zochita za anthu akale malingaliro ake, ntchito mmadera - zonsezi ndi nkhani ya kuphunzira zaumunthu mbiri. Iye anali kudalira zikalata ndi kuda nyengo zinazimiririka, limalongosola moyo wa mibadwo yapita.
Kunadetsa kuwomba funso: "Kodi goli la izo?"
Ndipo chochita mayendedwe pamene ena, koma pali kutchulidwa kwa iwo mu zolemba, deta amene ndimachita adamfunsa? Kodi ndi mibadwo ingati kuti anaphunzira ku sukulu ya Mongol-Chitata goli! Tsopano, osati kuti a mbiri sayansi ambiri chachotsedwa ndipo aikamo mawu akuti "Zolotaya Orda", koma anatsutsa zonse zimene zimagwiritsa zodabwitsazi. Ngakhale kudzifunsa kuti; "Kodi zambiri anayenda maulendo kwa Russia?" Ndipo ndi wokhutiritsa kwambiri mfundo zimene Atengedwa. Komabe, anthu ambiri kusukulu amakhulupirira kuti zaka 200 Russia anali m'goli, ndi "Simungachite kulamulira" khans wa Golden gulu, akalonga Russian anapatsidwa. Koma zonsezo palibe mmodzi wa iwo sanakhale ndi moyo.
Nkhani kudziwika yekha
Pa mtundu uwu zikalata, monga zinakhala konse, kokha mukudziwa Mbiri. Komabe, ntchito ina mabuku ndi luso mfundo oyendayenda kupereka ulemu ku gulu khans mobwerezabwereza anafotokoza. Wojambula Boris Chorikov (1802-1866) linkadziwika Illustrator a "History of Russia" Karamzin anasolola wosamwerana madzi Russian akalonga, anakonza iwo kutsogolo kwa kukhuta Khan, pa ufulu kupeza "Simungachite kulamulira." chikalata ichi ndi chiyani? Kodi anapanga akalonga ndi mphatso olemera "kuyenda" pa bwalo la Tartar Khan? Zinali chikalata wosindikiza mkulu wa Ulus Jochi kapena Golden gulu, boma wamphamvu ndi gulu lalikulu la asilikali, ngati sabers zofunika akutsimikiza kuti mphamvu ya lamuloli. Khan, kutenga mphatso analola anawatulutsa kulamulira mu cholowa ena, ngakhale pa nthawi imeneyo anakhala kalonga. Han ndi wochenjera kum'mawa malamulo, mwaluso anagwiritsa ntchito "Simungachite ufumu" kuti magazi akalonga chigawo. Choncho, olamulidwa ndi Russia sanathe kubwera pamodzi kubweza gulu. Chifukwa cha mfundo imeneyi yeniyeni Khans olamulira anapita kukamenyana ndi mzake, zofooketsa ndi zosamveka Lazaro.
The kudalira la Russia
Izi zinali zotheka chifukwa zaka 1237-1242 anali kugwiridwa ndi mliri Mongolia la Russia. chidwi kwambiri, si ntchito paliponse mu mabuku a m'dzikolo, mawu akuti "goli". Ndipo chifukwa chake zinali zofunika kutengera "Mau" kwa nthawi yoyamba anagwiritsa ntchito Polish mbiri Jan Dolgushev, podziwa kuti dziko lino tingayambe mfundo iliyonse, monga kumvutitsa kapena manyazi Russia. Inde, ndi ankagwiritsidwanso ntchito pa mapeto a XV atumwi, pamene otchedwa "nsautso" osati kufufuza. Pambuyo nkhondo Tartar dziko lathu lalembedwa vassalage - tributary ndale. Ganizo amvekere "ndi Simungachite adzalamulira" anabadwa, mwachionekere, mu zothetsera Khan chifukwa ulendo woyamba, ndipo onse wotsatira, akuyamba ndi muyitano bwalo la kalonga.
