The wamanga wa Parthenon ku Athens

Pamwamba pa za Acropolis wa Athens nsanja bwinja, zomwe poyamba anali m'kachisi wachikunja polemekeza mulungu wamkazi Athena, ndi Christian - polemekeza Namwali Wodalitsidwa, ndipo potsiriza mzikiti Muslim. Iwo adzadziwa pa Mwachidule, ngakhale amene sanakhalepo kwa Greece, kotero chitidwe zithunzi zawo. Mpaka pano ku akachisi wotchuka mu dziko. Dzina - Parthenon.

kachisi maziko kapena kumanga

Agiriki akale anadziŵa bwanji kuthokoza. Patroness wa mzinda wamkazi Athena Parthenos , iwo abverana kuti amange kachisi, kuyamikira thandizo lake pa nkhondo yolimbana ndi Aperisiya pa mpikisano.

Pakuti kumanga ake asankha yapamwamba ndi yamalinga gawo la tawuni chapamwamba - pa Acropolis, ndipo mu 488 BC, anapanga Bookmark wapadera. The wamanga wa Parthenon anasankha malo awa si ngozi. Choyamba, panali akachisi kale anamanga polemekeza milungu yakunja yosiyanasiyana.

Miyeso ya mipingo kale munali wamng'ono ndipo sanafune kuonjezera dera pamwamba pa phiri kwa yomanga awo. Pankhaniyi, komabe ankayembekezera kuutsira chinachake chachikulu, ndipo chifukwa cha ichi kunali koyenera kumanga kum'mwera kwa mpanda zizimva , n'kuuika m'munsi anajambulapo ake midadada, kukweza m'mphepete mwa zomangamanga mamita 7.

Ntchito inapitirira kwa zaka eyiti, namanga chachiwiri ng'oma mizati, pamene mzinda unawonongedwa ndi Aperisi. zipatso za zaka eyiti ntchito anasowa pamoto, ndipo pomanga silinandilole kupitiriza kwa zaka zoposa 30.

Pomanga mpingo watsopano

Ntchito anapitiriza 447 BC. mphamvu pa Athens ndiye a Pericles, odzikuza, wofuna wolamulira. Yomanga kachisi anali gawo la dongosolo pakati pa iye chifukwa cha zimene Athens anali kuti azitsogolera, onse mu munda usilikali, ndipo mu zachuma ndi chikhalidwe. Kukhazikitsa dongosolo anathandiza chakuti ndi nthawi mzinda kunditumiza ku cuma ca Union Delian Maritime, amene ntchito njira ya mavuto azachuma zokhudzana yomanga. Koma mavuto kwenikweni anali.

History wateteza mfundo zochititsa chidwi. Pericles allocated ku bajeti asilikali kugwira ntchito za matalente 450 a siliva. Za kukula kwa kuchuluka akhoza ankangoona chakuti pomanga chombo kumenyana ndalama talente imodzi mu zaka. Choncho, ndalama za ntchito yomanga kachisi ndi wofanana ndi mtengo kulenga chachikulu panyanja zombo ongokhala zombo 450. Pamene kukula kwa ndalama ankadziwika nzika anali kunenedwa Pericles mu satero. bwanamkubwa Izi anawauza kuti anali wokonzeka ndalama zimachitika chifukwa wake, koma mu nkhani iyi, amaika ufulu mbali zonse za nyumba kupitirizabe dzina lake. Anthu sanafune kusiya ulemerero wa wolamulira ndipo walola ndalama ntchitoyi kuchokera mumzinda chuma.

Amene anamanga Parthenon?

Funso limeneli likubwera, mwina, aliyense amene poyamba amaona ku Atene mapulani mwaluso. Atalenga wake wa wamanga kwambiri maina yatsikira kwa ife - ndi Iktinos Kallikratia. Malinga ndi zimene mabuku ena amanena, komanso Karpion ndi ogwira nawo ntchito. The ziboliboli wotchuka Phidias kuyang'anira patsogolo wonse wa ntchito, koma ntchito yake yaikulu inali kulenga ulemerero sculptural a kachisi, amene ndi cholinga wofuna kwambiri lonse wake waulemerero. Motero, kunena za amene anamanga Parthenon, ayenera samasonyeza munthu wamanga koma gulu lonse la co-olemba.

Anasintha kachisi chifaniziro

Izo zinawoneka ngati Parthenon mu maonekedwe ake apachiyambi, tsopano zovuta kunena motsimikizira kotheratu. mfundo ndi yakuti mu moyo wake, iye mobwerezabwereza anasintha maonekedwe ake. More m'nthawi 2 BC m'kachisi panali moto amphamvu, kenako chofunika ndithu ntchito yobwezeretsa. Iwo anavutika ulemerero ndi zoipa olamulira. Mwachitsanzo, mu 298 BC, amene analamulira pa nthawi Lahar, anapita mpaka mu mbiri monga osadziletsa wankhanza analamula kuti mupewe ku chosema Athens zodzikongoletsera zagolide.

