History of Estonia: mwachidule

History of Estonia maonekedwe akuyamba ndi midzi wamkulu pa madera ake amene anatuluka zaka 10,000 zapitazo. Zida wa Age Stone anapezeka pafupi Pulli pafupi Parnu ano. Finno-Ugric mafuko kuchokera kummawa (mwina ku Urals) anadza patapita zaka (mwina mu 3500 BC. E.), wothira am'deralo ndipo anakakhala wamakono Estonia, Finland ndi Hungary. Iwo ankakonda dziko latsopano, ndipo akana moyo wosamukasamuka amene yodziwika kwambiri a mitundu ina European pa lotsatira zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi.

Mbiri oyambirira Estonia (mwachidule)

Mu zaka 9 ndi 10 AD Estonians ankadziwa Scandinavia, wachidwi kwambiri zamalonda ku Kiev ndi Constantinople, kuposa anagonjetsa dziko. Woyamba owononga anadza kwa adani wachikhristu kumadzulo. Akukwaniritsa Papa kuyitana kwa Kampeni ndi akunja kumpoto, asilikali Chidanishi Ankhondo Germany analanda Estonia, mu 1208 Nyumbayi anapambana Otepaa. m'deralo anayesetsa kukana aukali, ndipo panatenga zaka zoposa 30, pamaso iwo unagonjetsedwa ndi dera lonse. Pofika m'ma 13, Estonia unagawidwa pakati pa Chidanishi German kumpoto kwa kum'mwera kwa Teutonic Order. Akhristu anafuna kum'mawa, anaduka Aleksandrom Nevskim a Novgorod pa nyanja mazira Peipsi.

The Asuriwo m'midzi latsopano, posamutsa ambiri a mphamvu za mabishopu. Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka za zana 13 pa Tallinn ndi Tartu ananyamuka aang'ono ndi Cistercian ndi Republic malamulo achipembedzo anamanga mchitidwe umenewu, kulalikira kwa anthu a m'deralo ndi kuti amubatize. Nthawiyi, Estonians anapitiriza kupanduka.

Kugalukira kwambiri anayamba pa usiku wa St. George (April 23) mu 1343 Wake unayamba umalamulidwa ndi Denmark North Estonia. mbiri dziko zachulukazi ndi chizindikiro wakubayu opandukawo Cistercian obisika Padise ndi kupha agulupa ake. Kenako anazungulira Tallinn ndi Haapsalu Episcopal Castle ndi otchedwa thandizo kwa asilikali a Sweden. Sweden kwenikweni anatumiza reinforcements panyanja, koma anabwera mochedwa kwambiri ndi anakakamizika kubwerera. Ngakhale mtima wa Estonians, kugalukira ndi idagonjetsedwa pa 1345. The Danes Komabe, anaganiza kuti anali okwanira anagulitsa Estonia kwa Order Livonia.

Woyamba luso shopu ndi wamalonda guilds anaonekera m'zaka 14., Ndipo mizinda yambiri monga Tallinn, Tartu, Viljandi ndi Pärnu, asangalala monga membala wa League Hanseatic. Cha ku Switzerland. John mu Tartu ndi terracotta ziboliboli zake ndi chuma cha umboni ndi mataye malonda Western.

Estonians anapitiriza kuchita miyambo yachikunja pamaukwati, pamaliro ndipo anapembedza chikhalidwe, ngakhale m'ma 15, miyambo imeneyi amakhala zapiringizana ndi Chikatolika, ndipo iwo ali nawo mayina a Chikhristu. M'zaka 15 Amaya akumanidwa ufulu wawo chiyambi cha 16. anakhala serfs.

kukonzanso

Katolika, umene unachokera mu Germany, anafika Estonia mu 1520s, pamodzi ndi Lutheran olalikira yoweyula choyamba. Pofika m'ma 16, mpingo reorganized, ndi mchitidwe umenewu ndi mipingo wakumvera ndi zothandizira mipingo yawo ya tchalitchi cha Lutheran. Mu Tallinn, akuluakulu anatseka obisika Republic (anasunga mabwinja ake chidwi); Tartu Republic ndi mchitidwe umenewu Cistercian anatsekedwa.

