Periodization wa Aroma, magawo a kusanduka

The zamoyo wa periodization la malamulo a Roma - malingaliro koyamba kuphunzira khalidwe malamulo, monga izo zinali malamulo a Aroma kuthi mtengo konsekonse. Ichi ndi chifukwa chakuti iwo ali kunja kwa anawasema miyambo ya anthu pa nthawi lidzasinthidwa ingachititse chilengedwe malamulo a dziko wakale. Periodization la malamulo a Aroma momveka bwino m'mene zinachitikira. Ndicho za izo Tikambirana zina.

chachikale chinkawavuta nthawi

Periodization magwero malamulo a Aroma:

• lamulo osalembedwa.
• miyambo ya makolo ndi chikhalidwe.
• malamulo a mfumu.

Mu 510, mfumu (Rex) wagwetsedwa anakhazikitsa Republic wopangidwa mwa nzika ufulu (civis). Choncho dzina "ufulu wachibadwidwe", ndiko kukhala mfulu.

Predklassichesky nthawi: ndi codification loyamba

Periodization codification la malamulo a Aroma akuyamba ndi kuika choyamba - "Malamulo a matebulo 12." Ufulu kulimbana kwa plebeians ndi patricians ku Rome zinachititsa kuti maonekedwe mu 451 BC. e. malamulo koyamba ku Roma. Kumene, iwo anali mwachindunji ndinaganiza, malamulo onse kuti analipo kale mu mawonekedwe a miyambo osiyana, koma patricians anali motsutsa izo, chifukwa izo kumana iwo outrages zosiyanasiyana mmadera. Tsopano ubale zonse mwalamulo lokhazikika.

"Malamulo 12 matebulo" anakonza ntchito yapadera ya decemvir, limene kwa zaka wamanga iwo.

Chipilala ankaimira mmalo choti ponseponse wosanganiza: katundu, procedural, chigawenga ndipo ngakhale malamulo ena apolisi. Koma ngakhale izi, dongosolo la anali anakhalabe thematically: Poyamba anayenda malamulo procedural, ndiye kunabwera mitu ya nkhani kwa malamulo a banja, ndi chitatu - chigawenga chakudya, chakhumi womangika ulemerero pa mwambo wa maliro, zinthu zimene ndikuganiza kuti anthu Roma anali ndi vuto lonse, ndi T. d.

thupi ili anatumikira monga chitsanzo cha tsogolo codification ya malamulo, monga iwo ali conciseness kumva.

Periodization la chilamulo payekha Roma zimachokera pano. "Malamulo 12 matebulo" kwa nthawi yoyamba analemba chuma payekha kuti ndiotetezedwa pansi pa ululu wa imfa, ndipo mtchatho ukapolo.

Periodization ya malamulo ya Roma; ulaliki wa chidziwitso Pontifical malamulo

Pontiffs si ansembe wa Rome, monga anthu ambiri amaganiza, kani, ndi achilamulo woyamba kupereka malangizo kwa anthu. Iwo anali chilinganizo milandu ndi kutanthauzira lamulo. No zinthu zina kuposa anthu akhazikitsidwa mu "matebulo 12", analibe gulu malamulo.

Pontiffs anali okhawo pa mafotokozedwe a malamulo malamulo a Chipilala, monga onse owona anali mu kachisi wa Saturn. N'kuthekanso yokhala kulongosola ntchito malamulo ndi mawu ndi zinthu zina si ataphimbidwa ndi lamulo. Kuti kwenikweni anachita matabwa ano ntchito ya Khoti Lalikulu m'dziko lathu.

Kutalikirana kwa milandu

Mlandu periodization la malamulo a Aroma kunayamba 367 BC. e. ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa lamulo, ndi E umene unali Tribune Licinius stolons. Malinga ndi izo, mmodzi wa nthumwi ziwiri (udindo wapamwamba) ano tiyenera osankhidwa plebeians lapansi. Sankasangalala ndi patricians zotayika okhawo awo pa mphamvu boma zapamwamba mu ufumuwo. Monga "chitonthozo mphoto" ndipo chilengedwe cha udindo watsopano yekha - ndi praetor m'tauni, wothandizira nthumwi, amene makamaka chilungamo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Kugawilidwa kwanthaka nchito za boma latsopanolo - milandu.

ntchito ya praetor ndi

Pretor anasangalala ulamuliro waukulu mu mzinda anamvera moyo zachuma, wotuluka malonda, aziweruza milandu.

