Mbiri ya magetsi Russia: zikamera ndi kukula

Zikamera wa njira yamakono ya ntchito magetsi anali yoyamba angapo kufufuza mu sayansi ndi zomangamanga, anamwazikana mu nthawi mazana angapo. Science wachoka ndi mayina khumi nawo mbali iyi lothandiza kupanga. Ena mwa iwo ndi anthu ofufuza Russian.

Arc Petrova

Mbiri ya zikamera magetsi zikanakhala osiyana ngati si kwa sayansi experimental mwakhama kuphunzitsa Vasily Petrov (1761-1834). sayansi iyi, lotengeka ndi mwini pang'ono anamvetsa chidwi awo, anakhala zambiri zatsopano. A Kupambana n'kumene anapeza wake wa Arc magetsi mu 1802.

Petrov wasonyeza kuti akhoza kumwedwa zothandiza - kuphatikizapo zitsulo kuwotcherera akuponya ndi kuyatsa. Pa nthawi yomweyo lalikulu galvanic batire analengedwa ndi experimenter lapansi. Mbiri ya chitukuko magetsi alitcha kwambiri Vasily Petrov.

Yablochkov kandulo

inventor wina Russian amene anathandizira patsogolo mu gawo la mphamvu, - Pavel Yablochkov (1847-1894). Mu 1875, iye analenga nyali mpweya Arc. Kuseri kwa izo dzina lakuti "Yablochkov kandulo." Kwa nthawi yoyamba kuyambitsa zinasonyeza kuti anthu pa Paris World Exhibition. Choncho analemba mbiri za chiyambi cha dziko. Magetsi, m'lingaliro zimene ntchito kumvetsa izo zonse, ife ali pafupi.

Nyali Yablochkov, ngakhale malingaliro kunachitika ankalakwitsa zina zingapo amapha. Pambuyo disconnecting kuchokera ku gwero izo anamwalira kukonzanso kuyamba kandulo ndi zosatheka. Komabe, mbiri ya chiyambi magetsi a ufulu kuchoka mu mbiri zawo m'dzina la Paulo Yablochkov.

Incandescent Lodygina

Woyamba m'banja zokumana zokhudzana ndi magetsi m'tauni, inkachitikira Aleksandrom Lodyginym ku St. Petersburg mu 1873. Ndipo Iye anatulukira incandescent nyali. Komabe, pofuna analephera kuti atchule mankhwala atsopano mu opareshoni misa - izo walephera kutenga kagawo kakang'ono mu nyali mpweya ubiquitous. The setifiketi kwa tungsten filament anagulitsidwa kwa kampani akunja General Zamagetsi.

okonda Russian Koma sanataye changu. Atatsala pang'ono First World nkhondo "Zamagetsi kuunika Company" amamuonera lamanja popanga incandescent mababu. mapulani odzitukumula sanali ikuchitika chifukwa cha nkhondo, kuchepa zachuma ndi chitayiko ambiri. Ndi 1917, incandescent mababu anali kokha mu zigawo wolemera m'masitolo bwino, ndi zina zotero .. Ambiri, ngakhalenso mu mitu iwiri yokha magawo atatu a nyumba za m'buku Kuphunzira amenewa. Chifukwa magetsi kwambiri anthu nkhawa poganizira za moyo wapamwamba zosaneneka, ndipo aliyense latsopano anasonyeza kuyatsa chidwi zikwi kwa nzika zonse.

"Mphamvu Kufala"

Mwina nkhani ya zikamera wa magetsi Russia padzakhala osiyana ngati kwa zaka XIX-XX. panalibe mavuto ndi chakudya magetsi. Ngati mafakitare m'midzi, kapena m'mizinda anapereka okha ndi gwero mphamvu zatsopano, iwo amayenera kugula magudumu ndi mphamvu otsika. Koma panalibe boma mapulogalamu ndalama electrification. Ngati izi ndi kanthu kwa mzinda, izo kawirikawiri amatanthauza zachilendo anaimirira kunja kwa bins ndi malo thumba.

