Olamulira loyamba la Russia. Olamulira a Russia wakale: Kuwerengera ndiponso achita

Mu kukula kwa East European Plain Asilavo ankakhala ku nthawi makedzana, makolo athu mwachindunji. Komabe sindikudziwa pamene iwo anafika kumeneko. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma iwo Posakhalitsa tinakhazikika ambiri mu waterway chachikulu cha zaka. m'matauni Asilavo ndi midzi anauka kwa Baltic pa Nyanja Black. Ngakhale kuti iwo anali mtundu wa mafuko, makamaka asapita mtendere pakati pa iwo anali asanakhalepo.

The infighting zonse mofulumira kumkuza akalonga a mafuko amene posakhalitsa zinali zopambana, ndipo anayamba kulamulira lonse Kievan Lazaro. Zinali wolamulira woyamba wa Russia, amene maina yatsikira kwa ife kudzera mndandanda wosatha wa zaka zimene zapita kuyambira apo.

Riurik (862-879)

Za choonadi cha chithunzi nkhaniyi adakali othamanga kutsutsana pakati pa asayansi. Kaya panali munthu wotereyu, kapena chikhalidwe chofanana, anauziridwa ndi onse olamulira loyamba la Russia. Kaya iye anali akunja, kaya Chisilavo. Mwa njira, ife pafupifupi sindikudziwa za amene anali olamulira a Russia pamaso Rurik, kotero kuti zonse chokhazikika pa mfundo pa nkhani imeneyi.

Msilavo n'kutheka, chifukwa akhoza Rurik dzina ikumasuliridwa Norman chilankhulo amatchedwa "Rurik" dzina lakuti kwa Chimphamba, amene chinenero Chisilavo Chakale. Chirichonse chimene icho chinali, koma kuti ankaona anayambitsa Old boma onse Russian. Rurik bedinil (monga izo zinali n'kotheka), ambiri Asilavo mafuko pansi pa mkono wake.

Komabe, mu malonda, ndi mosiyanasiyana bwino, pafupifupi olamulira onse a Russia. Ndi kuyamika khama lawo, dziko lathu lero imakhala malo ofunika pa mapu a dziko lapansi.

Oleg (879-912)

Panali mwana Rurik a Igor, koma anali wamng'ono kwambiri pa nthawi ya imfa ya atate ake, koma chifukwa cha Grand Duke anakhala namkungwi, Oleg. Adalemekeza dzina lake ndi militancy cha mwayi kuti iye anali limodzi panjira asilikali. N'zodabwitsa kwambiri kuchita nkhondo ndi Constantinople, amene anatsegula Asilavo chiyembekezo zosaneneka ku akutulukira mwayi malonda ndi maiko akutali kum'mawa. m'nthawi yake ankawalemekeza kwambiri wotchedwa "aulosi Oleg".

Kumene, wolamulira woyamba wa Russia anali mafanizo lodziwika bwino kuti zochita zawozo weniweni ife mosakayika konse motsimikiza koma Oleg kwenikweni anali umunthu kwambiri.

Igor (912-945)

Igor, mwana wa Rurik Mwachitsanzo Oleg komanso ankakonda anapitiriza kuyenda ulendo, Ufumuyo kwambiri m'dziko, koma kuti sanachite bwino wankhondo, ndipo nkhondo yake yolimbana Greece ndipo onse anali zokhumudwitsa. Zinali zovuta, nthawi zambiri "anatenga" mafuko anagonjetsa kwa wotsiriza, umene pambuyo pake analipira. Igor anachenjeza kuti drevlyans n'kovuta, analangiza kutenga polyude kumuwombera kwambiri. Sanamvere ndipo anaphedwa. Ambiri, kamodzi anauza mndandanda TV "Olamulira a Russia."

Olga (945-957)

Komabe, drevlyans posachedwa chisoni zochita zake. mkazi Igor ndi Olga, poyamba ankachita ndi awiri a akazembe awo kumangosokoneza mgwirizano, kenako kuwotchedwa mudzi waukulu Drevlyane, Korosten. M'nthawi umboni kuti ndi malingaliro chidwi wofuna stiffness. Mu ulamuliro wake, iye sanataye inchi umodzi wa dziko anagonjetsedwa ndi mwamuna ndi makolo ake. Amadziwika kuti anatengera Chikhristu m'tsogolo.

