Mfumu Haile Selassie I: yonena, ana, kujambula, makoti

Mfumu yomaliza ya Ethiopia, anachotsedwa mu chiwembu asilikali mu 1974, Haile Selassie Ine, anali kwambiri maganizo wolamulira. Pa nthawi mu ofesi, iye anali mbiri ya ŵakusanga ndi yogwira mfumu, amene dziko ndi njuchi akhala aliyense osati kokha ayi, koma membala wodzala ndi Organization United Nations.

maganizo wolamulira

Haile Selassie Ndinagwira maudindo kuyambira 1906, pamene anali ndi zaka 15. Pa 25, analandira udindo wa wolowa korona, ndi regent ndi anakhala wolamulira wa Ethiopia ndi autocratic. autocracy zinachitika kwa zaka 58.

Paiwowa nthawi yaitali, Ethiopia lakwaniritsa kuzindikira lonse, membala wa mabungwe mayiko mapangano ndipo anakwanitsa asalole kugwila gawo la Italy. Haile Selassie Ine bungwe ndi kutsogozedwa ndi bungwe la Mgwirizano African chomwe pambuyo chinasinthidwa Soviet African.

Ulemu wake ndi malamulo a ufulu wa anthu akhaphembera mfumu yawo. Anabadwa mu zaka za kukwera kwake wachifumu wa Rastafarianism ankaona kuti iye mwiniwake wa Ya Mulungu. The lachipembedzo kwambiri alitcha dzina dzina kuti Haile Selassie ankavala coronation lapansi. Koma sikuti zonse mophweka.

Mu ulamuliro wa Haile Selassie Ine la Ethiopia anakhalabe boma osauka, matenda, njala, ngakhale kuposa thandizo zokwanira ku US ndi UK, ndi USSR. Pamene anthu ake njala, mfumu anali mmodzi wa anthu olemera kwambiri nthawi, osati Africa koma dziko lonse lapansi. N'zosadabwitsa kuti kutsutsana koteroko zinachititsa kuti amaonera wapawiri umunthu wake mu mbiri.

mayina

The dzina la mfumu mtsogolo ndi makolo ake - Tafari. Dzina limeneli amachoka mu chinenero Ge'ez monga "amene ayenera kulemekezedwa ndipo adawopa." Monga mwana wa m'banja mfulu, wolowa tsogolo ayenera nazo pamaso pa dzina la waudindo - Lidge, ndipo pambuyo wachitatu dzina la bambo ake, ndipo nthaŵi zina agogo ake. Choncho, dzina la mfumu yomaliza motere: Lidge Tafari Mekonnyn Voldemikael. Pa ubatizo, Tafari anali dzina lopatulika la Haile Selassie, amene anawamasulira amatanthauza "mphamvu ya Utatu."

Adatenga pa kasamalidwe wina wa m'madera a Ethiopia, ndipo kenako wolowa ku Mpandowachifumu, wolamulira wam'tsogolo muli ndi udindo watsopano - mafuko, yokwana kalonga Russian kapena Western Prince. Tsopano iye anafunsidwa Tafari Mekonnyn mafuko. Ili ndi dzina anapatsidwa dzina la Rastafarianism.

Popeza anakwera wachifumu, Ras Tafari anali kutenga latsopano achifumu mutu. Iye anasankha dzina adampatsa iye pa ubatizo wake, ndipo anakhala Mfumu Haile Selassie 1. autocratic mfumu zonse mutu anali: Mfumu ya Mafumu, mtsogoleri wa njonda ya, mkango - wopambana wa fuko la Yuda, Imperial Wake Ufumu, osankhidwa a Mulungu pontho Cheza cha dziko.

Haile Selassie I: yonena, zaka zoyambilira

Mfumu tsogolo anabadwa July 23, 1892 m'mudzi waung'ono m'chigawo Edzhersa Goro Harar. Iye anali mwana chakhumi a mtundu Mekonnyna, msuweni wa Mfumu ya Ethiopia Menelik II. bambo Haile Selassie anali bwanamkubwa wa Harar, mkulu mkulu wa asilikali wa ku Aitiopiya ndi mlangizi wa mfumu. Mekonnyna mafumu tinachokera kwa Mfumu Solomo ndi Mfumukazi ya ku Sheba.