Kumene ntchito yake potengera malamulo alipo, koma nthawi zambiri zosankha zake anamuka iwo. Nthawi zina maweruzo a masiku ano si amenable kuti kufotokoza iliyonse. woweruza osiyana lero, monga ndiye, wokhudza ofanana amamasulira njira zosiyana.

Periodization la malamulo a Aroma zikuphatikizapo chochitika chofunika - Hydrangea Act, pachibwenzi 287 chaka BC. e. Malinga ndi iye, zochita zonse za chisankhocho ayenera kutsatira nzika zonse zadziko. Ndi mtundu wa kusankha wa aphungu mu la Republic Roma. Tsopano yokhala plebeians anali ndi udindo waukulu, monga chigamulo cha thupi nthumwi chidzakhala chomangidwa ndi onse. Patricia sanali anali ndi ufulu wopanga malamulo. The plebeians anali ndi mwayi wapadera komanso udindo, chifukwa iwo anali otseguka kwa onse pokhalabe ndi exclusivity la chuma cha oweruza plebeian.

Zikamera wa "ufulu wa anthu" ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka yomaliza ya mfumu ufulu

Periodization wa mbiri ya malamulo achiroma zazikulu predklassichesky nthawi pamodzi ndi anthu wamba kumanja mfumu ndi mapangidwe otchedwa ufulu wa anthu. Rome anagonjetsa Carthage n'kulanda lonse la Italy, anayamba kukuza malire ake padziko lonse. Kukakamiza angathe choti izo kulamulira, zinali kenanso.

Mosiyana ndi lamulo Roma - kusinthasintha, anatengera kwa zenizeni latsopano. anthu atsopano ndi munthu malamulo dongosolo, chikhalidwe ndi miyambo. Kugwirizanitsa dziko lonse pansi pa malamulo a mzinda kunali kosatheka.

Pansi pa zikhalidwe izi, mu 242, ndi Kugawilidwa kwanthaka wa udindo wapadera wa Praetor, bata timakhala pakati pa nzika za Roma ndi Pellegrino (alendo).

mphamvu Judicial unapatsidwa kwa woweruza mseri amene ayenera kugwira ndondomeko monga mwa chilinganizo wapadera (pa mitunduyi). Komanso mitunduyi (njira) anaika edicta zomwe mwanena, amene ubale adzatetezedwa pa positi Pretoria. M'mawu ena, anakhazikitsa malamulo procedural, komanso mtundu wa malamulo sekondale ndi munthu winawake. The Praetor watsopano, zokhazikitsa m'mbuyomu, koma iye sakanakhoza ndi kulenga atsopano. Kusinthana sizinali zofunikira.

Praetor sakanachita mu kutsutsana ndi "matebulo 12" ndi malamulo ena a chisankhocho ndi Senate, koma ngakhale chitukuko yamakono ya malamulo momveka bwino kuti n'zosatheka mankhwala zizindikiro zinthu zonse. Aliyense nkhani zamalamulo - payekha ndondomeko ndi zina zabwino zake. Malamulo a Aroma ndi zokhazo kamakumba una malamulo, magwero a munali "matebulo 12" zothetsera chisankhocho ndi ena mwa Senates sanathe imakhudza mbali zonse za moyo. Zovuta zinthu "Chabwino wa amitundu" pamene yowonjezera Roma pa zinthu zina.

Zonsezi anapereka praetors mwayi kupanga zosankha zawo pa mphindi wolongolola ndi maganizo. Koma kwenikweni malamulo anu sanali yovomerezeka. Judicial chitsanzo si gwero la malamulo. Zinthu zinasintha ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa Chilamulo Ebutsiya mu theka lachiwiri la II. BC. e. Iye mtchatho ndi njira malamulo a oweruza milandu.

