Ankadikira "Mikasa": lachitsanzo, chithunzi, ntchito ziyenera, kuwonongeka, kumene?

Today n'kovuta kupeza munthu amene amadziwa za Chirasha Japanese nkhondo chilichonse. Komabe, ena kumbukirani zingaoneke ndi anatseka misewu ya Port Arthur, koma chidziwitso kawirikawiri kutha.

Ndipo pachabe, chifukwa nkhondo kuti - yosaiwalika dziko lathu, imodzi mwa ntchito zomwe yaikulu ya October kuukira boma, monga mwa mayendedwe a Nkhondo definitively kuona ngati kulephera kwa mfumu ndi boma mokwanira kuwunika chiopsezo kunja ndi mkati, kukhwimitsa kwa Kupha awo oyambirira.

Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za nkhondoyo unakhala (ndi Japanese mbali) ankadikira "Mikasa". Japanese akadali amanyadira chombo ichi, iye panopa amachita ngati owonera zakale akuyandama.

mwachidule

Pa nthawi yomanga mtundu wa nkhondo anakhala amphamvu kwambiri yoopsa zida nkhondo ya dzuwa likutuluka, limodzi la ngalawa yaikulu nyengo. Iye anali nawo, monga flagship wa asilikali Togo, mu nkhondo pakati Russia ndi Japan. Iye anakhala nawo Port Arthur ya zochitika mu Tsushima Battle. Pa World Choyamba asunga gombe la Japan. Tsopano nkhondo "Mikasa" - kowonera zakale ili ku doko la Yokosuka.

Pakuti iye analengedwa?

Mu 1895, pamene Japan anagonjetsa agrarian ndipo m'mbuyo China, omwe anali mosayembekezeka chochitika dziko dera. Pakali pano, Japanese sasangalalabe ndi zokhumba zawo lachifumu, ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti wachita m'dziko lathu. Wapanikizidwa Russian Ufumu, iwo anayenera kusiya kubweretsa ufulu kwa Manchuria, monga iwo ankayenera kuti apange zimasonyeza "chifuniro chabwino" kupereka kale analanda Lushun (Port Arthur). Izi zinali kukuchitika chifukwa chakuti mu Chefoo ndiye anali Russian squadron, omwe amalankhula ndi Japanese sanafune.

Komabe, boma la Japan anazindikira kuti ali ndi kumenyana Russia, ndi chigonjetso, kutenga nkhani zambiri zinthu Wonenedwa zisudzo ntchito nkhondowo kudzadalira bwino nchito za zombo (monga komanso kupezeka). Mu 1895, ku Japan anatenga shipbuilding pulogalamu zaka 10, amapereka yomanga zombo zikuluzikulu ndi zamakono za nkhondo.

yomanga

Popeza kwambiri Japanese doko la zombo zapanyanja pa nthawi imeneyo sunawakhutitse zofunikira za modernity, ndi nkhondo "Mikasa" inamangidwa mu UK. Udindo kamangidwe ka Chingerezi injiniya Makrou D. S. chinthu chatsopano, iye sanali kuyambitsa, koma zochokera lake bwino kutsimikiziridwa British Nkhondo kalasi "Canopus". Wake "mbeu" ndi "Mikasa". Nkhondo ndi woyenera "m'malo mwa mtundu", kungolandira mbali zonse zabwino ndi zoipa polojekiti English.

Bookmark chombo wakhala ikuchitika Barrow doko la zombo zapanyanja kampani Vickers (mtsogolo thanki wopanga). Izo zinachitika 24.01.1899 chaka. Madzi tsogolo flagship la zombo Japanese unayambitsidwa 11.08.1900 chaka. Ntchito izo kunachitika pa 01/03/1902. Pa nthawi imeneyo, ife takhala mofikapo masitepe onse mayesero boma. Mtengo ikugwiridwira palibe deta yolondola, koma mbiri yakale amakhulupirira kuti anali osachepera miliyoni mapaundi, amene pa nthawi "ofanana dollar" wofanana miliyoni anayi.

makhalidwe nyumba

No zimasiyana ndi ziwiya zina zinamangidwa zaka 1895-1896, a nkhondo "Mikasa" wakhala nthumwi tingachipeze powerenga za m'chombo sukulu Sir William Genri Uayta.