Svjatoslav (957-972)

Svyatoslav anapita kholo lake, Oleg. Komanso ankasiyana mtima, mosazengereza, kulunjika. Anali wankhondo wamkulu, analamulira ndipo anagonjetsa mafuko ambiri Asilavo, ankakonda kumumenya Pechenegs, anthu anadana. Monga atsogoleri ena a Russia, ankakonda (ngati nkotheka) kukambirana "mwamtendere." Ngati mafuko anavomera kuvomereza Ukulu wa Kiev ndi msonkho kwakhululukidwa, ngakhale olamulira sizinasinthe.

Mayina mpaka undefeated Vyatichi (amene adalipo kulimbana m'nkhalango awo moti), iye anaswa Khazars, ndipo anatenga Tmutarakan. Ngakhale kukula ka kumuwombera bwinobwino anamenyana ndi Bulgarians pa Danube. Iye anagonjetsa Adrianople, ndi kuopseza kuti kutenga Constantinople. Agiriki amakonda kulipira wolemera msonkho. Pobwerera, anaphedwa pamodzi ndi timu pa Dnieper mathithi, akuphedwa ndi Pechenegs chomwecho. Amaganiza kuti malupanga ndi zotsala za zida zinali kumuwombera wake anapeza pomanga Dnieper.

General makhalidwe a zana la 1

Kuyambira pamenepo, onse pa mpando wachifumu analamulira olamulira loyamba la Russia, nthawi ya zipolowe ndi ndewu zonse pang'onopang'ono anayamba lidzatha. Ndiye anadza kuti wachibale: Kalonga retinue kumbuyo malire kwa mkuwa ndi zoopsa mafuko wosamukasamuka, ndi iwo, nawonso, alonjeza kuthandiza Ankhondo, ndipo analipira msonkho kwa deta lenileni la msonkho. The kuganizira za akalonga a anali Khazars: panthawi imeneyo iwo analipira msonkho (osati nthawi zonse, nthawi yotsatira ya kunkhondo), ambiri mafuko Asilavo, amene kwambiri kuchichepetsa mphamvu ya boma.

Vuto lina linali kupanda chikhulupiriro chofala. Pa Asilavo omwe anagonjetsa Constantinople, amene ndi kunyoza, monga pa nthawi imeneyo kale mwachangu anaika mmodzi (Chiyuda, Christianity), ndi Amitundu mwina nyama. Koma mafuko kwamtuwagalu zoyesayesa zonse kusokoneza chikhulupiriro chawo. nkhani iyi "Olamulira a Russia" - filimu ndi zoona ndithu kuti choonadi cha chi.

Izi zimathandiza kuti kuchuluka kwa chipwirikiti yaing'ono boma wamng'ono. Koma Olga, amene Chikristu ndipo anayamba kulimbikitsa ndi limalimbikitsa ntchito yomanga Akhristu a mipingo mu Kiev, chinabweretsa ubatizo wa dziko. Kuyambira cha m'ma yachiwiri imene olamulira a Russia wakale walenga kwambiri zinthu zazikulu.

St. Vladimir. Sts (980-1015)

Monga tikudziwa, pakati Yaropolk, Oleg ndi Vladimir, olowa nyumba Svyatoslav, ine sindinayambe anali kukonda abale. Iwo sanali kuthandiza kuti bambo wake pa moyo wake kumatanthauza aliyense wa iwo m'dziko lawo. The upshot chinali anawononga abale Vladimir ndipo anayamba kulamulira yekha.

kalonga uyu, mkulu wa Russia wakale, anaba Red Lazaro regiments, ndipo ambiri kumenyana molimba motsutsa Pechenegs ndi Bulgarians. Iye anatchuka kwambiri monga wolamulira wowolowa manja, amene anadzipereka golide kupereka mphatso kwa anthu okhulupirika kwa iye. Choyamba, iye anapitiriza pafupifupi onse Akhristu a mipingo ndipo mipingo, omwe adamangidwa pa amayi ake, ndipo dera ena achikhristu anazunzidwa zonse kwa iye.