Mkubwela kwa lamulo pretorskogo mmene lilili ndi chikalata kutetezela ufulu payekha katundu, monga zifukwa zambiri kwa woweruza milandu amalandira wokhudza katundu. Choncho anthu allocated wapadera Praetor, kuchita mikangano zachuma pakati pa nzika za Roma ndi Pellegrino.

Periodization wa chitukuko cha lamulo la Aroma zikuphatikizapo chinthu chofunika - kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo August 17 BC. e. chimene chinathetsedwa kukhazikitsa zokhazikitsa zawo zachiphamaso za aliyense Praetor latsopano. njira zonse ndiye anali ogwirizana ndi dongosolo malamulo kakusintha zosintha, ndipo ambiri Chofunika, systematization.

Izi zinali zofunikira, kuyambira Rome monga boma anali chida chachikulu. Chaka kusintha malamulo ndi njira procedural yekha anakula malonda ndi ulamuliro wa utsogoleri. Ngakhale Pelegrin anakwanitsa kufika ku chigawo lakutali, takhala kusintha malamulo. Fast kusinthasintha ndi kusintha zonse malamulo zofunika boma yaing'ono. Pamene munakonza ufumu waukulu M'malo mwake, ankafunika kuteteza ndi kugwirizana kwa njira zonse.

Features wa nthawi chakale

Komanso periodization malamulo a Aroma zikuphatikizapo nthawi ya nyengo zachikhalidwe. Mu 27 BC ku Rome anapanga Principate. magwero onse a chilamulo ndi anaikira okha m'manja mwa mfumu kudzera malamulo a (constitutionis principium). Onsewo kuthana ndi mavuto atsopano a boma ndi ogaŵikana akamagwiritsa 4:

1. Zokhazikitsa - malamulo ambiri.
2. Malamulo - malamulo pa nkhani yeniyeni.
3. Rescripts - Kumasulira nkhani zovuta.
4. Ikugwirira - kufotokozera ntchito za akuluakulu.

Features za chitukuko za malamulo nthawi pambuyo chakale (284-476 gg. BC. E.)

Periodization la malamulo a Aroma Postclassic ikutha. Izi ndi lothandiza kwa kuchepa yomaliza ya malamulo ndi ntchito malamulo. Ngati nyengo yakale awo malamulo kupanga anali kugwirizana ndi mankhwala ndi kusintha kwa ndondomeko lachifumu, mu nthawi pambuyo chakale, iwo atembenukira kwa nduna wamba.

Pali periodization latsopano la malamulo a Roma zokhudza gulu la Roma mu West, ndiye anagwidwa ndi akunjawo, ndi kum'mawa.

ufulu Development kugwirizana ndi mfumu ya kum'mawa Roma ndi Constantine, amene anakonza Commission ya Jurists. Patangotha zaka 5 Adalenga 3 codification ndi:

1. Mabungwe - nduna Chiongoko cha sukulu malamulo okhazikika.
2. Dagesty - chopereka cha ntchito zonse za jurists Roma.
3. Code - magulu malamulo lachifumu (constitution).

Pa Justinian Code angwiro, zimene zinaphatikizapo mabuku - Justinian malamulo (choncho akuti "chilungamo").

Periodization ndi magawo yaikulu ya zamoyo wa Aroma

1. Chachikale chinkawavuta nyengo (753-451 BC.) -. 7 mafumu ulamuliro. magwero Main: chilamulo choncho kapena malamulo osalembedwa, malamulo ndi miyambo ya mfumu.
2. Development wa ufulu wachibadwidwe (451-449 BC.) -. Chirengedwe cha "Malamulo a XII matebulo", okhawo pa kumasulira lamanja la pontiffs lapansi.
3. Predklassichesky nthawi (3-1 m'ma BC ...) - yatsoka pretorskogo bwino ndi kupanga "anthu zoona."
4. Chakale nthawi (27 BC - .. 284 AD ..) - yekha gwero la malamulo a mfumu.
5. Postclassical (kuchokera 284 AD ..) - kufooka za malamulo West Rome, codification ndi jurisprudence kundiyendera bwino Byzantium.