Nyumba anasonkhana ku zitsulo shipbuilding umafunika, dongosolo adzaika mafelemu thupi - yopingasa. Single-sitimayo chombo inamangidwa ndi chiwembu, ndi amphuno mafelemu blockage anali yaing'ono, koma pa yomweyo blockage amidships ndi aft osiyana kuwonetseredwa. Mkati choncho partitions wapadera watertight akhala anakonza, imene chombo unagawidwa makontena angapo ang'onoang'ono. Iwo anapereka bata zina chotengeracho anakumana ndi torpedoes.

Nkhani ina armadillo ankaona matabwa awiri ndi iwiri pansi. Chinawonjezeka wosanjikiza zida liukitsidwa ku bronepaluby mlingo. The chachiwiri zimasiyanitsa Mbali ya kutsogolo kwa chombo chidafika liwiro, yemwe ankayenera kuti atumikire monga omenyerapo nkhosa. Komanso, armadillo "Mikasa" (chithunzi kwake amaoneka mu chuma) anali kutchulidwa obweretsa chapamwamba sitimayo. keels ofananira ankafuna ziziyenda chombo pa pitching.

Kunyada kwa Shipbuilders British anali gawo la Hartman Rahtien, yomwe imaphimba alumikizana m'madzi. Iwo chindiletsa fouling zipolopolo ndi bwino ulendo nyumba, kuchepetsa kuukoka a madzimadzi.

zida zofunika thupi

Tsankho kusamutsidwa kwa thupi - matani oposa 15. Full kusamutsidwa - matani 16. Zolemba malire Utali - mamita 132, pakati perpendiculars - mamita 122. M'lifupi avareji thupi - mamita 24, ambiri kuya - mamita atatu.

Ankadikira "Mikasa" wosiyana zombo zina anamanga ku Japan, chakuti iye anali kusiyana laling'ono kwambiri pakati Barbet mfuti 305 mm. Zimenezi zinachititsa yaying'ono, koma pa nthawi yomweyo, chotero kapangidwe kusankha kukhale kovuta kwa unsembe wa mfuti 152 mm mu casemates umodzi. Ndipo chifukwa okonza anali kuthetsa vuto si zazing'ono ndi mayikidwe a chombo cha malamba atatu oti muli nazo zida. Kutalika kwa waukulu zida lamba - za 2.5 mamita pamwamba waterline izo ananyamuka pafupifupi 70 cm.

M'dera la m'ma gawo makulidwe a zida anafika 229 mm, koma m'madzi ndi pang'onopang'ono mpaka kusanduka 127 mm. Pamodzi m'mbali mwa zida citadel analinso wowonda, mpaka 178 mm, ndi za zida akudutsa amenewo anafika 102-127 mm. Ndi bwino Malo citadel yokha kutetezedwa. Popeza anatenga bronepoyas chachikulu, okonza akwanitsa kuteteza ake 152 mm zida.

Amapanga chinali chofunika kwambiri makamaka lachitatu zida lamba okafika mpaka sitimayo chapamwamba. Ntchito yake yaikulu inali kuteteza mabatire asanu inchi mfuti. Tanena kale kuti ena zochita kapangidwe sankaloledwa kukhazikitsa mfuti 152 mm mu casemates osakwatiwa, koma sizinali mfuti anayi pa sitimayo chapamwamba. Iwo anali kutetezedwa ndi 152 mamilimita ndi kunja zida 51 mm - kuchokera mkati.

mbali zina za malire a

Best wa onse ndiotetezedwa barabety waukulu moto ndi Zombo Zankhondo kanyumba - 356 mamilimita zida. Mayina barabetam mbali ya citadel sanali komanso oti muli nazo zida - "yekha" 203 mamilimita chitsulo. Popeza akuzungulira sitimayo chapamwamba adjoined kwa zomera ndi njira zomveka, okonza kuwateteza zida mbale makulidwe a mamilimita 152 okha. Izo zinali zokwanira kupirira chowomberedwa ndi mfuti ndipo pa nthawi yomweyo, facilitates kamangidwe ka mchombo.

Onse mfuti mikanda Fitting munali ndi mapepala otetezeka ndi makulidwe a 254 mm (mphumi). Mbali ndi denga ndiotetezedwa pang'ono poipa - 203 mm. sitimayo Upper analimbitsa mapepala 25 mm. M'munsi sitimayo (mfuti mkati citadel a) anali ndi makulidwe 51 mm (mmene bevels pa zimakwana zaka 76 mm). Nice kutetezedwa ndi turtleback, amene anali wofanana ndi buku 76 mm.