Koma nkhani zandale kwambiri moti dziko ofunika kutsogolera kwa Mulungu mmodzi. Komanso, m'nthawi kunena za mmene amphamvu amene kunabuka pa kalonga kwa kalonga Byzantine Anna. A achikunja wake palibe amene adzapereka. Choncho olamulira a Russia wakale anavomera za kufunika kubatizidwa.

N'chifukwa chake kale mu chaka 988 zinachitika ubatizo wa kalonga ndi anamuperekeza ake onse, ndiyeno chipembedzo chatsopano anayamba kufalitsa pakati pa anthu. Basil ndi Constantine, mfumu ya Byzantium, anapatsidwa Anna ndi Prince Vladimir. About Vladimir m'nthawi analankhula wokhwimitsa, molimba (nthawi zina nkhanza) munthu, koma anamukonda iye chifukwa cha mtima kwake, kukhulupirika ndi chilungamo. mpingo akadali amamutamanda a kalonga, chifukwa anayamba massively kumanga makachisi dziko ndi mipingo. Zinali wolamulira woyamba wa Russia, anabatizidwa.

Sviatopolk (1015-1019)

Ngati bambo ake, Vladimir pa moyo wake iye anagawira dzikolo kwa ana ake ambiri: Svyatopolk, Izyaslav, Jaroslaw, Mstislav, Svyatoslav, Boris ndi Gleb. Bambo anamwalira, Sviatopolk anaganiza kulamulira yekha, lomwe linalamula kuchotsa abale awo, koma anachotsedwa Kiev ndi Yaroslav a Novgorod.

Ndi thandizo la Polish Mfumu Boleslaw wolimba, iye anali wokhoza kuti adziwe Kiev sekondale, koma anthu anatenga izo ozizira. Posachedwapa, iye anathawira kumzinda, ndi kufa pa njira. imfa yake - nkhani mdima. Amaganiza kuti iye anatenga moyo wake. Mu mwambo wowerengeka dzina "wotembereredwa."

Yaroslav Mudry (1019-1054)

Jaroslav mwamsanga anayamba kulamulira osadalira pa Kievan Lazaro. Lodziwika maganizo waukulu, wachita kwambiri pa chitukuko cha dziko. Anamanga mchitidwe umenewu ambiri, chinathandiza kufalitsa a kulemba. analembadi wake wa "Russian Choonadi" woyamba boma mndandanda wa malamulo ndipo anaika mu dziko lathu. Monga makolo ake, pomwepo anapatsa ana a ziwembu dziko, koma kwadzaoneni "mwamtendere, machenjera a wina ndi mzake osati kukonza."

Izjaslav (1054-1078)

Izyaslav anali mwana wamkulu wa Yaroslav. Poyamba malamulo Kiev, adadziwa monga wolamulira wabwino, koma anthu kudziwa bwino kwambiri. Last ndi zinathandiza kwambiri. Pamene anapita Polovtsy ndipo zikatero mavuto mu msonkhano, anthu a Kiev izo chabe kunja, nuyitane pa ulamuliro wa m'bale wake, Svyatoslav. Atamwalira, Izyaslav anabwerera ku likulu.

Kwenikweni, anali wolamulira wabwino kwambiri, koma gawo ake anagwa nthawi kovuta kwambiri. Ngati olamulira onse oyambirira Kievan Lazaro, iye anali kuthetsa kwambiri a mafunso ovuta.

General maonekedwe a atumwi 2

Patapita zaka zambiri kuchokera Russia chionekera angapo pafupifupi palokha maukulu: Kiev (champhamvu), Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal (Vladimir-Suzdal Patapita), wotchedwa Galicia-Volyn. Paokha ataima Novgorod. Galimoto vechem chitsanzo cha polis Greek, iye zambiri anayang'ana pa akalonga, osati zabwino kwambiri.

Ngakhale kugawikana imeneyi, yokhala Russia amaona kuti zimene zimachitika palokha. Jaroslaw anatha kukankhira malire ake mpaka ros Mtsinje (a tributary wa Dnieper). Pansi Vladimir dziko Christianity, kukula chikoka Byzantium pa zochitika zake mkati.

Choncho, pa mutu wa kumene analenga Metropolitan Mpingo ukuima, inati mwachindunji Constantinople. Chikhulupiriro chatsopano kunabweretsa osati chipembedzo komanso zilembo latsopano, malamulo atsopano. Akalonga nthawi kuti anachita mu konsati mpingo, anamanga mipingo ing'onoing'ono yatsopano, kulimbikitsa maphunziro a anthu ake. Inali nthawi imeneyi iye anakhala wotchuka Nestor, yemwe ndi wolemba za mbiri zambiri zolembedwa za nthawi.