Magetsi Mbiri imasonyeza kuti kusintha kwakukulu kugwirizana ndi electrification, dziko akwaniritsa pokhapokha iwo anaonekera mphamvu zonse. Ngakhale zili choncho, mphamvu ya makampani izi zokwanira kupereka mphamvu m'madera lonse. Woyamba magetsi ku Russia anaonekera mu 1912, ndi Mlengi wa chilengedwe ake onse anali chimodzimodzi "Zamagetsi kuunika Company."

The zomangamanga wakhala ndi zomangamanga zofunika Moscow Province. Siteshoni amatchedwa "mphamvu." Amaona bambo kukhazikitsidwa kwa ndondomeko injiniya Robert Classon. Mphamvu Mmera wonse, umene ukugwira ntchito lero, likudziwika ndi dzina lake. Poyamba ntchito ngati mafuta peat. Klasson anaperekanso malo pafupi ndi madzi (madzi zofunika kuzirala). M'zigawo za peat kuyang'anira Ivan Radchenko, amenenso unadziwika ngati woukira boma ndi membala wa RSDLP lapansi.

Chifukwa cha mbiri "mphamvu" ntchito magetsi analandira watsopano yowala page. Chifukwa nthawi yake zinali amamera. Mphamvu unaperekedwa kwa Moscow, koma mtunda anali makilomita 75 pa mzinda ndi siteshoni. Izi zinatanthauza kuti kunali koyenera kuti kugwira mkulu-voteji mzere, analogues amene anali asanakwere Russia. Zinthu zovuta chifukwa chakuti m'dzikoli munalibe malamulo malamulo kukhazikitsa ntchito imeneyi. The zingwe ayenera kudutsa malire a zigawo zambiri mfulu. Eni zinawonongeka siteshoni panokha molambalala olemekezeka ndi anayesa kumukakamiza kuti awathandize kanthu. Ngakhale onse, ife anakwanitsa kugwira mzere, ndi mbiri zoweta magetsi kuthi chitsanzo lalikulu. Moscow analandira mphamvu yake.

Station ndi trams

Iwo anaonekera mu nyengo ya Ufumu wa Russia, ndi mbewu zing'onozing'ono-ang'ono. Mbiri ya magetsi Russia alitcha kwambiri ku German industrialist Werner Von Siemens. Mu 1883 anagwira chiwalitsiro chikondwerero wa Moscow Kremlin. Pambuyo zinachitikira woyamba bwino kampani wake (amene anadzakhala kudziwika monga nkhawa dziko lonse) adalenga dongosolo kuyatsa wa Zima Palace ndi Nevsky Prospekt ku St. Petersburg. Mu chaka cha 1898, panali yaing'ono magetsi ku likulu kuti kulambalala njira. The Belgians awononga ndalama mu ankapitabe ofanana pa embankment, ndi Germany - ngakhale imodzi Novgorod msewu.

Mbiri ya magetsi anachepetsedwa osati maonekedwe a zomera. The sitima yoyamba mu Russian Ufumu anaonekera mu 1892 ku Kiev. Mu St. Petersburg, ndi njira yatsopano ya mabasi ndi magalimoto mu 1907 unkatchedwa mphamvu injiniya Heinrich Graftio. Makampani a polojekiti anali Germany. Pamene kunabuka nkhondo ndi Germany, iwo anachotsedwa likulu Russian, ndi ntchito ndi nthawi mantha.

Woyamba opangira magetsi siteshoni mphamvu

mbiri m'banja la magetsi mu nthawi yachifumu, chinali choyamba yaing'ono opangira magetsi zomera mphamvu. Oyambirira anaonekera pa Zyryanovsk wanga mu Altai Mountains. Kwambiri kutchuka anatsikira pa siteshoni ku St. Petersburg pa mtsinje Large Okhta. Mmodzi wa akuimanga inali yofanana Robert Classon. Kislovodsk opangira magetsi "White Malasha" ankatumikira monga gwero la mphamvu streetlights 400, mizere sitima ndi ntchito kwa madzi mchere.