Komanso, akatswiri akhala akupereka chitetezo chabwino kwambiri cha conning nsanja, imene panali akuluakulu galimoto ulamuliro zipangizo (mwachitsanzo, chiongolero, zoulutsira mawuzi kulankhula ndi posts lonse lankhondo). Pakuti ife ntchito yapadera Krupp zida zomwe makulidwe anali 356 mm, ndi kanyumba aft (zimene ananena chomwecho) anatetezedwera wodzichepetsa, pali zida mbale anali ndi makulidwe a 76 mm.

Nthawi zambiri, nkhondo "Mikasa" amene lachitsanzo anayamba kupanga bwino English injiniya, anali woyamba wa zombo Japanese, zomwe ankagwiritsa ntchito kuteteza zitsulo amapangidwa Krupp njira. Pamaso Harvey zida ntchito, amene kukana langokhala ndi 16-20%. Mwa njira, ndi akuluakulu a zida pa "Mikasa" anafika matani 4091 (pafupifupi 30% ya tonnage okwana m'chombo).

Kanyama m'chombo

ziwiri kutsinde chiwembu anali ntchito yomanga. "Mtima" chombo anali atatu yamphamvu injini nthunzi chopangidwa ndi "Vickers". Nkhani ina limagwirira uyu anali kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu "patatu kuwonjezeka" awiri, potero akhoza kupulumutsa mafuta ndi kukwaniritsa osiyanasiyana pazipita kuyenda pa kudzazidwa wina. The pisitoni sitiroko anali mita kuposa wina!

kutsinde liwiro mu sitima, athamangadi mode ukufika 125 Rev / min. Ankagwiritsa ntchito kupanga nthunzi kukatentha 25 Belleville, kupirira pazipita nthunzi mavuto makilogalamu 21 / cm². Monga chipinda injini yokha, zigawo zawo chopangidwa ndi "Vickers".

Pamwamba okwana kukatentha ukufika 3.5 zikwi m. ^2, wonse kukula grates anafika 118,54 mamita ^2. M'mimba mwake wa chimneys awiri upambana mamita anayi! Kukhoza cholinga cha aliyense wa amagetsi ndi wofanana 16 000 L / s, amene amaloledwa kufika ikuthamanga liwiro 18 mfundo. Kumene, pokhapokha ngati si nsanza makina ndipo makinawa utumiki yake. chidwi linaperekedwa kwa akatswiri tinakwera anapanga zamkuwa manganese.

Kumakuthandizani kuona mmene inamangidwa nkhondo Mikasa, zojambula chombo, amene mudzapeza pa tsamba la pepala ili.

m'matangadza mafuta

Malasha nkhokwe kusungidwa pa chombo mu hoppers awiri akuluakulu anakafika pamodzi kukafika kutsogolo kwa matabwa onse anakonza kufanana kwa chipinda makina. Ndi msinkhu wawo anali kuti mathanki ndi makala pang'ono anaimirira pamwamba sitimayo chachikulu: zinachitika pa cholinga, kuti ateteze bwino. Childs, pa bolodi mlandu matani 700 a malasha, katundu wake pazipita anali 1.5 zikwi. Tonnes.

Pa liwiro la mfundo khumi chombo akhoza kugonjetsa 4,600 kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi mtunda pa ikuthamanga kwambiri (16 mfundo), mtunda pazipita anali 1900 kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi miles. Ndi ndime ya boma kuyezetsa timu anatha 'raskochegarit "Sitima kuti 16.5 zikwi. L / s pa mbiri liwiro 18,45 mfundo.

General zolimba panyanja makhalidwe flagship anali abwino, koma wokongola ofooka chisangalalo sitima ankakonda kunena kuti "kuzikwirira" mafunde. A imfa kwambiri makhalidwe liwiro. Komanso timu kaŵirikaŵiri ntchito pa bolodi zida zankhondo zida.

avionics ena

Pa bolodi panali atatu nthunzi jenereta kuti ankamveka mwachindunji panopa voteji 80 V, mphamvu zawo okwana anafika 144 kW. M'masiku amenewo anali ntchito zabwino kwambiri.