Mwatsoka, izo sizinali choncho yosalala. vuto wosatha ngati anawazunza zonse wongosamukasamuka, ndi chotetana mkati, mayiko zonse ong'ambika, opanda mphamvu zake. Malingana Nestor, woyambitsa "Ikani" kwa iwo, "moans dziko Russian." Amayamba kudziwonetsa malingaliro maphunziro a mpingo, koma ndi zoipa zimene anthu kutsatira chipembedzo chatsopano.

Choncho anayamba zaka za zana lachitatu.

Vsevolod I (1078-1093)

Vsevolod loyamba tikhoza kupita pansi mu mbiri monga chitsanzo wolamulira. Iye adali woona, moona, chinathandiza mapangidwe ndi chitukuko cha chinenero, iye ankadziwa zinenero zisanu. Koma iye analibe asilikali anayamba ndi matalente ndale. anawazunza zonse Polovtsy, mliri, chilala, ndi njala sadzakhala achititsa kuti ulamuliro wake. Only mwana wake Vladimir, kenako dzina Monomakh, nakhala pa mpando wachifumu wa atate wake (a mlandu lapadera pakati pa zinthu zina).

Sviatopolk II (1093-1113)

Anali mwana wa Izyaslav, chinasiyana ndi khalidwe labwino, koma iye anali ofooka wofuna kwambiri m'madera ena, kupanga akalonga yeniyeni ndi suona kuti Grand Duke. Komabe, analamulira bwino: Mverani malangizo a yemweyo Vladimir Monomakh, pa Dolobskom Congress mu 1103 anakopa adani ake kuti msonkhano wokopa olowa za "atsoka" Polovtsian, ndiyeno 1111 anali balala.

kupanga asilikali anali zoopsa. Grand Atsogoleri Akuimira Ndani wa Polotsk pafupifupi awiri khumi anaphedwa mu nkhondo imeneyo. Kupambana kumeneku mokweza kufalitsa m'madera wa Asilavo mu zonse East ndi West.

Vladimir Monomakh (1113-1125)

Ngakhale kuti mkulu sanali ayenera atenge mpando wa Kiev, Vladimir anasankhidwa kuti chisankho chimodzi. chikondi ndi chifukwa chosowa ndale ndi pa nkhondo talente imodzi ya Prince. Lodziwika malingaliro, mtima ndale ndi pa nkhondo, anali wolimba kwambiri ntchito ya usilikali.

Aliyense ntchito yochotsa Polovtsian ankaona holide (Cumans maganizo ake alibe). Ndi pamene Monomakh chopambanitsa achangu pa nkhani za ufulu wa akalonga ndi okhwima adzafupikitsidwa. Masamba mbeu "Malangizo Ana", amene akulankhula za kufunika kwa utumiki moona ndi mosadzikonda kuti Mama.

Mstyslav I (1125-1132)

Potsatira malangizo a bambo ake, iye ankakhala mu dziko ndi abale ake ndi akalonga ena, koma m'kati pa lingaliro limodzi la kupanduka ndi kufunafuna nkhondo yapachiweniweni. Choncho, akalonga Polovtsian mokwiya awaponya kuchokera ku milaga, kenako iwo anathawira ku wolamulira wosakhutira ku Byzantium. Mu, ambiri a olamulira Kievan Lazaro anayesa dala kupha adani awo.

Jaropolk (1132-1139)

Iye amadziwika zokhota mwaluso ndale, kenako anatembenukira zoipa mwachibale kwa "Monomakh". Kumapeto kwa ulamuliro wake, aganiza pochitika mpandowachifumu kuti m'bale wake sanatero, ndi mphwake. Ndi pafupifupi Kodi sangafikire zipolowe, koma mpando wachifumu akadali kumbuyo ana a Oleg Sviatoslavovych, "O.". Posakhalitsa Komabe.