Livonia nkhondo

M'zaka za m'ma 16, vuto lalikulu kwa Livonia (tsopano kumpoto Latvia ndi Kumwera Estonia) ankaimira kum'mawa. Ivan Grozny atadziika yekha mfumu yoyamba mu 1547, anatsatira ndondomeko ya kuwonjezeka kumadzulo. asilikali Russian kutsogoleredwa ndi zoopsa Chitata apakavalo anaukira mu 1558 ku Tartu m'deralo. Kumenyana anali achiwawa kwambiri, ankhondowo anachoka mu kudzuka imfa ndi chiwonongeko. Pakuti Russia anagwirizana Poland, Denmark ndi Sweden, ndipo ntchito nthawi inkachitikira m'zaka 17. A mwachidule mbiri ya Estonia salola, ndiponso pa nthawi iyi, koma chifukwa cha Sweden anatuluka wopambana.

Nkhondo woyikidwa mtolo wolemera am'deralo. Mibadwo awiri (kuchokera 1552 pa 1629 gg.), Theka la anthu akumidzi anaphedwa, pafupi firii kotala ya minda onse anathawira, matenda monga nthenda, unavuta m'munda njala ndi wotsatira chinawonjezeka chiwerengero cha anthu amene. Kuwonjezera Tallinn, aliyense Nyumbayi ndi malo yamalinga ya dziko akhala anagonjetsa kapena kuwonongedwa, kuphatikizapo chinyumba cha Viljandi, membala wa mmodzi wa m'malinga amphamvu kwambiri Kumpoto kwa Ulaya. Mizinda ina kuti anawonongedwa.

kadzutsa nthawi

Nkhondo itatha, mbiri ya Estonia amalembedwa nthawi ya mtendere ndi chitukuko mu ulamuliro wa Sweden. Cities, kudzera malonda, anakula asangalala, kuthandiza chuma akachita zinthu zoopsa za kunkhondo. Pansi pa ulamuliro wa Sweden kwa nthawi yoyamba mu mbiri ya United pansi pa mtsogoleri limodzi. Pofika m'ma 17 Komabe, zinthu zinayamba kuipa. Mliri wa ndipo patapita Wamkulu Njala (1695-97) ankati miyoyo ya anthu 80 zikwi -. Pafupifupi 20% ya anthu. Posachedwa Sweden vuto loopsa kwa Polish Union, Denmark ndi Russia, wofunitsitsa kuti muyambenso pansi anataya mu Livonia nkhondo. Nkhondo inayamba mu 1700, patapita bwino, mu Vol. H. kugonjetsedwa kwa asilikali Russian pa Narva, asilikali a Sweden anayamba abwerere. Mu 1708 Tartu anawonongedwa, ndipo opulumuka onse anatumiza kwa Russia. Mu 1710 Tallinn capitulated, ndi Sweden anagonjetsedwa.

maphunziro

Iwo anayamba mbiri ya Estonia monga gawo la Russia. Palibe alimi wabwino sizinatheke. Nkhondo ndi nthenda 1710 ankati miyoyo ya makumi a zikwi za anthu. Peter Ine anathetsa kusintha Swedish ndi kuwononga ziyembekezo za ufulu serfs anathawa. Mtima kwa iwo sadzasintha mpaka Chenicheni nthawi m'zaka 18 mochedwa. Catherine II womangika mwayi wa osankhika ndi unachitikira kusintha quasi-demokalase. Koma mu 1816, alimi Pamapeto pake anamasulidwa ku serfdom. Mbatambirambo maina a ufulu kuyenda ndi mwayi zochepa kudzimvera kasamalidwe. Ndi theka lachiwiri la m'ma 19, anthu akumidzi anayamba kugula munda ndi kupeza ndalama kuchokera mbewu monga mbatata ndi fulakesi.

kudzutsidwa national

Kumapeto kwa zaka 19 anali woyamba wa akuwuka dziko. Lotengeka ndi osankhika watsopano, dziko anapita ku boma. The nyuzipepala woyamba chinenero Perno Postimees Estonia anaonekera mu 1857. Iwo linasindikizidwa Yohannom Voldemarom Jannseni, mmodzi wa oyamba kugwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti "Estonians" osati maarahvas (anthu akumidzi). Wina woganiza linathandiza Carl Robert Jakobson, amene anamenyera ufulu wofanana a ndale Estonians. Iye anakhazikitsa woyamba dziko nyuzipepala ndale Sakala.