Pa bolodi nawonso atatu Martin amakhala nangula wakhala anaika. Komanso, kuti magawowa mwatsatanetsatane nkhondowo kutsatira mfundo anatumikira spotlights asanu. Pankhaniyi, awiri a iwo ili Mars, ndi zinayi - mu kumbuyo ndi uta mlatho.

Kuonetsetsa odalirika kugwirizana flagship, Japan (komanso milandu m'mbuyomo) anasaina mgwirizano ndi kampani Chitaliyana "Marconi". Radio mlongoti anatambasula pakati pa foresail ndi mainsail mlongoti. Communication osiyanasiyana analibe pafupifupi 180 miles kuyendetsa sitima zapamadzi.

Anthu opulumutsidwawo adalira pa torpedoing anapereka akuyandama zikutanthauza 15 zamitundu yosiyanasiyana.

Nkhondowo ntchito, Port Arthur

08/02/1904 (New kalendala - January 26) ankadikira "Mikasa" anadza ku chilumba chonse, pokhala umakhala pafupi ndi Port Arthur. Faifi koloko madzulo zinali pa flagship mbendera mlongoti anali kuonetsedwa, nkhani za amene amati: "Pitani pa kuukira dongosolo chisanadze kutchula. Zabwino. " Chinayi February "Mikasa" (mu squadron ya Nkhondo eyiti) anapita molunjika ku Port Arthur ndi linachititsa Russian zombo.

Pa 11 ndi anatsegula moto waukulu moto, ndi zombo athu ali pa mtunda wa kutalika 46,5 chingwe ku iye. A masekondi angapo kenako flagship anathandiza moto zombo otsalira a Japanese, patangopita anayamba kumenya ironclads Russian ndi mabatire pagombe.

Kale pa 11,16 izo zinajambulidwa kukumenya mwachindunji mu "Mikasa" 254 mm projectile. Zinachititsa mu kuwonongeka kwa mainsail ndi chiwonongeko cha (tsankho) aft mlatho. Anavulala asanu. A maminiti pang'ono kenako - kachiwiri kugunda, kenako anagunda mainmast. katatu konse ndi shrapnel chinang'ambika nkhondo mbendera, chimene pasanapite nthawi Anapachikidwa mu malo. Pa 11,45 asilikali Togo, mkulu nkhondo, analamula squadron kuti abwerere.

Pa nthawi imeneyo, ankadikira "Mikasa" kuwonongeka zomwe sizidzipezera nkhondo yotere mwachindunji, izo zikhoza kupitiriza kulimbana. Togo anatenga zombo kunja kwa chizindikiro mwa nyanja projectiles batire moto umene, ngakhale pambuyo kugunda limodzi, izo zikanakhoza kutumiza chombo kupita pansi.

Pa tsiku limenelo, aliyense bwino watanthauzo si limodzi ndi aliyense wa mbali pa nkhondo. M'tsogolo ndi "Mikasa" zochita lapadera sanachite, koma boti anakwanitsa kwanga kangapo kwambiri kuwononga ena Nkhondo Russian.

Tsushima

Pofika kumayambiriro kasupe 1905 nkhondo Mikasa anali kwakukulukulu kwawo atatha nkhondo. Popeza zinachitikira nkhondo yapita, Japanese mkulu lamulo analamula kuti kwambiri pa zida pa bolodi. Ndipo iye anafunika Japanese kwambiri pa May 14 mphindi 13.10, pamene Nkhondo ya Tsushima.

Nkhondoyi inatenga kuposa tsiku. Panthawi imeneyi, Japanese ankadikira "Mikasa" analandira 40 kumenya (ndipo - chabe zofunika kwambiri). Ambiri a iwo ali mu zipolopolo 305 mm. Ambiri anatembenuka unlucky lachitatu casements 152 mamilimita Cannon. Denga ake ali 305 mm Russian chipolopolo. Chifukwa, inapha naini anthu. ngalawa ndi mwayi kwabasi kuti alibe kuphulitsa zida.

Patapita maola awiri pamalo amodzi (!) Anali 152 mamilimita projectile. nthawi iyi kupha oyendetsa ena awiri, koma kuphulika monga mmene zinalili m'mbuyomu, ndi osangalala mwangozi, kukanidwa. Other zinawonongedwa ndi kuchoka mfuti ingapo kanthu, angapo malo anayamba kumwazikana oopsa thupi zida mbale.