Vsevolod II (1139-1146)

Vsevolod ankasiyana maganizo abwino ndithu wolamulira, analamulira mwanzeru ndi molimba. Koma iye ankafuna kupereka mpando Igoryu Olegovichu, Kupeza ndi "O.". Koma anthu a Kiev sanamuzindikire Igor, anakakamizika kutenga kumene kumakhala Amonke malonjezo, ndiyeno kwathunthu anaphedwa.

Izjaslav II (1146-1154)

Koma anthu a Kiev anasangalala ndi Izyaslav II Mstislavovich kuti luso lake wanzeru ndale, asilikali olimba mtima ndi malingaliro momveka bwino anamukumbutsa cha agogo ake, Monomakh. Iye ndiye anayambitsa otsala kuyambira ulamuliro unquestioned ya chala: ngati mukukhala amalume Kalonga monga choncho, mphwake kuti mpando wake wachifumu sindingakhoze.

Ine ndinali mu wosamwerana madzi zoopsa ndi Yuri Vladimirovich, Kalonga wa Rostov-Suzdal. dzina lake sindinena kalikonse ambiri, koma pambuyo pake Yuri Dolgoruky prozovut. Izyaslav kawiri anathamanga ku Kiev, koma asanamwalire sanasiye wachifumu.

Yuri Dolgorukiy (1154-1157)

Yuri potsiriza atapeza mwayi ife wopita kumpando wa Kiev. Popeza anakhala pa izo kwa zaka zitatu zokha, adakwaniritsa mwaife kwambiri: akhoza chotheka pofuna kusangalatsa (kapena kuwalanga) akalonga anapereka kugwirizanitsa mayiko inasokoneza m'mphamvu amphamvu. Koma ntchito yake yonse inali analikodi, kuyambira Dolgoruky akukangana pakati pa akalonga atamwalira Inayamba mwakhama.

Mstyslav II (1157-1169)

Ndi bwinja, mikangano anatsogolera chakuti mu ulamuliro wa Mstislav II Izyaslavovich. Iye anali wolamulira wabwino, koma ankasiyana si bwino kwambiri kuwakonda ndi angachite Knyazhye ndewu ( "kugawaniza ndi ulamuliro"). Iwo amatulutsa ku Kiev Andrei Yurevich, mwana wa Dolgoruky. Amadziwika mu mbiri pansi pa dzina Bogolyubsky.

Mu 1169, Andrew sunali kwa Kuchotsedwa kwa adani oipa a bambo ake, imodzi moto pansi Kiev. Chotero iye anatenga kubwezera pa nthawi yomweyo, ndi anthu a Kiev, amene n'kuti anapeza chizolowezi akalonga kutulutsa nthawi iliyonse, akuitana kwa Duchy wake aliyense akanalonjeza iwo "mkate ndi pamasewera".

Andrew Bogolyubskii (1169-1174)

Mwamsanga pamene Andrew anatenga ulamuliro, nthawi yomweyo anagwidwa likulu kumzinda wake ndiwotani, Vladimir pa Klyazma. Kuyambira pamenepo, udindo waukulu wa Kiev yomweyo anayamba kufooketsa. Mapeto a moyo wakhala wouma mtima ndi wopondereza, Bogolyubskii sankalola nkhanza ambiri boyars ndi, pofuna kukhazikitsa mphamvu autocratic. anthu ambiri sanagwirizane nazo, koma chifukwa Andrew anaphedwa mu chiwembu a.

Choncho anachita wolamulira woyamba wa Russia? Tebulo amayankha ambiri funso limeneli.

nyengo	mbali
M'zaka 100 zoyambirira	Kulengedwa kwa chiwonetsero cha dziko lamphamvu ndi logwirizana, kutetezera malire ake kuchokera kwa adani. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chikristu monga gawo lofunika kwambiri pazandale komanso zachitukuko
Zaka Zachiŵiri	Kukula kwambiri kwa gawo la Russia, kukangana ndi kuyesa "kulekanitsa"
Zaka za zana lachitatu	Kuwonjezereka kwina kwa maiko atsopano, chiyanjanitso cha akalonga ena osakhutika, kulengedwa kwa zofunikila za autocracy

Momwemonso, olamulira onse a ku Russia ochokera ku Ryurik mpaka ku Putin anachita chimodzimodzi. Gome silingathe kufotokozera mavuto onse omwe anthu athu adakumana nawo mu njira yovuta ya mapangidwe a boma.