Ndi 1913, pa mitsinje zosiyanasiyana Russian kale anali zikwi zomera ang'ono hydropower. Akatswiri amanena okwana mphamvu megawatts 19. Yaikulu opangira magetsi siteshoni anali Hindu Kusaya n'kumuika mu Turkestan (chimagwirira ntchito ngakhale lero). Pankhaniyi, madzulo a Dziko Lonse Yoyamba panali azimuth noticeable mu zigawo chapakati motsindika yomanga zomera matenthedwe mphamvu, ndi m'madera akutali - ndi mphamvu ya madzi. kulenga magetsi kwa mbiri Russian mumzinda anayamba chuma lalikulu la alendo. Ngakhale zipangizo siteshoni pafupifupi chilichonse anali achilendo. Mwachitsanzo, turbines anagula paliponse - kuchokera Austria, Hungary kuti US.

Mu nthawi 1900-1914 gg. mlingo wa electrification la Russia anali mmodzi wa apamwamba mu dziko. Pa nthawi yomweyo, panali kupotoza noticeable. Magetsi umaperekedwa makamaka kwa mafakitale, koma kufunika kwa zipangizo kunyumba anakhalabe otsika. Chofunika ndi vuto anapitiriza kupanda dongosolo wamakono dziko centralized a. Kupita patsogolo ndi makampani, pamene kwakukulukulu - yachilendo. Germany ndi Belgians makamaka ndalama zolipirira ntchito ku mitu iwiri, ndipo anayesera kuti pachiswe chuma chawo mu chigawo lakutali Russian.

electrification

Amene anadza kwa mphamvu October kuukira boma, ndi Bolsheviks mu 1920, anayamba dongosolo la electrification a dziko. chitukuko anayamba pa Civil nkhondo. Mutu wa ntchito (a electrification - Bungwe la boma Electrification la Russia) anaikidwa Gleb Krzhizhanovsky, amene kale anali ndi luso kugwira ntchito ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana mphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, anathandiza Robert Classon Station pa kuwaika mu chigawo Moscow. Okwana ntchito analengedwa ndi dongosolo, okhudza mazana awiri akatswiri ndi asayansi.

Ngakhale polojekiti chinali choti chitukuko cha mphamvu, komanso mmoyo lonse Soviet chuma. Mu anabwera Stalingrad thalakitala Bzalani monga Co-ankapitabe electrification. The mafakitale dera latsopano unachokera mu za Kuznetsk khala beseni, yomwe inayamba chitukuko cha chuma zedi madipoziti.

Malinga ndi dongosolo la electrification zinali kumangidwa 30 chigawo mphamvu mfundo (10 ndi 20 HPP TPP). Ambiri mwa makampani amenewa ntchito lero. Pakati pawo, Nizhny Novgorod, Kashira, Shatura Chelyabinsk ndi zomera matenthedwe mphamvu, komanso Volkhovskaya, Nizhny Novgorod ndi Dnieper HPP. Kukhazikitsa dongosolo kwachititsa kuti zikamera a regionalization latsopano chuma dziko. Mbiri ya kuwala ndi magetsi sangathe zogwirizana ndi chitukuko cha dongosolo zoyendera. Ndiyamika electrification, njanji latsopano, misewu ndi wa Volga-Don Ngalande. Ndi kupyolera mu dongosolo anayamba mafakitale a dziko, ndi mbiri za magetsi Russia anatembenuka tsamba ina yofunika. Ikani mipherezero electrification anali naye mu 1931.

Mphamvu ndi nkhondo

Madzulo a Wamkulu zosonyeza kukonda nkhondo, mphamvu okwana mphamvu ya magetsi ya USSR anali pafupifupi mamiliyoni 11 kilowatts. German kuwukira ndi chiwonongeko cha mbali yaikulu ya zomangamanga ndi amachepetsa kwambiri Chiwerengerochi. Against maziko a tsoka mu State Committee silikhali anapanga yomanga zomera kubala mphamvu, mbali ya dongosolo chitetezo.