Chifukwa malo ake okwezeka anthu, mafuko Mekonnyn anatha kupereka mwana wake maphunziro kwambiri. Poyamba maphunziro mnyamata pamafunika Mthandizi m'banja, ndiye wansembe wa Order ya Capuchins, ndipo pambuyo - wasayansi ku Guadeloupe chiyambi French. Pa zaka 13 Tafari ali latsopano mutu - dedzhazmach womwe kwa Chiwerengero European. Ndiye Tafari anali woyamba kasamalidwe zinachitikira, ndipo anasankhidwa kukhala kazembe wa chigawo ting'onoting'ono Selaga. Pa zaka 15, Tafari anali mu ulamuliro wa chigawo cha Sidamo, koma zaka 18 anayamba kulamulira Harar mbadwa.

regency

Atakhala mu nyumba ya utsogoleli zigawo Tafari anaganiza kuti nthawi zina kukhala Mapu. Pambuyo inalowa mpando wachifumu latsopano asapita Mfumu Ieyasu V pakati pa mutu wa dziko ndi Tafari chimaonekadi utakhazikika, iye anataya malo ake monga kazembe wa Harar.

Ieyasu V anakhala Mfumu poyera kupepesa awo Islam ndipo anakhala kuvala nduwira, kuopseza kuitana Ethiopia - mmodzi wa mitundu Mkhristu woyamba wa dziko - Islam. zolinga amenewa zoipa mantha bwalo, mu 1916 iwo akutenga ntchito pakalibe zosakhalitsa mfumu, anachotsedwa iye, unachotsedwa ndi kuika pampando wachifumu wa azakhali ake, woikidwa Tafari regent nampatsa mutu mpikisano.

Monga regent mpaka 1930, Ras Tafari ikuchitika kusintha ambiri, Pakati kwambiri wolemekezeka kusintha asilikali ndi kusintha mfundo zoweta ndi achilendo. Tafari Mekonnyn anaukitsa mlingo wa maphunziro, adakhazikitsa zomangamanga zofunika ndi kupereka tsankho chiyembekezo chakuti ukapolo. Iye walemba mapangano ndi mayiko ambiri a m'chigawochi ndi mphamvu dziko ndi kuwakweza kudzera Ethiopia kwa League of Nations.

Kukwera Mpandowachifumu

Kumapeto kwa 1930, regent anavekedwa ndi kumanga pa mpando wachifumu wa ku Aitiopiya monga Haile Selassie I. coronation Wake panafika osati onse a anthu apamwamba ku Aitiopiya, komanso oimira echelons ulamuliro wa limati ambiri European. Polemekeza kutenga korona Photo Haile Selassie Ine linasindikizidwa mu Times magazini chivundikirocho.

mfumu kusintha

ndondomeko Chikatolika wa mfumu yatsopano mobwerezabwereza anyozedwa kuti mfundo zambiri chikhalidwe ndi cholinga ndiwofatsa pa kusunga boma lachifumu mtheradi. Ngakhale anatengera mu 1931, woyamba mu mbiri ya Itiyopiya Constitution akulengeza mphamvu Mtheradi wa mfumu ndi wambawamba.

Haile Selassie Ine analenga yamalamulo bicameral. M'chipinda cham'mwamba Mfumu Senate anatumizidwa paokha ndipo amasankhidwa mwa zigawo m'munsi kulamulira otchuka. Kodi ukasintha kusintha angayambe, iwo sanali kusintha zinthu a Ethiopiya wamba.

Zosemphana ndi Italy

Pa chiyambi cha October 1935 Italy mwadzidzidzi anayamba nkhondo ndi Ethiopia, chophwanya malire ake, amayenda Eritrea kuwoloka mtsinje Mareb ndi ku Somalia motsogozedwa Harar. Haile Selassie anatchedwa yolimbikitsa ambiri.