Kalonga choyamba, analandira chizindikiro
Prince Vladimir ndi Suzdal Yuri Vsevolodovich anafa pa mpanda wa lodziwika bwino Kitezh mu Harakorum, likulu la a Mongol Ufumu, anali kutchedwa m'bale wake Jaroslaw. ulendo wake woyamba imatengedwa bwino ndipo ngakhale kutchedwa bwino zamtendere. The chizindikiro choyamba kulamulira chinali chakuti, bambo a Aleksandra Nevskogo. Pa ulendo wachiwiri wa gulu iye chiphe regent Turashnoy wamasiye qaan Ugedei. Nthawi yomweyo anaitanitsa bwalo la Alexander, mwina ndi cholinga chomwecho kupha. Koma pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, Kalonga wa Novgorod zaka 4 sizinayambe mu gulu la. Poisoner yokha zowawa tsoka chomwecho - miyezi iwiri pambuyo chitunda kuti mpando wachifumu wa mwana wake, iye anaphedwa mu njira yomweyo. Pa bwalo la Batu Khan m'kati ngakhale zikhumbo anthu.
Machenjerero ndipo zokhota
Kukwera ku likulu Khan inali yofunika chifukwa yekha kalonga, analandira chizindikiro kulamulira, ankaonedwa wolamulira yovomerezeka. Ndipo sanali akalonga kwambiri, komanso achindunji. Aulesi ndi ulendo wa kalonga zololeka osankhidwa a Kiev Svyatoslav kutsitsidwa m'bale wake Michael. N'chifukwa chiyani hayala zimenezi zinali choncho zofunika? Choyamba, za msonkho adadza kwa Lazaro asilikaliwa. Koma chiyambi cha zipolowe otchuka, makamaka Novgorod. Gulu adalipo kulamulira kwa maukulu kutali choncho ankatembenukira ndi levying a msonkho kwa akalonga okha. Kuti ndi malo kalonga anali woposa chakudya - tributes adawalamulira kwambiri kuposa chinaperekedwa kwa gulu. Kalonga, analandira chizindikiro kulamulira kwambiri kuwonjezera chuma chawo. N'chifukwa chake oipa ndipo mwamsanga yolambalalitsira olamulira yovomerezeka kugwa pa mapazi a Khan, amene ankamuona ngati wapamwamba mkulu wa Russia. Ulendo panali wapatali okhalitsa. Choncho, akathyali wandale Ivan Kalita nthawi ya ulamuliro wake anakhala mu gulu ndi njira kupeza kuti ndi kuchokera pamenepo. Mdzukulu wa Aleksandra Nevskogo Prince wa Moscow Yuri Danilovich III ankakhala mlingo wa zaka 2, anakwatira mlongo wa Khan, motero mumapezera ndi chizindikiro pa ulamuliro waukulu.
Wokongola, wamphamvu yonse, amene sanaonekenso
Malinga ndi chizindikiro nkhani anali mbale zagolide, omwe m'mbali akhala anamaliza. Munalinso dzenje yopachikapo. Kuposa chachirendo kuti panalibe chizindikiro golide. Anapanga zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, si anakhudzidwa ndi nthawi, kusewera mu mbiri ya Russia mbali yaikulu - n'kuthawa. Zolemba anali unayendera atsogoleri. Iwo onse mbisoweka paulendo gulu lonselo ankaliphera pamodzi. Vuto la Russia wakale anali oweruza kawirikawiri anali ndi ana ambiri, ndi lalikulu mayunitsi Kupititsa wosweka pakati pawo, osatembenukira ku fiefdoms yaing'ono. Iye anawonekera wandale anzeru, ogwirizana iwo kwa kanthawi, kenako mobwerezabwereza. Choncho, pa chiyambi cha XIII atumwi ku Russia, kupatula zina zazing'ono, panali akuluakulu awiri ukulu - Vladimir ndi Kiev, kumene woyamba anali wamphamvu kwambiri ndi zikuluzikulu wachiwiri. Choncho, kupeza chizindikiro pa ulamuliro waukulu wa Vladimir anali wokondedwa loto la akalonga ambiri, kuphatikizapo Aleksandra Nevskogo. Potsiriza iye anafika kwa chiguluchi pamodzi ndi mchimwene wake Andreya, analoledwa kuti Kyiv tebulo, zimene wakhumudwa kwambiri.