. Khodasevich chifukwa cha ukalamba, kusafuna nawo gulu la timbewu tonunkhira, kupanda wambirimbiri ndalama anaganiza kuti asiye ntchito yosindikiza. Khodasevich amapereka kuchita ulimi Ivan Fedorov, koma amakana, chifukwa amaona sindiye cholinga ntchitoyo. Iye akuchoka Zabludovo kwa 1573.

Kusamukira ku mzinda

Mwachidule yonena Ivana Fedorova, chosindikizira woyamba limasonyeza kuti yekha anali kunyamula zipangizo zonse zofunikira pa ntchito yosindikiza. Apa munthuyo bungwe yosindikiza yake atolankhani. Ntchito wapita, ndipo mu 1574 anafalitsa buku loyamba kusindikizidwa buku Ukraine - "Mtumwi", dzina chimodzimodzi ndi Moscow Mwachitsanzo. Malinga ndi zomwe zili izo ndi ofanana ndi amene anali imabwereranso mu 1564. Komabe, pano chinachake anawonjezera. Mwachitsanzo, malemba angapo koyambirira. Kumapeto kwa asanaganize ndi ndithu postscript chidwi munthu amene anali Ivan Fedorov-upainiya. Wambiri anapitiriza mizere: "Cidapi ici cirikutilatiza pati ndi mmene kulenga nyumba iyi yosindikiza." Chinali mutu wa epilogue lapansi. Kulephera Ivan Fedorov anapanga chikwi Mabaibulo "Mtumwi". Ichi chimatanthauza kuti makina osindikizira anayamba kupanga osati Russia komanso m'dera la Ukraine ano.

Mu 1574 anafalitsa "ABC" ntchito yosindikiza Ivana Fedorova - woyamba East Asilavo buku, zimene ife tazimva. mabuku wamfupi ndi ali yense amene ali koyenera kuti kuphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba.

Ostrog Baibulo

Komanso pali chochitika pafupi. Mu 1575, antabira atamuitana ku Konstantina Konstantinovicha Ostrozhskogo Ivan Fedorov-upainiya. Wambiri ya Prince anamutcha mmodzi wa anthu olemera kwambiri boma Chipolishi Chilituyaniya. Pali maganizo kukonza makina atsopano osindikizira mabuku ku ndende Volyn, mwachitsanzo chuma cha Konstantina Ostrozhskogo. Kalonga yekha anatenga chisamaliro cha chitukuko cha sayansi ndi maphunziro m'mayiko awo. Pali ngakhale sukulu Orthodox unapangidwa bungwe. Mu 1578 anafalitsa wina "ABC", umene unali udindo mpainiya Ivan Fyodorov. Mwachidule yonena anawonjezera kuti chaka pamaso ntchito yayambira wotchuka "Baibulo" lomwe linasindikizidwa mu 1580
Chofunika kwambiri ndi kuti uyu ndiye woyamba kwathunthu lofalitsidwa Baibulo, zinalembedwa Chisilavo Chakale cha Tchalitchi.

kutsikatsika a moyo

Mu 1582, mpainiya Ivan Fedorov Lviv anabwerera ku mabanja awo. Iye akufuna kupitiriza ntchito yake. Zisanathe kukhazikitsa dongosolo ukulephera. Mu 1583, iye anachoka m'dziko lino. Iye anaikidwa mu agulupa ya St. Onufrievskom, nayika pa manda slab mawu akuti "drukar (T. E. Printer) mabuku patsogolo zamseri." Ichi ndi mutu wa nkhokwe ya Ivan Fedorov - upainiya.

Wambiri ana ndi akulu yatha. Kukumbukira lalikulu buku chosindikizira kalekale kusungidwa mu mbiriyakale Russian.