Ngakhale kuti asilikali ikuchitika kusintha chachikulu, asilikali wa ku Aitiopiya wakhala konse sanakonzekere ndewu yaikulu analibe zida lolemera. Against akasinja, flamethrowers, zipolopolo zachiwawa , ndipo ngakhale zida za mankhwala a Ethiopiya anali atakonzekera ndi kokha mfuti njira. Ambiri a anthu a asilikali osasamba anapita kunkhondo mikondo ndi malupanga.

Ngakhale kuti mfumu panokha n'kutsogolera ake kunkhondo, pakati pa 1936 a Ethiopiya anagonjetsedwa, ndipo Haile Selassie Ine, ana, zidzukulu ndi anzake apamtima a mfumu anathawira kunja. anthu Aitiopiya Iye anakhumudwa ndi anakhumudwa wolamulira kusankha.

Ngakhale mu ukapolo, mfumu mobwerezabwereza anakapempha thandizo kwa US, UK ndi mayiko ena. M'mawu ake pa Council la League of Nations Haile Selassie, makoti kenako anapita pa mabuku onse ofunika, anawadzudzula ntchito zida za mankhwala akupha ndi Italy. Mu 1940, kupereka thandizo kwa UK, anabwerera Ethiopia.

Kusakhutira ku Ethiopia

Popeza 1941, mfumu kubwerera anatsogolera nkhondo yomasulira Ethiopia ndipo mu 1943 wosweka kugalukira lomaliza la asilikali Italy ndiponso mafuko awo ku Aitiopiya. Komabe, mbiri ya Haile Selassie wakhala kuonongedwa, ndi mphamvu ya inasokoneza wake. Pofuna athetse vutoli ndi tipezekemo thandizo la osati apamwamba, koma anthu a Mfumu unachitikira nambala ya kusintha, amene anathetsa ukapolo, athe Ethiopia kusankha nthumwi za nyumba m'munsi a nyumba ya malamulo, analengezeratu ufulu wolankhula ndi msonkhano.

Komabe, Haile Selassie sindinali wokonzeka kupereka mphamvu zonse Choncho anakhazikitsa mantha kuonetsa zida, yomwe sikuloledwa wakukhala ndi ufulu wachibadidwe ndi kuteteza ufulu ndale.

N'zosadabwitsa kuti pakati pa anthu, komanso kusakhutira anakula pakati apamwamba. Yaitali njala m'chigawo Wollo, omwe anapha miyoyo ya anthu ambiri a Ethiopiya, pakalibe kusintha kwakukulu mu nthambi wamkulu ndi wankhanza mosalekeza za mfumu anatsogolera chakuti mu 1960 panali chiwembu d'etat, amene panaoneka Korona Prince Asfa Uosen. Haile Selassie Ine anakwanitsa kubisa atapanduka, koma wosakhutira ndi ulamuliro wake sadaleka kuwira.

Kukwera ku Ethiopia

Pa zaka 13 wosakhutira Ethiopiya onse anakula mpaka mu 1974 chifukwa cha maganizo kunyalanyaza kuti anthu tsoka chinachitika mu dziko. Hunger ikupita patsogolo wapha anthu oposa 200 zikwi, ndi ena onse pa zobvuta kupulumuka. Ankhondo kuchokera ku dziko anafuna ponso amanena, iwo amapereka mwa ogwira ntchito ndi ophunzira. Chifukwa cha msonkhano oyendetsera dziko Haile Selassie ndinali opanda mphamvu yeniyeni zida zake za boma unagonjetsedwa. M'malo mwa olamulira anabwera nkhondo, chosankha woyamba umene unali kumangidwa kwa banja lonse achifumu.

Mu August 1975, Boma la asilikali analengeza matenda mwadzidzidzi mfumu ya kale. Iye anafa pa August 27 pa zaka 83 zifukwa zosadziwika. Kufufuza sanali kugwira, ndipo thupi sikudapatsidwa kwa autopsy ndi. Ambiri amaganiziridwa kuti poyamba Mfumu Haile Selassie Ine khosi kugalukira mtsogoleri Mengistu Haile Mariam.