Ndi kumasula madera kulamulidwa ndi Germany, anayamba kale ntchito yomanga zomera kuonongedwa kapena kuonongeka. Zofunika kwambiri anapezeka Svir, ndi Dnieper, ndi Baksan HPP Ķegums ndi Shakhtinskaya, Krivoy Rog, Shterevskaya, Stalinogorsk, Zuevskaya TPP ndi Dubrovskaya. Kupereka mizinda magetsi anasiya ndi Germany poyamba ikuchitika kudzera powertrains. The yoyamba siteshoni mafoni anafika ku Stalingrad. Ndi 1945, mphamvu m'banja anakwanitsa kufika chisanadze nkhondo akolola. Ngakhale mwachidule mbiri ya magetsi limasonyeza kuti njira ya wamakono wa dziko wakhala wovuta ndipo tortuous.

pofuna

Pambuyo isanayambike dziko mu Soviet Union anapitiriza kumanga yaikulu padziko lonse TPP ndi HPP. Mphamvu pulogalamu zinachitikadi mogwirizana ndi mfundo ya centralization zina za mafakitale lonse. M'chaka cha 1960, m'badwo magetsi chinawonjezeka ndi nthawi 6 poyerekeza ndi 1940. Ndi TH 1967 anathetsa ndondomeko kulenga dongosolo mphamvu wogwirizana, kubweretsa pamodzi lonse European gawo la dziko. maukonde m'gulu okwerera 600. mphamvu zawo okwana anali miliyoni 65 kilowatts.

Kenako kutsindika pa chitukuko zomangamanga wakhala zigawo Far East Asia. Izi mwina anafotokoza chifukwa chakuti ndi apo kuganizira za 4/5 la chuma hydropower wa USSR. "Zamagetsi," chizindikiro cha 1960 panali erection pa Angara Bratsk HPP. Pambuyo anaonekera siteshoni ofanana pa Yenisei Krasnoyarsk.

Hydropower ali kusanduka ndi Far East. Mu 1978, m'nyumba ya nzika Union anayamba kulowa panopa popanga Zeya opangira magetsi siteshoni. msinkhu wake wa damu la - mamita 123, ndipo linanena bungwe mphamvu - 1330 MW. A chozizwitsa cha zomangamanga mu Soviet Union ankaona Sayano-Shushenskaya HPP. ntchito yagwiridwira mu nyengo yovuta Siberia ndi remoteness kuchokera m'mizinda ikuluikulu ndi makampani kutero. Ambiri mwa mfundo (monga hydro turbines) anapita zomangamanga kudutsa Ocean Arctic, kuchita njira makilomita 10 chikwi.

Mu 1980s oyambirira, kusintha zofunika bwino mphamvu ya chuma Soviet. Kuchuluka ntchito yomwe zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya. Mu 1980, ntchito yawo yopanga mphamvu anali 5%, ndipo mu 1985 - kale 10%. makampani sitima anali Obninsk mphamvu za nyukiliya mbewu. Nthawi imeneyi anayamba mofulumira siriyo yomanga zomera mphamvu za nyukiliya, koma mavuto azachuma ndi Chernobyl tsoka mochedwa ndondomekoyi.

modernity

Utatha Soviet Union panali kuchepa kwa ndalama ku gawo mphamvu. Stations kuti zinamangidwa, koma sanabadwe zikadzachitika, anapulumutsidwa lalikulu zedi. Mu 1992, gululi umodzi wakhala kuwonjezekeredwa mu RAO "UES la Russia". Iwo sanali kuthandiza kupewa mavuto zokhudza zonse mu chuma kovuta.

Chachiwiri mphepo makampani mphamvu wabwera m'zaka XXI. Soviet ambiri anayambanso kumanga. Mwachitsanzo, mu 2009, izo anamaliza kumanga wa Bureya HPP anayamba kubwerera mu 1978. Kumangidwa ndi mphamvu za nyukiliya: ndi Baltic, Beloyarsk, Leningrad, Rostov.