kugalukira

Kumapeto kwa zaka 19. Iyo inali nthawi ya mafakitale ndi zikamera wa mafakitale lalikulu ndi misewu yaikulu ya njanji yomwe chikugwirizana Russia ndi Estonia. Zovuta kantchito anachititsa kusakhutira ndi kumene-anapanga ntchito chipani kutsogozedwa ndi zitsanzo ndi kunyanyala. Zochitika ku Estonia mobwerezabwereza zimene zikuchitika Russia, ndi kugalukira zida kunabuka January 1905. Mavuto wokwera mpaka kumapeto kwa chaka chimenechi, pamene 20 chikwi. Antchito anapita sitalaka. asilikali a mfumu zinthu mwankhanza, kupha ndi kuvulaza anthu 200. Pakuti yimitsira a chiwembu cha Russian anafika zikwi a asilikali. 600 Estonians ndi mazana ku Siberia anaphedwa. mabungwe Trade ndi manyuzipepala patsogolo komanso mabungwe anatsekedwa, ndi atsogoleri andale athawa dziko.

More kwakukulu mapulani kutenga Estonia, zikwi wamba Russian chifukwa cha World Choyamba sizinachitike akuyendera. Dziko analipira mtengo chifukwa chotenga mbali pa nkhondo. 100 zikwi Anthu. Aitanidwa, umene 10 chikwi. Ntanda. Estonians ambiri anapita kunkhondo chifukwa cha kugonjetsa Germany, Russia analonjeza kupereka statehood la dzikolo. Inde, anali wabodza. Koma ndi 1917 nkhani imeneyi anathana ndi mfumu. Nicholas II anakakamizika amatula pansi, ndi Bolsheviks anagwira mphamvu. Russia chinapululutsa chisokonezeko, ndipo Estonia, ankawathandiza February 24, 1918 analengeza ufulu wodzilamulira.

Nkhondo ya wodzilamulira

Estonia anali ndi mavuto oopsa ku Russia ndi reactionaries Baltic-German. Kunabuka nkhondo, Red Army patsogolo mofulumira, ndi January 1919 anagwira theka la dziko. Estonia amakana kumbuyo, ndipo ndi thandizo la Zombo Zankhondo British ndi Chifinishi, asilikali Chidanishi Swedish anagonjetsa adani ake akale. Mu December, Russia anavomera osayanjanitsika, ndipo 2 February 1920, Tartu Mtendere yosainidwa, chimene iye nthawizonse anakana chonena pa gawo la dziko. Choyamba anaonekera padzikoli mapu palokha kwathunthu Estonia.

Mbiri ya boma mu nthawi imeneyi amakhala ndi chitukuko mofulumira chuma. Mayiko ntchito chuma chawo zachilengedwe ndi kukopa ndalama kuchokera kunja. Tartu University anakhala University of Estonians ndi chinenero Estonia anakhala chinenero kulankhulana lonse, kulenga mwayi mu muzochitika akatswiri ndi maphunziro. Panali yaikulu yosindikiza makampani - pakati pa 1918 ndi 1940. 25 chikwi. Mayina afalitsidwa.

Komabe, dera ndale sizinali choncho duwa. Kuopa zinthu Communist woukira, monga, zinachititsa utsogoleri wa Kumanja analephera pofuna mu 1924, m'chiwembucho d'etat. Mu 1934 mtsogoleri wa boma Transitional, Konstantin Pats ndi mkulu wa Estonia Army Johan Laidoner linaphwanya Constitution Akunjenjemera mphamvu pa malingaliro a kuteteza demokalase ku magulu oopsa.

Soviet kuwukira

tsoka boma linasindikizidwa pamene Nazi Germany ndi Soviet Union zinasaina pangano chinsinsi mu 1939 zoona, kupatsira Stalin. Mamembala a Party Communist anakonza chiwembu fictitious ndi anthu ankafunika monga Estonia mu Soviet Union. Pulezidenti Pats, General Laidoner ndi atsogoleri ena anamangidwa ndipo anatumizidwa ku ndende ntchito Soviet. A boma zidole linakhazikitsidwa ndi August 6, 1940 , Supreme Soviet la USSR anapatsa "pempho" wa Estonia pa kugwirizana USSR.

Ayuda anatengedwa ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse anawononga dziko. Zikwizikwi aitanidwa ndipo anatumizidwa ku ntchito ndi imfa ku misasa yozunzira kumpoto kwa Russia. Zikwi za akazi ndi ana adagawa adzawonongedwa.