Mlengi wa Parthenon kachisi anamangidwa mu ulemu wa chikunja wamkazi. Koma mbiri ya Greece, nthawi imene amatchedwa Byzantine, ndi tsoka naye kuti 426 AD achikunja kachisi inasanduka mpingo. Poyamba, anali opatulidwira polemekeza St. Sophia. The wamanga wa Parthenon sinafike, ndithudi, kuti mbewu yake zoyembekezeka kukhala nacho mbali zonse chibadidwe zomangamanga ya mipingo yachikhristu, koma icho chinachitika momwemo.

Kumanganso kachisi wa Mkhristu ovomerezeka

Malinga ndi mwambo unakhazikitsidwa Kale, khomo la kachisi wachikunja unali mbali ya kum'mawa. The wamanga wa Parthenon ku Athens, angagwiritse nyumbayi, moganizira lamulo la. Koma malinga ndi malamulo a zomangamanga pakhomo Mkhristu kuchita kumbali yakumadzulo, ndi guwa aikidwa pa kum'mawa. Ndi lamulo. Mu ndondomeko ya kukonzanso kwa mpingo mogwirizana ndi malamulo atsopano pa malo a pakhomo kale ku guwa apse inamangidwa monga pakhomo, motero, anasamukira ku mbali ya kumadzulo. Komanso, woyesedwa ndi zinthu zina mu mawonekedwe a nyumbayi. Kum'mwera - dera la kumadzulo kwa mpingo belu nsanja anamangidwira. Akamaliza kukhazikitsanso chidali 662, ndi kudzipereka kwa kachisi mu ulemu wa Wodalitsika Namwali Mariya. Pafupifupi zaka pansi arches zake mapemphero Mkhristu, pamene mu 1460 mumzinda sanali anagwidwa asilikali Turkey.

kachisi adzawonongedwa

Pamodzi ndi dziko lonse anakumana nthawi zovuta ndi kachisi Parthenon. Greece anali utakhala m'manja ndi Mkhristu kachisi anali lidzasinthidwa mzikiti Muslim. Patatha zaka 27 wa asilikali Venetian kutsogoleredwa ndi F. Morosini anayesa kuukira Athens. Silikhali, a ku Turkey ntchito Parthenon monga magazini ufa. Izi ndi zotsatirapo zoopsa kwambiri nyumbayi. Yamoto pakati kumasulidwa ku Cannon Venetian, kuswa kupyolera pa denga, chifukwa kuphulika kowopsya. Chifukwa cha anakomoka lonse chapakati mbali ya nyumbayi. Kukonza zitatha izi zachitika. Zinthu zinafika poipa a m'deralo munalekanitsidwa makombo a nsangalabwi umene anatentha laimu.

Kachisi komaliza zinawonongeka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma XIX. Kazembe British ku bwalo la Ottoman analandira chilolezo kwa katundu wa ziboliboli anasunga mu izo. Kuyambira pamenepo pa zaka khumi za kulengedwa kwa Osema wakale Greek kumanzere Athens, kukhala mbali ya chionetsero cha zinthu zakale waukulu kwambiri padziko lonse.

Kubwezeretsa m'khonde la zipilala la kachisi

Mu 1928 ntchito inayambika, cholinga limene linakhazikitsidwa pa malo omwewo midadada wagwa ndipo utsi wa Parthenon. Ntchito analenga komiti sayansi, zimene zinaphatikizapo akatswiri ochokera m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. mgwirizano zawo zinachitika zaka ziwiri. Zotsatira pang'ono zipilala kumpoto mu mawonekedwe monga udaikidwa ndi wamanga Parthenon.

Bwanji izo zinkawoneka ngati kachisi kalelo? Linamangidwa molingana ndi malamulo a kachisi Chigiriki - ndi rectangle atazunguliridwa ndi mizati. Ngakhale massiveness ake, iye anayang'ana zikomo kaso kwa kulolera okhwima dongosolo lake. kachisi chokongoletsedwa ndi ziboliboli za Phidias zazikulu, ndi pakati anaima trinadtsatimetrovaya chosema wa mulungu Athena, chokongoletsedwa ndi golide ndi minyanga ya njovu.

Akukhulupirira kuti wamanga anamanga nyumba Parthenon ndi lodabwitsa pakati pa nyumba ya kalembedwe Doric. Kamodzi wolamulira ku Atene Pericles kukopa nzika recalcitrant kuti foloko kunja kwa yomanga kachisi, iye analosera kuti adzakhala kunyada kwa Agiriki, ndi ambiri, zaka zambiri. Analidi iye nthawi yoyenera.