Koma kwambiri ndi pa magalimoto September 11 m'tsinde mwa Sasebo. Ndipo komabe anakhazikitsa zifukwa chifukwa cha zomwe kuphulitsa ambiri pa bolodi zipolopolo. Ankadikira "Mikasa" (umene uli ndi chithunzi m'nkhani) anapita mwamsanga pansi. Ndi opulumutsidwa kuya ochepa, koma ngakhale mu zinthu zimenezi, koma wachinayi pofuna pochira opambana. Pomwepo anapha 256 amalinyero, 343 zambiri anthu anavulala, ndipo kenako anasonyeza amapha.

A dzenje yaikulu bolodi natsekapo, ndipo pambuyo pa miyezi 11 chombo chidafika kumbuyo mmaudindo. Koma panapita zaka ziwiri kwa liquidation chomaliza cha zotsatira za ngoziyo. Pa First World nkhondo chombo ndikulondera kugombe la Japan, nawo phukusi la, inali itaima mu Bay a Vladivostok.

Pomaliza, kuchokera m`chombo Navy anachotsedwa mu 1923. Mwa njira, munthu akhoza kuona ngalawa "Mikasa" (nkhondo). Kodi sitimayo ili tsopano? Iye waima Yokosuka.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, ndondomeko ya kusintha mu kowonera zakale nkhondo yokha anapereka akatswiri mavuto ambiri. Choyamba, kunali kofunika kukumba kunja yaikulu youma doko, mudzaze ndi madzi ... ndikuonetsetsa kuti izi chotengera ndi kwathunthu kukhetsa doko. chombo akuyimabe, ozika mizu pa malo pa waterline, ngati kwathunthu okonzekera ntchito yatsopano.

chifanizo Chake chimagwiritsidwa ntchito luso. Choncho, kupereka inu ndi nkhondo "Mikasa" pepala mungathe pafupifupi shopu kachikumbutso. Komanso, chombo Tingaone mu pakompyuta zambiri, amatchulidwa mu mabuku.

m'malo akamaliza

Choncho, mochuluka bwanji mwayi anali nkhondo Mikasa? Lachitsanzo inayambira English, koma mbadwa ili la Albion zasonyeza modabwitsa ndinazolowera chilengedwe Japanese.

Zodabwitsa ndizakuti, zinali England zoona, wapindula pomanga chombo. Choyamba, dziko ndi mwayi pantchito mu sitima ya. Kachiwiri (koma osati chosafunikira), pafupifupi onse "zokhudzana katundu" ngati onga Japanese komanso anagula mu UK.

Koma chofunika kwambiri chinali chizolowezi: Akatswiri British bwinobwino kuphunzira bwino Japanese mu Chirasha Japanese nkhondo, kutengapo maganizo, kupanga Zoneneratu, Posankha modernize zombo ake. Ndipo ndi - popanda kujowina nkhondo!

Monga mmene wabwino ndi nkhondo "Mikasa"? Project kuwunika si mkulu. Akatswiri onani buku labwino ndipo ngakhale nyumba, zida zabwino, zida kwambiri khalidwe la chombo. khalidwe zida zitsulo ndi chopangitsa chikuzika: ngati si kwa katundu, ndiye mu 1905 chombo mwina sapulumuka makumi kumenya mwachindunji.

Komanso, armadillo "Mikasa" (kanjedza titsimikizire kuti) anali ndi chidwi nkhondowo survivability. Iwo anali Zimapezeka ndi makonzedwe zomveka kwa zipinda watertight.

Ndipo kodi zolakwa za polojekiti? Iwo analinso ambiri. Choyamba, ife kale analozera chizolowezi ngalawa kuti "kuzikwirira" ngakhale pa funde otsika. Chachiwiri, asilikali Japanese poyamba ankafuna ngalawa ndi ikuthamanga liwiro mfundo 25, koma zoona, nkhondo akanangokhoza imathandizira 18 mfundo.

Komabe, izi zinali opanda pake. Zochita kunapezeka kuti kokha drawback kwambiri anali zipolopolo zazing'ono. Komanso, akatswiri anapeza kuti sazindikira msanga kuti makungwa a mfuti ya moto waukulu.