Asilikali Soviet anathawa alimbane ndi mdani, Estonians moni Germany monga liberators. 55 chikwi. Munthu analowa mayunitsi kudziteteza ndi battalions wa Wehrmacht. Komabe, Germany analibe cholinga kupereka statehood Estonia ndipo amaona m'gawo monga azikhala la Soviet Union. Ziyembekezo zafa pambuyo popereka othandiza. (Anali mafuko Estonians, umene 5 zikwi.) 75 chikwi. Anthu anawomberedwa. Zikwi anathawira ku Finland, ndi iwo amene anatsalira, anali kuwalemba usilikali mu dziko la Germany (40 chikwi. Anthu).

Kumayambiriro a 1944, asilikali a Soviet mabomba Tallinn, Narva, Tartu ndiponso mizinda ina. Complete chiwonongeko cha Narva chinali chochitika abwezere "wa oukira Estonia."

asilikali German anabwerera mu September 1944 Kuopa isanayambike wa Red Army, Estonians zambiri, nayenso, adathawa, 70 chikwi. Mumenyetse West. Pakutha kwa nkhondo iliyonse Estonians 10 amene amakhala kudziko lina. Ambiri, dziko wataya oposa 280. anthu zikwi: .. Kupatula anasamuka, 30 zikwi anaphedwa pankhondo, ndipo ena anaphedwa, anatumizidwa ku ndende kapena kuphedwa m'ndende zawo aphedwe.

nyengo Soviet

Nkhondo itatha, boma yomweyo linalanda ndi Soviet Union. Estonia mbiri chodetsedwa ndi nyengo ya kupondereza, zikwi anazunzidwa kapena kutumizidwa kundende m'ndende. 19,000 Estonians anaphedwa. Alimi mwankhanza mu collectivisation ndi zikwi osamuka anazitsanulira mwa dziko ochokera m'madera osiyanasiyana ku USSR. Pakati pa 1939 ndi 1989. peresenti zamakolo Estonia yafupika kuchokera 97 mpaka 62%.

Poyankha chitsutsocho za kayendedwe lazigaŵengali bungwe mu 1944. 14 chikwi. "Forest abale" zida okha ndipo anapita mobisa, ntchito m'magulu ang'onoang'ono m'dzikoli. Mwatsoka, zochita zawo zakhala bwino, ndi kukana mfuti anali pafupifupi inathetsedwa ndi 1956.

Koma napezanso mphamvu dissident kayendedwe, ndipo pa tsiku 50 tili kusaina wa Stalin-Hitler ke mu Tallinn kunalinso msonkhano lalikulu. Kwa miyezi ingapo, zionetsero anakula, Estonians inalamula kubwezeretsa statehood. Nyimbo zikondwerero akhala njira wamphamvu wa nkhondo. Chachikulu ambiri a iwo anatenga malo mu 1988, pamene 250 zikwi. Estonians anasonkhana pa Song Chikondwerero Grounds mu Tallinn. Iwo anakopeka kwambiri chidwi lonse ndi zinthu mu Baltic States.

Mu November 1989, boma la Estonia Council Supreme n'kulengeza zinthu 1940, kuchita kwa mokwiya usilikali ndipo analengeza iwo oletsedwa. Mu 1990, Zisankho zochitika momasuka inachitika ku dziko. Akuyesetsa Russia kuti zisachitike, Estonia anapezanso ufulu wodzilamulira mu 1991.

Modern Estonia: mbiriyakale dziko (mwachidule)

Mu 1992, chisankho choyamba ambiri ndi lamulo lalikhulu ladziko yatsopano, ndi nawo maphwando yandale yatsopano. Union of ovomereza Patria apambana mwa malire yopapatiza. mtsogoleri wake, mbiri 32 wazaka Mart Laar anakhala nduna yaikulu. Mbiri zatsopano la Estonia ngati boma palokha. Laar anayamba kusamutsa boma pa njanji cha msika chuma mfulu, iye anayambitsa Estonia kroon ndipo anayamba nkhani kusiya wathunthu wa asilikali Russian. Dziko anapumira ndi thandizo pamene midzi ya asilikali otsiriza anasiya Republic mu 1994, kusiya dziko anawononga kumpoto chakum'mawa kwa zakhudzana pansi padziko airbases ndi zinyalala nyukiliya ku zapansi ndi panyanja.

Estonia limodzi ndi EU pa 1 Meyi 2004 ndipo anatengera yuro mu 2011.